1
|
Zhang R, Li X, Zhao M, Wan C, Luo X, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu G, Han X. Probability-Distribution-Configurable True Random Number Generators Based on Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2402182. [PMID: 38622896 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of randomness into stochastic computing can provide ample opportunities for applications such as simulated annealing, non-polynomial hard problem solving, and Bayesian neuron networks. In these cases, a considerable number of random numbers with an accurate and configurable probability distribution function (PDF) are indispensable. Preferably, these random numbers are provided at the hardware level to improve speed, efficiency, and parallelism. In this paper, how spin-orbit torque magnetic tunnel junctions (SOT-MTJs) with high barriers are suitable candidates for the desired true random number generators is demonstrated. Not only do these SOT-MTJs perform excellently in speed and endurance, but their randomness can also be conveniently and precisely controlled by a writing voltage, which makes them a well-performed Bernoulli bit. By utilizing these SOT-MTJ-based Bernoulli bits, any PDF, including Gaussian, uniform, exponential, Chi-square, and even arbitrarily defined distributions can be realized. These PDF-configurable true random number generators can then promise to advance the development of stochastic computing and broaden the applications of the SOT-MTJs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mingkun Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Caihua Wan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xuming Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiufeng Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ji P, Lei X, Su D. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Small Methods 2024:e2301539. [PMID: 38385838 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) stands as an invaluable instrument for the real-time examination of the structural changes in materials. It features ultrahigh spatial resolution and powerful analytical capability, making it significantly versatile across diverse fields. Particularly in the realm of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), in situ TEM is extensively utilized for real-time analysis of phase transitions, degradation mechanisms, and the lithiation process during charging and discharging. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest advancements in in situ TEM applications for LIBs. Additionally, it compares the suitability and effectiveness of two techniques: the open cell technique and the liquid cell technique. The technical aspects of both the open cell and liquid cell techniques are introduced, followed by a comparison of their applications in cathodes, anodes, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and lithium dendrite growth in LIBs. Lastly, the review concludes by stimulating discussions on possible future research trajectories that hold potential to expedite the progression of battery technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xincheng Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Kellner AWA, Jiang S, Chen H, Costa FR, Cheng X, Zhang X, Nova BCV, de Almeida Campos D, Sayão JM, Rodrigues T, Bantim RAM, Saraiva AAF, Zhou Z. A new toothless pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota with comments on the Chaoyangopteridae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22642. [PMID: 38129429 PMCID: PMC10739979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chaoyangopteridae is a clade of azhdarchoid pterosaurs that stands out in China, particularly in the Jehol Biota, as a Cretaceous group of medium-sized and high-crested pterosaurs. Herein, we describe a new species, Meilifeilong youhao gen. et sp. nov., based on two specimens, one tentatively referred to this taxon. This new species represents the most complete and well-preserved chaoyangopterid recorded to date. Along with a set of characters (low premaxillary crest above the nasoantorbital fenestra extending posteriorly, posterior premaxillary process arched and curving posteriorly, a slightly convex sternal articulation surface of coracoid, and a fibular shaft close to proximal articulation strongly arched posteriorly), this species also provides new information both on the unknown palatal region of this clade, and on the rarely preserved (in place) ear portion with stapes. Moreover, M. youhao sheds light on paleoecological aspects, while also giving new information about the taxonomic diversity of this peculiar group of Jiufotang pterosaurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Alexander W A Kellner
- Laboratory of Systematics and Taphonomy of Fossil Vertebrates, Department of Geology and Paleontology, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Shunxing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fabiana R Costa
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Paleontology and Animal Behavior (LAPC), Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Campus São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xin Cheng
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Paleontology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bruno C Vila Nova
- Laboratory of Systematics and Taphonomy of Fossil Vertebrates, Department of Geology and Paleontology, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana M Sayão
- Laboratory of Systematics and Taphonomy of Fossil Vertebrates, Department of Geology and Paleontology, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taissa Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Renan A M Bantim
- Museu de Paleontologia Plácido, Cidade Nuvens, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antônio A F Saraiva
