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Kim MJ, Hassan MA, Lee C, Jung WG, Bae H, Jeon S, Jung W, Ha JS, Shim JH, Park JH, Ryu SW, Kim BJ. Maximizing Photoelectrochemical Performance in Metal-Oxide Hybrid Composites via Amorphous Exsolution-A New Exsolution Mechanism for Heterogeneous Catalysis. Small 2024; 20:e2308934. [PMID: 38161260 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exsolution generates metal nanoparticles anchored within crystalline oxide supports, ensuring efficient exposure, uniform dispersion, and strong nanoparticle-perovskite interactions. Increased doping level in the perovskite is essential for further enhancing performance in renewable energy applications; however, this is constrained by limited surface exsolution, structural instability, and sluggish charge transfer. Here, hybrid composites are fabricated by vacuum-annealing a solution containing SrTiO3 photoanode and Co cocatalyst precursors for photoelectrochemical water-splitting. In situ transmission electron microscopy identifies uniform, high-density Co particles exsolving from amorphous SrTiO3 films, followed by film-crystallization at elevated temperatures. This unique process extracts entire Co dopants with complete structural stability, even at Co doping levels exceeding 30%, and upon air exposure, the Co particles embedded in the film oxidize to CoO, forming a Schottky junction at the interface. These conditions maximize photoelectrochemical activity and stability, surpassing those achieved by Co post-deposition and Co exsolution from crystalline oxides. Theoretical calculations demonstrate in the amorphous state, dopant─O bonds become weaker while Ti─O bonds remain strong, promoting selective exsolution. As expected from the calculations, nearly all of the 30% Fe dopants exsolve from SrTiO3 in an H2 environment, despite the strong Fe─O bond's low exsolution tendency. These analyses unravel the mechanisms driving the amorphous exsolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Jin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Soth Korea
| | - Mostafa Afifi Hassan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Soth Korea
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El- Kharja, 72511, Egypt
| | - Changhoon Lee
- Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase of Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Wan-Gil Jung
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyojung Bae
- Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Cheomdanbencheo-ro 108 beon-gil 9, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61007, South Korea
| | - SungHyun Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - WooChul Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Ha
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Shim
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase of Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Bong-Joong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Soth Korea
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2
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Gu L, Yuan W, Yang Y, Shen Y, An C, Xi W. In Situ TEM Tracking of Disconnection Motion and Atomic Cooperative Reorientation in the Oriented Attachment of Pt Nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2024. [PMID: 38661108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The oriented attachment (OA) of nanoparticles (NPs) is an important crystal growth mechanism in many materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of the atomic-scale alignment and attachment processes is still lacking. We conducted in situ atomic resolution studies using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to reveal how two Pt NPs coalesce into a single particle via OA, which involves the formation of atomic-scale links and a grain boundary (GB) between the NPs, as well as GB migration. Density functional theory calculations showed that the system energy changes as a function of the number of disconnections during the coalescence process. Additionally, the formation and annihilation processes of disconnection are always accompanied by the cooperative reorientation motion of atoms. These results further elucidate the growth mechanism of OA at the atomic scale, providing microscopic insights into OA dynamics and a framework for the development of processing strategies for nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wenjuan Yuan
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongli Shen
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Changhua An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Xi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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3
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Adegoke T, Bekarevich R, Geaney H, Belochapkine S, Bangert U, Ryan KM. Real-Time TEM Observation of the Role of Defects on Nickel Silicide Propagation in Silicon Nanowires. ACS Nano 2024; 18:10270-10278. [PMID: 38512077 PMCID: PMC11008354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal silicides have received significant attention due to their high process compatibility, low resistivity, and structural stability. In nanowire (NW) form, they have been widely prepared using metal diffusion into preformed Si NWs, enabling compositionally controlled high-quality metal silicide nanostructures. However, unlocking the full potential of metal silicide NWs for next-generation nanodevices requires an increased level of mechanistic understanding of this diffusion-driven transformation. Herein, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigated the defect-controlled silicide formation dynamics in one-dimensional NWs. A solution-based synthetic route was developed to form Si NWs anchored to Ni NW stems as an optimal platform for in situ TEM studies of metal silicide formation. Multiple in situ annealing experiments led to Ni diffusion from the Ni NW stem into the Si NW, forming a nickel silicide. We observed the dynamics of Ni propagation in straight and kinked Si NWs, with some regions of the NWs acting as Ni sinks. In NWs with high defect distribution, we obtained direct evidence of nonuniform Ni diffusion and silicide retardation. The findings of this study provide insights into metal diffusion and silicide formation in complex NW structures, which are crucial from fundamental and application perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temilade
Esther Adegoke
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Raman Bekarevich
- Advanced
Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures
and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin, D02 DA31 Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | | | - Ursel Bangert
- Department
of Physics and Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
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4
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Chu S, Zhang F, Chen D, Chen M, Liu P. Atomic-Scale In Situ Observations of Reversible Phase Transformation Assisted Twinning in a CrCoNi Medium-Entropy Alloy. Nano Lett 2024; 24:3624-3630. [PMID: 38421603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Twinning is an important deformation mode of face-centered-cubic (FCC) medium- and high-entropy alloys, especially under extreme loading conditions. However, the twinning mechanism in these alloys that have a low or even negative stacking fault energy remains debated. Here, we report atomic-scale in situ observations of the deformation process of a prototypical CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy under tension. We found that the parent FCC phase first transforms into a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase through Shockley partial dislocations slipping on the alternate {111} planes. Subsequently, the HCP phase rapidly changes to an FCC twin band. Such reversible phase transformation assisted twinning is greatly promoted by external tensile loads, as elucidated by geometric phase analysis. These results indicate the previously underestimated role of the metastable HCP phase in nanotwin nucleation and early plastic deformations of CrCoNi alloys and shed light on microstructure regulation of medium-entropy alloys with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University - JA Solar New Energy Materials Joint Research Center, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dengke Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, Maryland, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University - JA Solar New Energy Materials Joint Research Center, Shanghai 200240, China
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5
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Hettler S, Furqan M, Arenal R. Support-Based Transfer and Contacting of Individual Nanomaterials for In Situ Nanoscale Investigations. Small Methods 2024:e2400034. [PMID: 38470226 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Although in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of nanomaterials has been gaining importance in recent years, difficulties in sample preparation have limited the number of studies on electrical properties. Here, a support-based preparation method of individual 1D and 2D materials is presented, which yields a reproducible sample transfer for electrical investigation by in situ TEM. A mechanically rigid support grid facilitates the transfer and contacting to in situ chips by focused ion beam with minimum damage and contamination. The transfer quality is assessed by exemplary specimens of different nanomaterials, including a monolayer of WS2 . Possible studies concern the interplay between structural properties and electrical characteristics on the individual nanomaterial level as well as failure analysis under electrical current or studies of electromigration, Joule heating, and related effects. The TEM measurements can be enriched by additional correlative microscopy and spectroscopy carried out on the identical object with techniques that allow a characterization with a spatial resolution in the range of a few microns. Although developed for in situ TEM, the present transfer method is also applicable to transferring nanomaterials to similar chips for performing further studies or even for using them in potential electrical/optoelectronic/sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hettler
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Mohammad Furqan
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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6
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de Boer RM, van Huis MA, Mendes RG. Reversible MnO to Mn 3 O 4 Oxidation in Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles. Small 2024; 20:e2304925. [PMID: 37857590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is an attractive element for sustainable solutions. It is largely available in the earth's crust, making it ideal for cost-effective and large-scale applications. Especially MnO nanoparticles have recently received attention for applications in battery technology. However, manganese has many oxidation states that are energetically very similar, indicating that they may easily transform from one to the other. Herein, the reversible oxidation of MnO nanoparticles to Mn3 O4 studied with in situ transmission electron microscopy is shown. The oxygen sublattices of MnO and Mn3 O4 are found to be perfectly aligned, and an atomic mechanism where the transformation is facilitated by the migration of Mn cations on the shared O sublattice is proposed. Even when protected with an amorphous carbon layer, MnO particles are highly unstable and oxidize to Mn3 O4 in ethanol. The poor stability of MnO lacks discussion in many battery-related works, and strategies aimed at avoiding this should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos M de Boer
- Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn A van Huis
- Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3584 CC, The Netherlands
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael G Mendes
- Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3584 CC, The Netherlands
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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7
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Ji P, Lei X, Su D. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Small Methods 2024:e2301539. [PMID: 38385838 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) stands as an invaluable instrument for the real-time examination of the structural changes in materials. It features ultrahigh spatial resolution and powerful analytical capability, making it significantly versatile across diverse fields. Particularly in the realm of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), in situ TEM is extensively utilized for real-time analysis of phase transitions, degradation mechanisms, and the lithiation process during charging and discharging. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest advancements in in situ TEM applications for LIBs. Additionally, it compares the suitability and effectiveness of two techniques: the open cell technique and the liquid cell technique. The technical aspects of both the open cell and liquid cell techniques are introduced, followed by a comparison of their applications in cathodes, anodes, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and lithium dendrite growth in LIBs. Lastly, the review concludes by stimulating discussions on possible future research trajectories that hold potential to expedite the progression of battery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xincheng Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Thomas MP, Schoell R, Al-Mamun NS, Kuo W, Watt J, Windes W, Hattar K, Haque A. Real-Time Observation of Nanoscale Kink Band Mediated Plasticity in Ion-Irradiated Graphite: An In Situ TEM Study. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:895. [PMID: 38399150 PMCID: PMC10890612 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Graphite IG-110 is a synthetic polycrystalline material used as a neutron moderator in reactors. Graphite is inherently brittle and is known to exhibit a further increase in brittleness due to radiation damage at room temperature. To understand the irradiation effects on pre-existing defects and their overall influence on external load, micropillar compression tests were performed using in situ nanoindentation in the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for both pristine and ion-irradiated samples. While pristine specimens showed brittle and subsequent catastrophic failure, the 2.8 MeV Au2+ ion (fluence of 4.378 × 1014 cm-2) irradiated specimens sustained extensive plasticity at room temperature without failure. In situ TEM characterization showed nucleation of nanoscale kink band structures at numerous sites, where the localized plasticity appeared to close the defects and cracks while allowing large average strain. We propose that compressive mechanical stress due to dimensional change during ion irradiation transforms buckled basal layers in graphite into kink bands. The externally applied load during the micropillar tests proliferates the nucleation and motion of kink bands to accommodate the large plastic strain. The inherent non-uniformity of graphite microstructure promotes such strain localization, making kink bands the predominant mechanism behind unprecedented toughness in an otherwise brittle material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melonie P. Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (M.P.T.); (N.S.A.-M.)
