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Wenderoth S, Eigen A, Wintzheimer S, Prieschl J, Hirsch A, Halik M, Mandel K. Supraparticles with a Mechanically Triggerable Color-Change-Effect to Equip Coatings with the Ability to Report Damage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107513. [PMID: 35253355 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small scratches and abrasion cause damage to packaging coatings. Albeit often invisible to the human eye, such small defects in the coating may ultimately have a strong negative impact on the whole system. For instance, gases may penetrate the coating and consequently the package barrier, thus leading to the degradation of sensitive goods. Herein, the indicators of mechanical damage in the form of particles are reported, which can readily be integrated into coatings. Shear stress-induced damage is indicated by the particles via a color change. The particles are designed as core-shell supraparticles. The supraparticle core is based on rhodamine B dye-doped silica nanoparticles, whereas the shell is made of alumina nanoparticles. The alumina surface is functionalized with a monolayer of a perylene dye. The resulting core-shell supraparticle system thus contains two colors, one in the core and one in the shell part of the architecture. Mechanical damage of this structure exposes the core from the shell, resulting in a color change. With particles integrated into a coating lacquer, mechanical damage of a coating can be monitored via a color change and even be related to the degree of oxygen penetration in a damaged coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wenderoth
- Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigen
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Prieschl
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Departement of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, D91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Stiegler LMS, Klein S, Kryschi C, Neuhuber W, Hirsch A. Smart Shell-by-Shell Nanoparticles with Tunable Perylene Fluorescence in the Organic Interlayer. Chemistry 2021; 27:1655-1669. [PMID: 33459437 PMCID: PMC7898710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A new series of shell-by-shell (SbS)-functionalized Al2 O3 nanoparticles (NPs) containing a perylene core in the organic interlayer as a fluorescence marker is introduced. Initially, the NPs were functionalized with both, a fluorescent perylene phosphonic acid derivative, together with the lipophilic hexadecylphosphonic acid or the fluorophilic (1 H,1 H,2 H,2H-perfluorodecyl)phosphonic acid. The lipophilic first-shell functionalized NPs were further implemented with amphiphiles built of aliphatic chains and polar head-groups. However, the fluorophilic NPs were combined with amphiphiles consisting of fluorocarbon tails and polar head-groups. Depending on the nature of the combined phosphonic acids and the amphiphiles, tuning of the perylene fluorescence can be accomplished due variations of supramolecular organization with the shell interface. Because the SbS-functionalized NPs dispose excellent dispersibility in water and in biological media, two sorts of NPs with different surface properties were tested with respect to biological fluorescent imaging applications. Depending on the agglomeration of the NPs, the cellular uptake differs. The uptake of larger agglomerates is facilitated by endocytosis, whereas individualized NPs cross directly the cellular membrane. Also, the larger agglomerates were preferentially incorporated by all tested cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. S. Stiegler
- Department of Chemistry & PharmacyChair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NurembergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefanie Klein
- Department Chemistry and PharmacyPhysical Chemistry I and ICMMFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NurembergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Carola Kryschi
- Department Chemistry and PharmacyPhysical Chemistry I and ICMMFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NurembergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Winfried Neuhuber
- Department of AnatomyChair of Anatomy IFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NurembergKrankenhausstraße 991054ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry & PharmacyChair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NurembergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
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Tieu P, Nguyen V, Shon YS. Proximity Effects of Methyl Group on Ligand Steric Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Palladium Nanoparticles. Front Chem 2020; 8:599. [PMID: 32754577 PMCID: PMC7381309 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle catalysts functionalized with small, well-defined organic ligands are important because such systems can provide a spatial control in the catalyst-substrate interactions. This article describes the synthesis, stability, and catalytic property evaluations of four different Pd nanoparticles capped with constitutional isomers of pentanethiolate ligands that have either a straight chain or an alkyl chain with one methyl group at different locations (α, β, or γ from the surface-bound sulfur). The structure and composition analyses of Pd nanoparticles confirm that they have similar average core sizes and organic ligand contents. The presence of methyl group at α position is found to lower the capping ability of short ligands and thus make Pd nanoparticles to lose their colloidal stability during the catalytic reactions. The overall activity and selectivity for hydrogenation and isomerization of pentene and allylbenzene derivatives are investigated for each combination of ligand and substrate. Catalysis results indicate that steric interactions between the ligands on the metal catalyst surface and the alkene substrates are a factor in controlling the activity of Pd nanoparticles. In particular, Pd nanoparticles capped with pentanethiolate isomer having a methyl group at α position exhibit poor and inconsistent catalytic activity due to its low colloidal stability. The presence of a methyl group at β position mildly interferes the adsorption of alkene group on the nanoparticle surface resulting in lower conversion yields. Interestingly, a methyl group at γ position only has a minimal effect on the catalytic property of Pd nanoparticles exhibiting similar catalysis results with Pd nanoparticles capped with straight chain pentanethiolate ligands. This indicates the proximity of steric group at the reactive site controls the nanoparticle activity for surface oriented reactions, such as hydrogenation and isomerization of alkenes in addition to their colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Keck Energy and Materials Research Program, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
- Keck Energy and Materials Research Program, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
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