- Museu de Paleontologia Plácido, Cidade Nuvens, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei X, Wang Y, Wang J, Su Y, Ji P, Liu X, Guo S, Wang X, Hu Q, Gu L, Zhang Y, Yang R, Zhou G, Su D. Si-Based High-Entropy Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Small Methods 2023:e2300754. [PMID: 37821416 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, only a small portion of Si has been utilized in the anode for commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) despite its high energy density. The main challenge of using micron-sized Si anode is the particle crack and pulverization due to the volume expansion during cycling. This work proposes a type of Si-based high-entropy alloy (HEA) materials with high structural stability for the LIB anode. Micron-sized HEA-Si anode can deliver a capacity of 971 mAhg-1 and retains 93.5% of its capacity after 100 cycles. In contrast, the silicon-germanium anode only retains 15% of its capacity after 20 cycles. This study has discovered that including HEA elements in Si-based anode can decrease its anisotropic stress and consequently enhance ductility at discharged state. By utilizing in situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses, a high-entropy transition metal doped Lix (Si/Ge) phase is found at lithiated anode, which returns to the pristine HEA phase after delithiation. The reversible lithiation and delithiation process between the HEA phases leads to intrinsic stability during cycling. These findings suggest that incorporating high-entropy modification is a promising approach in designing anode materials toward high-energy density LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Lei
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shengnan Guo
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qingmiao Hu
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuegang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dong Su
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Wang SJ, Wang J. Stem Anatomy Confirms Tingia unita Is a Progymnosperm. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12040494. [PMID: 37106695 PMCID: PMC10136042 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Tingia Halle, a representative genus of the Cathaysia Flora, has been studied for nearly 100 years, being a small heterosporous tree based on the gross morphology of Tingia unita. However, the systematic affinity of Tingia is uncertain. Now, a number of well-preserved fossils of T. unita from the Taiyuan Formation of Lower Permian in Wuda Coalfield, Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia facilitates an examination of wood anatomy. The stem anatomy of T. unita shows parenchymatous pith, endarch primary xylem, pycnoxylic secondary xylem, and cortex, typically a type of gymnosperm wood, which taken together with pteridophytic reproduction, certainly evidences that Tingia Halle is a progymnosperm. In addition, Tingia together with Paratingia provide strong evidence to link the Noeggerathiales with progymnosperms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong C, Singh BK, He JZ, Han YL, Li PP, Wan LH, Meng GZ, Liu SY, Wang JT, Wu CF, Ge AH, Zhang LM. Plant developmental stage drives the differentiation in ecological role of the maize microbiome. Microbiome 2021; 9:171. [PMID: 34389047 PMCID: PMC8364065 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils, epiphytic and endophytic niches of leaf and root, and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics. RESULTS Our results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartments than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Phylloplane microbiomes were co-shaped by both plant growth and seasonal environmental factors, with the air (represented by fake plants) as its important source. Further, we found that bacterial communities in plant compartments were more strongly driven by deterministic processes at the early stage but a similar pattern was for fungal communities at the late stage. Moreover, bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity at the early stage than the late stage, with functional genes related to nutrient provision enriched at the early stage and N assimilation and C degradation enriched at the late stage. Coincidently, more abundant beneficial bacterial taxa like Actinobacteria, Burkholderiaceae and Rhizobiaceae in plant microbiomes were observed at the early stage, but more saprophytic fungi at the late stage. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different stages of plant development. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection during plant growth and development. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yan-Lai Han
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Li-Hua Wan
- Soil and Fertilizer Station of Qilin District, Qujing, Yunnan Province, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Meng
- Soil and Fertilizer Station of Qilin District, Qujing, Yunnan Province, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Si-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan-Fa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - An-Hui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Angiosperms distinguish themselves from gymnosperms by their ovules that are enclosed before pollination. However, how the ovules get enclosed in angiosperms remains a mystery, especially for Magnoliaceae. The only key to this mystery is finding a series of carpels transitional from fully closed with enclosed ovules to open with naked ovules. We use routine paraffin section technology, LM, SEM to document the morphology and anatomy of carpel variation in Michelia figo (Magnoliaceae). A series of carpel variations within a single flower of Michelia figo (Magnoliaceae) are documented, in which the ovules are exposed in atypical carpels. These atypical and typical carpels for the first time demonstrate clearly how the naked ovule get enclosed. Each atypical carpel, with naked ovules, clearly comprises two parts, namely, subtending foliar part and branches bearing ovules, suggesting that a typical carpel is actually an end-product of the fusion between the ovuliferous branches and subtending foliar parts. The only difference among these carpels is the extent of fusion between these two parts. This generalization is in full agreement with the molecular genetic studies on angiosperm flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|