| | - Ryan Schoell
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA;
| | - Nahid Sultan Al-Mamun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (M.P.T.); (N.S.A.-M.)
| | - Winson Kuo
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (W.K.); (J.W.)
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (W.K.); (J.W.)
| | | | - Khalid Hattar
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Aman Haque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (M.P.T.); (N.S.A.-M.)
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9
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Wang K, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Tai Y, Cheng L, Ge B, Wu C. Controlled synthesis of transition metal oxide multi-shell structures and in situstudy of the energy storage mechanism. Nanotechnology 2023; 35:055403. [PMID: 37890477 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad07a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Multi-shell transition metal oxide hollow spheres show great potential for applications in energy storage because of their unique multilayered hollow structure with large specific surface area, short electron and charge transport paths, and structural stability. In this paper, the controlled synthesis of NiCo2O4, MnCo2O4, NiMn2O4multi-shell layer structures was achieved by using the solvothermal method. As the anode materials for Li-ion batteries, the three multi-shell structures maintained good stability after 650 long cycles in the cyclic charge/discharge test. Thein situtransmisssion electron microscope characterization combined with cyclic voltammetry tests demonstrated that the three anode materials NiCo2O4, MnCo2O4and NiMn2O4have similar charge/discharge transition mechanisms, and the multi-shell structure can effectively buffer the volume expansion and structural collapse during lithium embedding/delithiation to ensure the stability of the electrode structure and cycling performance. The research results can provide effective guidance for the synathesis and charging/discharging mechanism of multi-shell metal oxide lithium-ion battery anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Hu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Tai
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixun Cheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghui Ge
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanqiang Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
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10
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Cooper D, Licitra C, Boussadi Y, Ben-Bakir B, Masenelli B. Mapping of the Electrostatic Potentials in a Fully Processed Led Device with nm-Scale Resolution by In Situ off-Axis Electron Holography. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2300537. [PMID: 37199144 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of a fully processed red emitting AlGaInP micro-diode device is measured using standard I-V and luminescence measurements. A thin specimen is then prepared for in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis by focused ion beam milling, then the changes of electrostatic potential as a function of applied forward bias voltage are mapped by off-axis electron holography. We demonstrate that the quantum wells in the diode sit on a potential gradient until the threshold forward bias voltage for light emission is reached; at which point the quantum wells are aligned at the same potential. From simulations, a similar effect for the band structure can be demonstrated, where the quantum wells are aligned at the same energy level, and contain electrons and holes that are available for radiative recombination at this threshold voltage. We demonstrate that off-axis electron holography can be used to directly measure the potential distribution in optoelectronic devices, and is a powerful tool to help better understand their performance and to improve simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Masenelli
- Univ. Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INL, UMR5270, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Visser N, Turner SJ, Stewart JA, Vandegehuchte BD, van der Hoeven JES, de Jongh PE. Direct Observation of Ni Nanoparticle Growth in Carbon-Supported Nickel under Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Atmosphere. ACS Nano 2023; 17:14963-14973. [PMID: 37504574 PMCID: PMC10416566 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanoparticle growth is crucial to increase the lifetime of supported metal catalysts. In this study, we employ in situ gas-phase transmission electron microscopy to visualize the movement and growth of ensembles of tens of nickel nanoparticles supported on carbon for CO2 hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure (H2:CO2 = 4:1) and relevant temperature (450 °C) in real time. We observe two modes of particle movement with an order of magnitude difference in velocity: fast, intermittent movement (vmax = 0.7 nm s-1) and slow, gradual movement (vaverage = 0.05 nm s-1). We visualize the two distinct particle growth mechanisms: diffusion and coalescence, and Ostwald ripening. The diffusion and coalescence mechanism dominates at small interparticle distances, whereas Ostwald ripening is driven by differences in particle size. Strikingly, we demonstrate an interplay between the two mechanisms, where first coalescence takes place, followed by fast Ostwald ripening due to the increased difference in particle size. Our direct visualization of the complex nanoparticle growth mechanisms highlights the relevance of studying nanoparticle growth in supported nanoparticle ensembles under reaction conditions and contributes to the fundamental understanding of the stability in supported metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke
L. Visser
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jessi E. S. van der Hoeven
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Kryshtal A, Bogatyrenko S, Khshanovska O. Direct Imaging of Surface Melting on a Single Sn Nanoparticle. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37418684 PMCID: PMC10375590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite previous studies, understanding the fundamental mechanism of melting metal nanoparticles remains one of the major scientific challenges of nanoscience. Herein, the kinetics of melting of a single Sn nanoparticle was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy heating techniques with a temperature step of up to 0.5 °C. We revealed the surface premelting effect and assessed the density of the surface overlayer on a tin particle of 47 nm size using a synergetic combination of high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and low electron energy loss spectral imaging. Few-monolayer-thick disordered phase nucleated at the surface of the Sn particle at a temperature ∼25 °C below the melting point and grew (up to a thickness of ∼4.5 nm) into the solid core with increasing temperature until the whole particle became liquid. We revealed that the disordered overlayer was not liquid but quasi-liquid with a density intermediate between that of solid and liquid Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kryshtal
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków PL-30 059, Poland
| | - Sergiy Bogatyrenko
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Square, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Olha Khshanovska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków PL-30 059, Poland
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13
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Wu H, Wang K, Li M, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Du Z, Ai W, He S, Yuan R, Wang B, He P, Wu J. Double-Walled NiTeSe-NiSe 2 Nanotubes Anode for Stable and High-Rate Sodium-Ion Batteries. Small 2023; 19:e2300162. [PMID: 36866502 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrodes made of composites with heterogeneous structure hold great potential for boosting ionic and charge transfer and accelerating electrochemical reaction kinetics. Herein, hierarchical and porous double-walled NiTeSe-NiSe2 nanotubes are synthesized by a hydrothermal process assisted in situ selenization. Impressively, the nanotubes have abundant pores and multiple active sites, which shorten the ion diffusion length, decrease Na+ diffusion barriers, and increase the capacitance contribution ratio of the material at a high rate. Consequently, the anode shows a satisfactory initial capacity (582.5 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 ), a high-rate capability, and long cycling stability (1400 cycles, 398.6 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 , 90.5% capacity retention). Moreover, the sodiation process of NiTeSe-NiSe2 double-walled nanotubes and underlying mechanism of the enhanced performance are revealed by in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Mengjun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Nanostructure Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Nanostructure Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhuzhu Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Song He
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Ruilong Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Binwu Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Pan He
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Nanostructure Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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14
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Su L, Ren J, Lu T, Chen K, Ouyang J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Min H, Luo W, Sun Z, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Sun L, Mai L, Xu F. Deciphering Structural Origins of Highly Reversible Lithium Storage in High Entropy Oxides with In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2205751. [PMID: 36921344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Configurational entropy-stabilized single-phase high-entropy oxides (HEOs) have been considered revolutionary electrode materials with both reversible lithium storage and high specific capacity that are difficult to fulfill simultaneously by conventional electrodes. However, precise understanding of lithium storage mechanisms in such HEOs remains controversial due to complex multi-cationic oxide systems. Here, distinct reaction dynamics and structural evolutions in rocksalt-type HEOs upon cycling are carefully studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including imaging, electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy at atomic scale. The mechanisms of composition-dependent conversion/alloying reaction kinetics along with spatiotemporal variations of valence states upon lithiation are revealed, characterized by disappearance of the original rocksalt phase. Unexpectedly, it is found from the first visualization evidence that the post-lithiation polyphase state can be recovered to the original rocksalt-structured HEOs via reversible and symmetrical delithiation reactions, which is unavailable for monometallic oxide systems. Rigorous electrochemical tests coupled with postmortem ex situ TEM and bulk-level phase analyses further validate the crucial role of structural recovery capability in ensuring the reversible high-capacity Li-storage in HEOs. These findings can provide valuable guidelines to design compositionally engineer HEOs for almighty electrodes of next-generation long-life energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jingke Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Kexuan Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Ouyang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Huihua Min
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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15
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Peng H, Hou Y, Meng W, Zheng H, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Li K, Zhao P, Liu T, Jia S, Wang J. Pseudo-Elasticity and Variable Electro-Conductivity Mediated by Size-Dependent Deformation Twinning in Molybdenum Nanocrystals. Small 2023; 19:e2206380. [PMID: 36828786 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deformation twinning merits attention because of its intrinsic importance as a mode of energy dissipation in solids. Herein, through the atomistic electron microscopy observations, the size-dependent twinning mechanisms in refractory body-centered cubic molybdenum nanocrystals (NCs) under tensile loading are shown. Two distinct twinning mechanisms involving the nucleation of coherent and inclined twin boundaries (TBs) are uncovered in NCs with smaller (diameter < ≈5 nm) and larger (diameter > ≈5 nm) diameters, respectively. Interestingly, the ultrahigh pseudo-elastic strain of ≈41% in sub-5 nm-sized crystals is achieved through the reversible twinning mechanism. A typical TB cross-transition mechanism is found to accommodate the NC re-orientation during the pseudo-elastic deformation. More importantly, the effects of different types of TBs on the electrical conductivity based on the repeatable experimental measurements and first-principles calculations are quantified. These size-dependent mechanical and electrical properties may prove essential in advancing the design of next-generation flexible nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Peng
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weiwei Meng
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - He Zheng
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Ligong Zhao
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peili Zhao
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuangfeng Jia
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Country School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Core Facility of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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16
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Horwath JP, Lehman-Chong C, Vojvodic A, Stach EA. Surface Rearrangement and Sublimation Kinetics of Supported Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts. ACS Nano 2023; 17:8098-8107. [PMID: 37084280 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts consisting of supported metallic nanoparticles typically derive exceptional catalytic activity from their large proportion of undercoordinated surface sites which promote adsorption of reactant molecules. Simultaneously, these high energy surface configurations are unstable, leading to nanoparticle growth or degradation and eventually a loss of catalytic activity. Surface morphology of catalytic nanoparticles is paramount to catalytic activity, selectivity, and degradation rates, however it is well-known that harsh reaction conditions can cause the surface structure to change. Still, limited research has focused on understanding the link between nanoparticle surface facets and degradation rates or mechanisms. Here, we study a model Au supported catalyst system over a range of temperatures using a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and density functional theory calculations to establish an atomistic picture of how variations in surface structures and atomic coordination environments lead to shifting evolution mechanisms as a function of temperature. By combining experimental results, which yield direct observation of dynamic shape changes and particle sublimation rates, with computational techniques, which enable understanding the fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of nanoparticle evolution, we illustrate a two-step evolution mechanism in which mobile adatoms form through desorption from low-coordination facets and subsequently sublimate off the particle surface. By understanding the role of temperature in the competition between surface diffusion and sublimation, we are able to show how individual atomic movements lead to particle scale morphological changes and rationalize why sublimation rates vary between particles in a system of nearly identical nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Horwath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Colin Lehman-Chong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Ma H, Kim D, Park SI, Choi BK, Park G, Baek H, Lee H, Kim H, Yu J, Lee WC, Park J, Yang J. Direct Observation of Off-Stoichiometry-Induced Phase Transformation of 2D CdSe Quantum Nanosheets. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2205690. [PMID: 36638252 PMCID: PMC9982559 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures determine material properties, suggesting that crystal phase transformations have the potential for application in a variety of systems and devices. Phase transitions are more likely to occur in smaller crystals; however, in quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals, the microscopic mechanisms by which phase transitions occur are not well understood. Herein, the phase transformation of 2D CdSe quantum nanosheets caused by off-stoichiometry is revealed, and the progress of the transformation is directly observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The initial hexagonal wurtzite-CdSe nanosheets with atomically uniform thickness are transformed into cubic zinc blende-CdSe nanosheets. A combined experimental and theoretical study reveals that electron-beam irradiation can change the stoichiometry of the nanosheets, thereby triggering phase transformation. The loss of Se atoms induces the reconstruction of surface atoms, driving the transformation from wurtzite-CdSe(11 2 ¯ $\bar{2}$ 0) to zinc blende-CdSe(001) 2D nanocrystals. Furthermore, during the phase transformation, unconventional dynamic phenomena occur, including domain separation. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the phase transformations in 2D quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjong Ma
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ik Park
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Back Kyu Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Gisang Park
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Baek
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Lee
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseoung Kim
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Sung Yu
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBK21 FOUR ERICA‐ACE CenterHanyang UniversityAnsanGyeonggi15588Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering ResearchCollege of EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence TechnologySeoul National UniversitySuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16229Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
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18
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Geng WR, Guo X, Ge HL, Tang YL, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu B, Zou MJ, Feng YP, Ma XL. Real-Time Transformation of Flux-Closure Domains with Superhigh Thermal Stability. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8892-8899. [PMID: 36331549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polar topologies have received extensive attention due to their exotic configurations and functionalities. Understanding their responsive behaviors to external stimuli, especially thermal excitation, is highly desirable to extend their applications to high temperature, which is still unclear. Here, combining in situ transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations, the thermal dynamics of the flux-closure domains were illuminated in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers. In-depth analyses suggested that the topological transition processes from a/c domains to flux-closure quadrants were influenced by the boundary conditions of PbTiO3 layers. The symmetrical boundary condition stabilized the flux-closure domains at higher temperature than in the asymmetrical case. Furthermore, the reversible thermal responsive behaviors of the flux-closure domains displayed superior thermal stability, which maintained robust up to 450 °C (near the Curie temperature). This work provides new insights into the dynamics of polar topologies under thermal excitation and facilitates their applications as nanoelectronics under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rong Geng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Guo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Long Ge
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Long Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wu
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Jie Zou
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Peng Feng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Liang Ma
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
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19
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Cai R, Zhang W, Zhou J, Yang K, Sun L, Yang L, Ran L, Shao R, Fukuda T, Tan G, Liu H, Wan J, Zhang Q, Dong L. Unraveling Atomic-Scale Origins of Selective Ionic Transport Pathways and Sodium-Ion Storage Mechanism in Bi 2 S 3 Anodes. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200995. [PMID: 36250994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a major challenge to achieve a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with high specific capacity, high rate capability, and cycling stability. Bismuth sulfide, which features a high theoretical specific capacity, tailorable morphology, and low cost, has been considered as a promising anode for SIBs. Nevertheless, due to a lack of direct atomistic observation, the detailed understanding of fundamental intercalation behavior and Bi2 S3 's (de)sodiation mechanisms remains unclear. Here, by employing in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, consecutive electron diffraction coupled with theoretical calculations, it is not only for the first time identified that Bi2 S3 exhibits specific ionic transport pathways preferred to diffuse along the (110) direction instead of the (200) plane, but also tracks their real-time phase transformations (de)sodiation involving multi-step crystallographic tuning. The finite-element analysis further disclosed multi-reaction induced deformation and the relevant stress evolution originating from the combined effect of the mechanical and electrochemical interaction. These discoveries not only deepen the understanding of fundamental science about the microscopic reaction mechanism of metal chalcogenide anodes but also provide important implications for performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, P. R. China
| | - Kaishuai Yang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, P. R. China
| | - Leguan Ran
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ruiwen Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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20
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Yuan HL, Wang K, Hu H, Yang L, Chen J, Zheng K. Atomic-Scale Observation of Grain Boundary Dominated Unsynchronized Phase Transition in Polycrystalline Cu 2 Se. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2205715. [PMID: 35981531 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase transition is a physical phenomenon that attracts great interest of researchers. Although the theory of second-order phase transitions is well-established, their atomic-scale dynamics in polycrystalline materials remains elusive. In this work, second-order phase transitions in polycrystalline Cu2 Se at the transition temperature are directly observed by in situ aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Phase transitions in microcrystalline Cu2 Se start at the grain boundaries and extend inside the grains. This phenomenon is more pronounced in nanosized grains. Analysis of phase transitions in nanocrystalline Cu2 Se with different grain boundaries demonstrates that grain boundary energy dominates unsynchronized phase transition behavior. This suggests that the energy of grain boundaries is the key factor influencing the energetic barrier for initiation of phase transition. The findings advance atomic-scale understanding of second-order phase transitions, which is crucial for the control of this process in polycrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lei Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Kaiwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hanwen Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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21
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Zhao H, Zhu Y, Ye H, He Y, Li H, Sun Y, Yang F, Wang R. Atomic-Scale Structure Dynamics of Nanocrystals Revealed By In Situ and Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. Adv Mater 2022:e2206911. [PMID: 36153832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystals are of great importance in material sciences and industry. Engineering nanocrystals with desired structures and properties is no doubt one of the most important challenges in the field, which requires deep insight into atomic-scale dynamics of nanocrystals during the process. The rapid developments of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), especially environmental TEM, reveal insights into nanocrystals to digest. According to the considerable progress based on in situ electron microscopy, a comprehensive review on nanocrystal dynamics from three aspects: nucleation and growth, structure evolution, and dynamics in reaction conditions are given. In the nucleation and growth part, existing nucleation theories and growth pathways are organized based on liquid and gas-solid phases. In the structure evolution part, the focus is on in-depth mechanistic understanding of the evolution, including defects, phase, and disorder/order transitions. In the part of dynamics in reaction conditions, solid-solid and gas-solid interfaces of nanocrystals in atmosphere are discussed and the structure-property relationship is correlated. Even though impressive progress is made, additional efforts are required to develop the integrated and operando TEM methodologies for unveiling nanocrystal dynamics with high spatial, energy, and temporal resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huanyu Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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22
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Li P, Bu Y, Wang L, Wang C, Huang J, Tong K, Chen Y, He J, Zhao Z, Xu B, Liu Z, Gao G, Nie A, Wang H, Tian Y. In Situ Observation of Fracture along Twin Boundaries in Boron Carbide. Adv Mater 2022:e2204375. [PMID: 36099908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The observation of fracture behaviors in perfect and twinned B4 C crystals via in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mechanical testing is reported. The crystal structure of the synthesized B4 C, composed of B11 C icosahedra connected by boron-deficient C-▫-C chains in a chemical formula of B11 C3 , is determined by state-of-the-art aberration-corrected scanning TEM. The in situ TEM observations reveal that cracking is preferentially initiated at the twin boundaries (TBs) in B4 C under both indentation and tension loading. The cracks then propagate along the TBs, thus resulting in the fracture of B4 C. These results are consistent with the theoretical calculations that show that TBs have a softening effect on B4 C with amorphous bands preferentially nucleated at the TBs. These findings elucidate the atomic arrangement and the role of planar defects in the failure of B4 C. Furthermore, they can guide the design of advanced superhard materials via planar defect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Yeqiang Bu
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Linyan Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Junquan Huang
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Ke Tong
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Guoying Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Center for X-mechanics, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
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23
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Kou Z, Feng T, Lan S, Tang S, Yang L, Yang Y, Wilde G. Observing Dislocations Transported by Twin Boundaries in Al Thin Film: Unusual Pathways for Dislocation-Twin Boundary Interactions. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6229-6234. [PMID: 35876496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twins are generally regarded as obstacles to dislocations in face-centered cubic metals and can modify individual dislocations by locking them in twin boundaries or obliging them to dissociate. Through in situ tensile experiments on Al thin film in a transmission electron microscope, we report a dynamic process of dislocations being transported by twin lamella via periodic twinning and detwinning at the atomic scale. Following this process, a 60° dislocation first transforms into a sessile step of the twin boundary, then migrates under stress as a step and finally reverts back into a 60° dislocation. Our results reveal a novel evolution route of dislocations by a dislocation-twin interaction where the twins act as transport vehicles rather than as obstacles. The potential implications of this mechanism on toughening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongde Kou
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Tao Feng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Si Lan
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Song Tang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Lixia Yang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Gerhard Wilde
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm Str. 10, Muenster 48149, Germany
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24
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Li X, Ye W, Xu P, Huang H, Fan J, Yuan R, Zheng MS, Wang MS, Dong Q. An Encapsulation-Based Sodium Storage via Zn-Single-Atom Implanted Carbon Nanotubes. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2202898. [PMID: 35729082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The properties of high theoretical capacity, low cost, and large potential of metallic sodium (Na) has strongly promoted the development of rechargeable sodium-based batteries. However, the issues of infinite volume variation, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and dendritic sodium causes a rapid decline in performance and notorious safety hazards. Herein, a highly reversible encapsulation-based sodium storage by designing a functional hollow carbon nanotube with Zn single atom sites embedded in the carbon shell (ZnSA -HCNT) is achieved. The appropriate tube space can encapsulate bulk sodium inside; the inner enriched ZnSA sites provide abundant sodiophilic sites, which can evidently reduce the nucleation barrier of Na deposition. Moreover, the carbon shell derived from ZIF-8 provides geometric constraints and excellent ion/electron transport channels for the rapid transfer of Na+ due to its pore-rich shell, which can be revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As expected, Na@ZnSA -HCNT anodes present steady long-term performance in symmetrical battery (>900 h at 10 mA cm-2 ). Moreover, superior electrochemical performance of Na@ZnSA -HCNT||PB full cells can be delivered. This work develops a new strategy based on carbon nanotube encapsulation of metallic sodium, which improves the safety and cycling performance of sodium metal anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Weibin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Pan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Haihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jingmin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ruming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ming-Sen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Quanfeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (i-ChEM), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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25
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Ye H, Yang F, Sun Y, Wang R. Atom-Resolved Investigation on Dynamic Nucleation and Growth of Platinum Nanocrystals. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200171. [PMID: 35324080 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of nucleation and growth of nanocrystals is crucial for designing and regulating the structure and properties of nanocrystals. However, the process from molecules to nanocrystals remains unclear because of the rapid and complicated dynamics of evolution under reaction conditions. Here, the complete evolution process of solid-phase chloroplatinic acid during the electron beam irradiation triggered reduction and nucleation of platinum nanocrystals is recorded. Aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy is used for direct visualization of the dynamic evolution from H2 PtCl6 to Pt nanocrystals at the atomic scale, including the formation and growth of amorphous clusters, crystallization, and growth of clusters, and the ripening of Pt nanocrystals. At the first two stages, there exists a critical size of ≈2.0 nm, which represents the start of crystallization. Crystallization from the center and density fluctuation are observed in the second stage of the crystallization of a few clusters with a size obviously larger than the critical size. The work provides valuable information to understand the kinetics of the early stage of nanocrystal nucleation and crystallization at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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26
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Kismarahardja A, Wang Z, Li D, Wang L, Fu L, Chen Y, Fan Z, Chen Y, Han X, Zhang H, Liao X. Deformation-Induced Phase Transformations in Gold Nanoribbons with the 4H Phase. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3272-3279. [PMID: 35072464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stability of metallic nanomaterials has been intensively studied due to their unique structures and promising applications. Although extensive investigations have been carried out on the deformation behaviors of metallic nanomaterials, the atomic-scale deformation mechanism of metallic nanomaterials with unconventional hexagonal structures remains unclear because of the lack of direct experimental observation. Here, we conduct an atomic-resolution in situ tensile-straining transmission electron microscopy investigation on the deformation mechanism of gold nanoribbons with the 4H (hexagonal) phase. Our results reveal that plastic deformation in the 4H gold nanoribbons comprises three stages, in which both full and partial dislocations are involved. At the early deformation stage, plastic deformation is governed by full dislocation activities. Partial dislocations are subsequently activated in regions that have undergone full dislocation gliding, leading to phase transformation from the 4H phase to the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase. At the last stage of the deformation process, the volume fraction of the FCC phase increases, and full dislocation activities in the FCC regions also play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Kismarahardja
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Libo Fu
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhanxi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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27
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Wang Y, Yu R, Luo T, Ma G, Hu G, Lyu J, Zhou L, Wu J. Solid Solution of Bi and Sb for Robust Lithium Storage Enabled by Consecutive Alloying Reaction. Small 2021; 17:e2102915. [PMID: 34365725 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Materials with alloying reactions have significant potential as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and appropriate lithiation potentials. Nonetheless, their cycling performance is inferior due to violent volume expansion and severe pulverization of active materials. Herein, solid solution of Bi0.5 Sb0.5 encapsulated with carbon is discovered to enable consecutive alloying reactions with manageable volume change, suitable for developing LIBs with high capacity and robust cyclability. A Sb-rich shell and Bi-rich core structure is formed in cycling since the alloying reaction between Sb and Li occurs first, followed by the alloying reaction between Bi and Li. Such a consecutive alloying reaction obeying the thermodynamic path is experimentally realized by the carbon capsulation, which acts as a protecting solid layer to avoid polarized reactions occurred when exposed directly to liquid electrolyte. The LIBs using Bi0.5 Sb0.5 @carbon run on the consecutive alloying reactions exhibits high capacity, prolonged lifespan (489.4 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g-1 ) and fast kinetic, while those using bare Bi0.5 Sb0.5 suffer from worsened kinetic and thus a poor cycling performance owning to the polarized reactions. The work paves a way of developing alloy electrodes for alkaline-ion rechargeable batteries with potential industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ganggang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiahui Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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28
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Zheng Q, Shangguan J, Li X, Zhang Q, Bustillo KC, Wang LW, Jiang J, Zheng H. Observation of Surface Ligands-Controlled Etching of Palladium Nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2021; 21:6640-6647. [PMID: 34324356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective adsorption of ligands on nanocrystal surfaces can affect oxidative etching. Here, we report the etching of palladium nanocrystals imaged using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption of surface ligands (i.e., iron acetylacetonate and its derivatives) and their role as inhibitor molecules on the etching process were investigated. Our observations revealed that the etching was dominated by the interplay between palladium facets and ligands and that the etching exhibited different pathways at different concentrations of ligands. At a low concentration of iron acetylacetonate (0.1 mM), rapid etching primarily at {100} facets led to a concave structure. At a high concentration (1.0 mM), the etch rate was decreased owing to a protective film of iron acetylacetonate on the {100} facets and a round nanoparticle was achieved. Ab initio calculations showed that the differences in adsorption energy of inhibitor molecules on palladium facets were responsible for the etching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Shangguan
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xinle Li
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinyang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P.R. China
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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Kelly DJ, Clark N, Zhou M, Gebauer D, Gorbachev RV, Haigh SJ. In Situ TEM Imaging of Solution-Phase Chemical Reactions Using 2D-Heterostructure Mixing Cells. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100668. [PMID: 34105199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy is used to study a wide range of chemical processes, where its unique combination of spatial and temporal resolution provides countless insights into nanoscale reaction dynamics. However, achieving sub-nanometer resolution has proved difficult due to limitations in the current liquid cell designs. Here, a novel experimental platform for in situ mixing using a specially developed 2D heterostructure-based liquid cell is presented. The technique facilitates in situ atomic resolution imaging and elemental analysis, with mixing achieved within the immediate viewing area via controllable nanofracture of an atomically thin separation membrane. This novel technique is used to investigate the time evolution of calcium carbonate synthesis, from the earliest stages of nanodroplet precursors to crystalline calcite in a single experiment. The observations provide the first direct visual confirmation of the recently developed liquid-liquid phase separation theory, while the technological advancements open an avenue for many other studies of early stage solution-phase reactions of great interest for both the exploration of fundamental science and developing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nick Clark
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingwei Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 9, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roman V Gorbachev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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30
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Abstract
The stability of supported metal nanoparticles determines the activity and lifetime of heterogeneous catalysts. Catalysts can destabilize through several thermodynamic and kinetic pathways, and the competition between these mechanisms complicates efforts to quantify and predict the overall evolution of supported nanoparticles in reactive environments. Pairing in situ transmission electron microscopy with unsupervised machine learning, we quantify the destabilization of hundreds of supported Au nanoparticles in real-time to develop a model describing the observed particle evolution as a competition between evaporation and surface diffusion. Data mining of particle evolution statistics allows us to determine physically reasonable values for the model parameters, quantify the particle size at which the Gibbs-Thomson pressure accelerates the evaporation process, and explore how individual particle interactions deviate from the mean-field model. This approach can be applied to a wide range of supported nanoparticle systems, allowing quantitative insight into the mechanisms that control their evolution in reactive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Horwath
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peter W Voorhees
- Northwestern University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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31
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Matthews BE, Sassi M, Barr C, Ophus C, Kaspar TC, Jiang W, Hattar K, Spurgeon SR. Percolation of Ion-Irradiation-Induced Disorder in Complex Oxide Interfaces. Nano Lett 2021; 21:5353-5359. [PMID: 34110157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mastery of order-disorder processes in highly nonequilibrium nanostructured oxides has significant implications for the development of emerging energy technologies. However, we are presently limited in our ability to quantify and harness these processes at high spatial, chemical, and temporal resolution, particularly in extreme environments. Here, we describe the percolation of disorder at the model oxide interface LaMnO3/SrTiO3, which we visualize during in situ ion irradiation in the transmission electron microscope. We observe the formation of a network of disorder during the initial stages of ion irradiation and track the global progression of the system to full disorder. We couple these measurements with detailed structural and chemical probes, examining possible underlying defect mechanisms responsible for this unique percolative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany E Matthews
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michel Sassi
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Christopher Barr
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87195, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- NCEM, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States of America
| | - Tiffany C Kaspar
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Weilin Jiang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87195, United States
| | - Steven R Spurgeon
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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32
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Xu Y, Wang K, Yao Z, Kang J, Lam D, Yang D, Ai W, Wolverton C, Hersam MC, Huang Y, Huang W, Dravid VP, Wu J. In Situ, Atomic-Resolution Observation of Lithiation and Sodiation of WS 2 Nanoflakes: Implications for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries. Small 2021; 17:e2100637. [PMID: 33982862 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
WS2 nanoflakes have great potential as electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their unique 2D structure, which facilitates the reversible intercalation and extraction of alkali metal ions. However, a fundamental understanding of the electrochemical lithiation/sodiation dynamics of WS2 nanoflakes especially at the nanoscale level, remains elusive. Here, by combining battery electrochemical measurements, density functional theory calculations, and in situ transmission electron microscopy, the electrochemical-reaction kinetics and mechanism for both lithiation and sodiation of WS2 nanoflakes are investigated at the atomic scale. It is found that compared to LIBs, SIBs exhibit a higher reversible sodium (Na) storage capacity and superior cyclability. For sodiation, the volume change due to ion intercalation is smaller than that in lithiation. Also, sodiated WS2 maintains its layered structure after the intercalation process, and the reduced metal nanoparticles after conversion in sodiation are well-dispersed and aligned forming a pattern similar to the layered structure. Overall, this work shows a direct interconnection between the reaction dynamics of lithiated/sodiated WS2 nanoflakes and their electrochemical performance, which sheds light on the rational optimization and development of advanced WS2 -based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joohoon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - David Lam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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33
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Koul S, Zhou L, Ahmed O, Sohn Y, Jiang T, Kushima A. In situ TEM Characterization of Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the 3D-Printed Inconel 718 Exposed to High Temperature. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:250-256. [PMID: 33588959 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This in situ transmission electron microscopy work presents a nanoscale characterization of the microstructural evolution in 3D-printed Inconel 718 (IN718) while exposed to elevated temperature and an associated change in the mechanical property under tensile loading. Here, we utilized a specially designed specimen shape that enables tensile testing of nano-sized thin films without off-plane deformations. Additionally, it allows a seamless transition from the in situ heating to tensile experiment using the same specimen, which enables a direct correlation of the microstructure and the mechanical property of the sample. The method was successfully used to observe the residual stress relaxation and the formation of incoherent γ′ precipitates when temperature was increased to 700°C. The subsequent in situ tensile test revealed that the exposure of the as-printed IN718 to a high temperature without full heat treatment (solutionizing and double aging) leads to loss of ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Koul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Le Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI53233, USA
| | - Omar Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yongho Sohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tengfei Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Akihiro Kushima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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34
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Tieu P, Yan X, Xu M, Christopher P, Pan X. Directly Probing the Local Coordination, Charge State, and Stability of Single Atom Catalysts by Advanced Electron Microscopy: A Review. Small 2021; 17:e2006482. [PMID: 33624398 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The drive for atom efficient catalysts with carefully controlled properties has motivated the development of single atom catalysts (SACs), aided by a variety of synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computational modeling. The distinct capabilities of SACs for oxidation, hydrogenation, and electrocatalytic reactions have led to the optimization of activity and selectivity through composition variation. However, characterization methods such as infrared and X-ray spectroscopy are incapable of direct observations at atomic scale. Advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including aberration correction, monochromators, environmental TEM, and micro-electro-mechanical system based in situ holders have improved catalysis study, allowing researchers to peer into regimes previously unavailable, observing critical structural and chemical information at atomic scale. This review presents recent development and applications of TEM techniques to garner information about the location, bonding characteristics, homogeneity, and stability of SACs. Aberration corrected TEM imaging routinely achieves sub-Ångstrom resolution to reveal the atomic structure of materials. TEM spectroscopy provides complementary information about local composition, chemical bonding, electronic properties, and atomic/molecular vibration with superior spatial resolution. In situ/operando TEM directly observe the evolution of SACs under reaction conditions. This review concludes with remarks on the challenges and opportunities for further development of TEM to study SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xingxu Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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35
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Lin G, Wang H, Lu W. Generation of Nanodroplet Reactors and Their Applications in In Situ Controllable Synthesis and Transportation of Ag Nanoparticles. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2002672. [PMID: 33747722 PMCID: PMC7967049 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanodroplets have been paid great attention as they are crucial for a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological applications. In this paper, monodispersed nanodroplets are prepared and their directed motions are realized through conducting the formation of nonuniform structures via altering the ionic distribution within; all these dynamics have been observed by using in situ transmission electron microscopy liquid cell technology. It has been found that their transformation from random motion to directed motion is reversible. Moreover, combining multiple directed motions enables long-distance travel with directed motion taking up 95% of the total time. The results here also prove that aqueous nanodroplets can slide directionally on the hydrophilic surface like droplets sliding on hydrophobic surface. Furthermore, the authors successfully achieve the unidirectional transportation of in situ prepared Ag nanoparticles by using the nanodroplets as nanoreactor, carrier, and transporter. The size and number of as-prepared Ag nanoparticles can be quantitatively controlled. In summary, this research provides a new strategy for real-time generation and precise manipulation of aqueous nanodroplets. Together with the quantitatively controllable in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles within the nanodroplets, this work can prove their promising applications in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced StudyShenzhen UniversityNanhai Avenue 3688ShenzhenGuangdong518060China
| | - Haifei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical ThermaldynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Wensheng Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical ThermaldynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
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36
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Abstract
Superionic conductors are prime candidates for the electrolytes of all-solid-state batteries. Our understanding of the mechanism and performance of superionic conductors is largely based on their idealized lattice structures. But how do defects in the lattice affect ionic structure and transport in these materials? This is a question answered here by in situ transmission electron microscopy of copper selenide, a classic superionic conductor. Nanowires of copper selenide exhibit antiphase boundaries which are a form of a planar defect. We examine the lattice structure around an antiphase boundary and monitor with atomic resolution how this structure evolves in an ordered-to-superionic phase transition. Antiphase boundaries are found to act as barriers to the propagation of the superionic phase. Antiphase boundaries also undergo spatial diffusion and shape changes resulting from thermally activated fluctuations of the neighboring ionic structure. These spatiotemporal insights highlight the importance of collective ionic transport and the role of defects in superionic conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Prashant K Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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37
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Zhu Q, Hong Y, Cao G, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du K, Zhang Z, Zhu T, Wang J. Free-Standing Two-Dimensional Gold Membranes Produced by Extreme Mechanical Thinning. ACS Nano 2020; 14:17091-17099. [PMID: 33152233 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties owing to their atomically thin structures. However, it remains challenging to produce 2D materials consisting of pure monoelemental metallic atoms. Here free-standing 2D gold (Au) membranes were prepared via in situ transmission electron microscopy straining of Au films. The applied in-plane tensile strain induces an extensive amount of out-of-plane thinning deformation in a local region of an Au thin film, resulting in the nucleation and growth of a free-standing 2D Au membrane surrounded by its film matrix. This 2D membrane is shown to be one atom thick with a simple-hexagonal lattice, which forms an atomically sharp interface with the face-centered cubic lattice of the film matrix. Diffusive transport of surface atoms, in conjunction with the dynamic evolution of interface dislocations, plays important roles in the formation of 2D Au membranes during the mechanical thinning process. These results demonstrate a top-down approach to produce free-standing 2D membranes and provide a general understanding on extreme mechanical thinning of metallic films down to the single-atom-thick limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Youran Hong
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guang Cao
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kui Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jiangwei Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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38
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Yuan Y, Yao W, Yurkiv V, Liu T, Song B, Mashayek F, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Lu J. Beyond Volume Variation: Anisotropic and Protrusive Lithiation in Bismuth Nanowire. ACS Nano 2020; 14:15669-15677. [PMID: 33147406 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials storing energy via an alloying reaction are promising anode candidates in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their much higher energy density than the current graphite anode. Until now, the volumetric expansion of such electrode particles during lithiation has been considered as solely responsible for cycling-induced structural failure. In this work, we report different structural failure mechanisms using single-crystalline bismuth nanowires as the alloying-based anode. The Li-Bi alloying process exhibits a two-step transition, that is, Bi-Li1Bi and Li1Bi-Li3Bi. Interestingly, the Bi-Li1Bi phase transition occurs not only in the bulk Bi nanowire but also on the particle surface showing its characteristic behavior. The bulk alloying kinetics favors a Bi-(012)-facilitated anisotropic lithiation, whose mechanism and energetics are further studied using the density functional theory calculations. More importantly, the protrusion of Li1Bi nanograins as a result of anisotropic Li-Bi alloying is found to dominate the surface morphology of Bi particles. The growth kinetics of Li1Bi protrusions is understood atomically with the identification of two different controlling mechanisms, that is, the dislocation-assisted strain relaxation at the Bi/Li1Bi interface and the short-range migration of Bi supporting the off-Bi growth of Li1Bi. As loosely rooted to the bulk substrate and easily peeled off and detached into the electrolyte, these nanoscale protrusions developed during battery cycling are believed to be an important factor responsible for the capacity decay of such alloying-based anodes at the electrode level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yuan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Vitaliy Yurkiv
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Boao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Farzad Mashayek
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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39
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Song B, Yang Y, Rabbani M, Yang TT, He K, Hu X, Yuan Y, Ghildiyal P, Dravid VP, Zachariah MR, Saidi WA, Liu Y, Shahbazian-Yassar R. In Situ Oxidation Studies of High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2020; 14:15131-15143. [PMID: 33079522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have shown tremendous potential for elevated temperature, anticorrosion, and catalysis applications, little is known on how HEA materials behave under complex service environments. Herein, we studied the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Fe0.28Co0.21Ni0.20Cu0.08Pt0.23HEA nanoparticles (NPs) in an atmospheric pressure dry air environment by in situ gas-cell transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the oxidation of HEA NPs is governed by Kirkendall effects with logarithmic oxidation rates rather than parabolic as predicted by Wagner's theory. Further, the HEA NPs are found to oxidize at a significantly slower rate compared to monometallic NPs. The outward diffusion of transition metals and formation of disordered oxide layer are observed in real time and confirmed through analytical energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy characterizations. Localized ordered lattices are identified in the oxide, suggesting the formation of Fe2O3, CoO, NiO, and CuO crystallites in an overall disordered matrix. Hybrid Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations based on first-principles energies and forces support these findings and show that the oxidation drives surface segregation of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, while Pt stays in the core region. The present work offers key insights into how HEA NPs behave under high-temperature oxidizing environment and sheds light on future design of highly stable alloys under complex service conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Muztoba Rabbani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Timothy T Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kun He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yifei Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pankaj Ghildiyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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40
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Kwon O, Kim YI, Kim K, Kim JC, Lee JH, Park SS, Han JW, Kim YM, Kim G, Jeong HY. Probing One-Dimensional Oxygen Vacancy Channels Driven by Cation-Anion Double Ordering in Perovskites. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8353-8359. [PMID: 33111527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing the oxygen vacancy distributions is highly desirable for understanding the atomistic oxygen diffusion mechanisms in perovskites. In particular, the direct observation of the one-dimensional oxygen vacancy channels has not yet been achieved in perovskites with dual ion (i.e., cation and anion) ordering. Here, we perform atomic-resolution imaging of the one-dimensional oxygen vacancy channels and their structural dynamics in a NdBaCo2O5.5 double perovskite oxide. An in situ heating transmission electron microscopy investigation reveals the disordering of oxygen vacancy channels by local rearrangement of oxygen vacancies at the specific temperature. A density functional theory calculation suggests that the possible pathway of oxygen vacancy migration is a multistep route via Co-O and Nd-Ov (oxygen vacancy) sites. These findings could provide robust guidance for understanding the static and dynamic behaviors of oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohhun Kwon
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeounghak Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Guntae Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Luong MA, Robin E, Pauc N, Gentile P, Baron T, Salem B, Sistani M, Lugstein A, Spies M, Fernandez B, den Hertog M. Reversible Al Propagation in Si x Ge 1-x Nanowires: Implications for Electrical Contact Formation. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2020; 3:10427-10436. [PMID: 33134884 PMCID: PMC7589613 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While reversibility is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics, most reactions are not readily reversible, especially in solid-state physics. For example, thermal diffusion is a widely known concept, used among others to inject dopants into the substitutional positions in the matrix and improve device properties. Typically, such a diffusion process will create a concentration gradient extending over increasingly large regions, without possibility to reverse this effect. On the other hand, while the bottom-up growth of semiconducting nanowires is interesting, it can still be difficult to fabricate axial heterostructures with high control. In this paper, we report a thermally assisted partially reversible thermal diffusion process occurring in the solid-state reaction between an Al metal pad and a Si x Ge1-x alloy nanowire observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The thermally assisted reaction results in the creation of a Si-rich region sandwiched between the reacted Al and unreacted Si x Ge1-x part, forming an axial Al/Si/Si x Ge1-x heterostructure. Upon heating or (slow) cooling, the Al metal can repeatably move in and out of the Si x Ge1-x alloy nanowire while maintaining the rodlike geometry and crystallinity, allowing to fabricate and contact nanowire heterostructures in a reversible way in a single process step, compatible with current Si-based technology. This interesting system is promising for various applications, such as phase change memories in an all crystalline system with integrated contacts as well as Si/Si x Ge1-x /Si heterostructures for near-infrared sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Luong
- CEA-Grenoble,
IRIG-DEPHY-MEM-LEMMA, Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Robin
- CEA-Grenoble,
IRIG-DEPHY-MEM-LEMMA, Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Pauc
- CEA-Grenoble,
IRIG-DEPHY-PHELIQS-SINAPS, Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Gentile
- CEA-Grenoble,
IRIG-DEPHY-PHELIQS-SINAPS, Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Baron
- CNRS,
LTM, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Bassem Salem
- CNRS,
LTM, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Masiar Sistani
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Maria Spies
- CNRS,
Institut NEEL UPR2940, Université
Grenoble Alpes, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Bruno Fernandez
- CNRS,
Institut NEEL UPR2940, Université
Grenoble Alpes, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Martien den Hertog
- CNRS,
Institut NEEL UPR2940, Université
Grenoble Alpes, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
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42
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Walbert T, Muench F, Yang Y, Kunz U, Xu BX, Ensinger W, Molina-Luna L. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Thermally Decaying Polycrystalline Platinum Nanowires. ACS Nano 2020; 14:11309-11318. [PMID: 32806050 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their large surface area, continuous conduction paths, high activity, and pronounced anisotropy, nanowires are pivotal for a wide range of applications, yet far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Their susceptibility toward degradation necessitates an in-depth understanding of the underlying failure mechanisms to ensure reliable performance under operating conditions. In this study, we present an in-depth analysis of the thermally triggered Plateau-Rayleigh-like morphological instabilities of electrodeposited, polycrystalline, 20-40 nm thin platinum nanowires using in situ transmission electron microscopy in a controlled temperature regime, ranging from 25 to 1100 °C. Nanowire disintegration is heavily governed by defects, while the initially present, frequent but small thickness variations do not play an important role and are overridden later during reshaping. Changes of the exterior wire morphology are preceded by shifts in the internal nanostructure, including grain boundary straightening, grain growth, and the formation of faceted voids. Surprisingly, the nanowires segregate into two domain types, one being single-crystalline and essentially void-free, while the other preserves void-pinned grain boundaries. While the single-crystalline domains exhibit fast Pt transport, the void-containing domains are unexpectedly stable, accumulate platinum by surface diffusion, and act as nuclei for the subsequent nanowire splitting. This study highlights the vital role of defects in Plateau-Rayleigh-like thermal transformations, whose evolution not only accompanies but guides the wire reshaping. Thus, defects represent strong parameters for controlling the nanowire decay and must be considered for devising accurate models and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Walbert
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Materials Analysis Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Falk Muench
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Materials Analysis Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yangyiwei Yang
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Mechanics of Functional Materials Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kunz
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Physical Metallurgy Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bai-Xiang Xu
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Mechanics of Functional Materials Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ensinger
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Materials Analysis Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Molina-Luna
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Advanced Electron Microscopy Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
We use the beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to modulate in situ the current-voltage characteristics of a two-terminal monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) channel fabricated on a silicon nitride substrate. Suppression of the two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 channel conductance up to 94% is observed when the beam hits and charges the substrate surface. Gate-tunable transistor characteristics dependent on beam current are observed even when the beam is up to tens of microns away from the channel. In contrast, conductance remains constant when the beam passes through a micron-sized hole in the substrate. There is no MoS2 structural damage during gating, and the conductance reverts to its original value when the beam is turned off. We observe on/off ratios up to ∼60 that are largely independent of beam size and channel length. This TEM field-effect transistor architecture with electron beam gating provides a platform for future in situ electrical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Masih Das
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Narayanan S, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. In Situ Visualization of Ferritin Biomineralization via Graphene Liquid Cell-Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3208-3216. [PMID: 33463263 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin biomineralization is essential to regulate the toxic Fe2+ iron ions in the human body. Unravelling the mechanism of biomineralization in ferritin facilitates our understanding of the causes underlying many iron disorder-related diseases. Until now, no report of in situ visualization of ferritin biomineralization events at nanoscale exists due to the requirement for high-resolution imaging of nanometer-sized ferritin proteins in their hydrated states. Herein, for the first time, we show that the biomineralization processes within individual ferritin proteins can be visualized by means of graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM). The increase in the ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ ions over time monitored via electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveals the change in oxidation state of iron oxide phases with time. This study lays a foundation for future investigations on iron regulation mechanisms in healthy and dysfunctional ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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45
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Wojcik A, Maziarz W, Kowalczyk M, Chulist R, Szlezynger M, Czaja P, Hawelek L, Zackiewicz P, Wlodarczyk P, Kolano-Burian A. Fe-Co-B Soft Magnetic Ribbons: Crystallization Process, Microstructure and Coercivity. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1639. [PMID: 32252251 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed microstructural investigation of as-melt-spun and heat-treated Fe67Co20B13 ribbons was performed. The as-melt-spun ribbon was predominantly amorphous at room temperature. Subsequent heating demonstrated an amorphous to crystalline α-(Fe,Co) phase transition at 403 °C. In situ transmission electron microscopy observations, carried out at the temperature range of 25–500 °C and with the heating rate of 200 °C/min, showed that the first crystallized nuclei appeared at a temperature close to 370 °C. With a further increase of temperature, the volume of α-(Fe,Co) crystallites considerably increased. Moreover, the results showed that a heating rate of 200 °C/min provides for a fine and homogenous microstructure with the α-(Fe,Co) crystallites size three times smaller than when the ribbon is heated at 20 °C/min. The next step of this research concerned the influence of both the annealing time and temperature on the microstructure and coercivity of the ribbons. It was shown that annealing at 485 °C for a shorter time (2 s) led to materials with homogenous distribution of α-(Fe,Co) crystallites with a mean size of 30 nm dispersed in the residual amorphous matrix. This was reflected in the coercivity (20.5 A/m), which significantly depended on the volume fraction of crystallites, their size, and distribution.
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46
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Li T, Ding B, Wang J, Qin Z, Fernando JFS, Bando Y, Nanjundan AK, Kaneti YV, Golberg D, Yamauchi Y. Sandwich-Structured Ordered Mesoporous Polydopamine/MXene Hybrids as High-Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:14993-15001. [PMID: 32186368 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic polymers have attracted significant interest as electrodes for energy storage devices because of their advantages, including molecular flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature. Nevertheless, the real implementation of polymer-based electrodes is restricted by their poor stability, low capacity, and slow electron-transfer/ion diffusion kinetics. In this work, a sandwich-structured composite of ordered mesoporous polydopamine (OMPDA)/Ti3C2Tx has been fabricated by in situ polymerization of dopamine on the surface of Ti3C2Tx via employing the PS-b-PEO block polymer as a soft template. The OMPDA layers with vertically oriented, accessible nanopores (∼20 nm) provide a continuous pore channel for ion diffusion, while the Ti3C2Tx layers guarantee a fast electron-transfer path. The OMPDA/Ti3C2Tx composite anode exhibits high reversible capacity, good rate performance, and excellent cyclability for lithium-ion batteries. The in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the OMPDA in the composite only shows a small volume expansion and almost preserves the initial morphology during lithiation. Moreover, these in situ experiments also demonstrate the generation of a stable and ultrathin solid electrolyte interphase layer surrounding the active material, which acts as an electrode protective film during cycling. This study demonstrates the method to develop polymer-based electrodes for high-performance rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, and College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bing Ding
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jie Wang
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Zongyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, and College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- Centre for Materials Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, No. 11 Building, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Centre for Materials Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
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47
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Seo HK, Hwa Y, Chang JH, Park JY, Lee JS, Park J, Cairns EJ, Yuk JM. Direct Visualization of Lithium Polysulfides and Their Suppression in Liquid Electrolyte. Nano Lett 2020; 20:2080-2086. [PMID: 32097564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of lithium polysulfide (Li-PS) formation and the shuttle phenomenon is essential for practical application of the lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell, which has superior theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh/kg). However, it suffers from the lack of direct observation on behaviors of soluble Li-PS in liquid electrolytes. Using in situ graphene liquid cell electron microscopy, we have visualized formation and diffusion of Li-PS simultaneous with morphological and phase evolutions of sulfur nanoparticles during lithiation. We found that the morphological changes and Li-PS diffusion are retarded by ionic liquid (IL) addition into electrolyte. Chronoamperometric shuttle current measurement confirms that IL addition lowers the experimental diffusion coefficient of Li-PS by 2 orders of magnitude relative to that in IL-free electrolyte and thus suppresses the Li-PS shuttle current, which accounts for better cyclability and Coulombic efficiency of the Li/S cell. This study provides significant insights into electrolyte design to inhibit the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Kook Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hwa
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joon Ha Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sang Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Elton J Cairns
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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48
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Abstract
The emergent two-dimensional (2D) materials are atomically thin and ultraflexible, promising for a variety of miniaturized, high-performance, and flexible devices in applications. On one hand, the ultrahigh flexibility causes problems: the prevalent wrinkles in 2D materials may undermine the ideal properties and create barriers in fabrication, processing, and quality control of materials. On the other hand, in some cases the wrinkles are used for the architecturing of surface texture and the modulation of physical/chemical properties. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the mechanism and stability of wrinkles is highly needed. Herein, we report a critical length for stabilizing the wrinkles in 2D materials, observed in the wrinkling and wrinkle elimination processes upon thermal annealing as well as by our in situ TEM manipulations on individual wrinkles, which directly capture the evolving wrinkles with variable lengths. The experiments, mechanical modeling, and self-consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) simulations reveal that a minimum critical length is required for stabilizing the wrinkles in 2D materials. Wrinkles with lengths below a critical value are unstable and removable by thermal annealing, while wrinkles with lengths above a critical value are self-stabilized by van der Waals interactions. It additionally confirms the pronounced frictional effects in wrinkles with lengths above critical value during dynamical movement or sliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zheng
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Quoc Huy Thi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF) , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Qingming Deng
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF) , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
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49
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Pu S, Gong C, Robertson AW. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy and its applications. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:191204. [PMID: 32218950 PMCID: PMC7029903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been an essential tool for understanding the structure of materials. Over the past couple of decades, this venerable technique has undergone a number of revolutions, such as the development of aberration correction for atomic level imaging, the realization of cryogenic TEM for imaging biological specimens, and new instrumentation permitting the observation of dynamic systems in situ. Research in the latter has rapidly accelerated in recent years, based on a silicon-chip architecture that permits a versatile array of experiments to be performed under the high vacuum of the TEM. Of particular interest is using these silicon chips to enclose fluids safely inside the TEM, allowing us to observe liquid dynamics at the nanoscale. In situ imaging of liquid phase reactions under TEM can greatly enhance our understanding of fundamental processes in fields from electrochemistry to cell biology. Here, we review how in situ TEM experiments of liquids can be performed, with a particular focus on microchip-encapsulated liquid cell TEM. We will cover the basics of the technique, and its strengths and weaknesses with respect to related in situ TEM methods for characterizing liquid systems. We will show how this technique has provided unique insights into nanomaterial synthesis and manipulation, battery science and biological cells. A discussion on the main challenges of the technique, and potential means to mitigate and overcome them, will also be presented.
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50
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El Hajraoui K, Robin E, Zeiner C, Lugstein A, Kodjikian S, Rouvière JL, Den Hertog M. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Copper-Germanium Nanowire Solid-State Reaction. Nano Lett 2019; 19:8365-8371. [PMID: 31613639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A promising approach of making high quality contacts on semiconductors is a silicidation (for silicon) or germanidation (for germanium) annealing process, where the metal enters the semiconductor and creates a low resistance intermetallic phase. In a nanowire, this process allows one to fabricate axial heterostructures with dimensions depending only on the control and understanding of the thermally induced solid-state reaction. In this work, we present the first observation of both germanium and copper diffusion in opposite directions during the solid-state reaction of Cu contacts on Ge nanowires using in situ Joule heating in a transmission electron microscope. The in situ observations allow us to follow the reaction in real time with nanometer spatial resolution. We follow the advancement of the reaction interface over time, which gives precious information on the kinetics of this reaction. We combine the kinetic study with ex situ characterization using model-based energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) indicating that both Ge and Cu diffuse at the surface of the created Cu3Ge segment and the reaction rate is limited by Ge surface diffusion at temperatures between 360 and 600 °C. During the reaction, germanide crystals typically protrude from the reacted NW part. However, their formation can be avoided using a shell around the initial Ge NW. Ha direct Joule heating experiments show slower reaction speeds indicating that the reaction can be initiated at lower temperatures. Moreover, they allow combining electrical measurements and heating in a single contacting scheme, rendering the Cu-Ge NW system promising for applications where very abrupt contacts and a perfectly controlled size of the semiconducting region is required. Clearly, in situ TEM is a powerful technique to better understand the reaction kinetics and mechanism of metal-semiconductor phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El Hajraoui
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Eric Robin
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA, INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Clemens Zeiner
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU-Wien - Nanocenter Campus Gußhaus , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , Gebäude-CH, A-1040 Wien , Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU-Wien - Nanocenter Campus Gußhaus , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , Gebäude-CH, A-1040 Wien , Austria
| | - Stéphanie Kodjikian
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Luc Rouvière
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA, INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Martien Den Hertog
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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