1
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Li Y, Castillo HD, Dobscha JR, Morgan AR, Tait SL, Flood AH. Breaking Radial Dipole Symmetry in Planar Macrocycles Modulates Edge-to-Edge Packing and Disrupts Cofacial Stacking. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302946. [PMID: 37950681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar interactions are ever-present in supramolecular architectures, though their impact is typically revealed by making dipoles stronger. While it is also possible to assess the role of dipoles by altering their orientations by using synthetic design, doing so without altering the molecular shape is not straightforward. We have now done this by flipping one triazole unit in a rigid macrocycle, tricarb. The macrocycle is composed of three carbazoles (2 Debye) and three triazoles (5 Debye) defining an array of dipoles aligned radially but organized alternately in and out. These dipoles are believed to dictate edge-to-edge tiling and face-to-face stacking. We modified our synthesis to prepare isosteric macrocycles with the orientation of one triazole dipole rotated 40°. The new dipole orientation guides edge-to-edge contacts to reorder the stability of two surface-bound 2D polymorphs. The impact on dipole-enhanced π stacking, however, was unexpected. Our stacking model identified an unchanged set of short-range (3.4 Å) anti-parallel dipole contacts. Despite this situation, the reduction in self-association was attributed to long-range (~6.4 Å) dipolar repulsions between π-stacked macrocycles. This work highlights our ability to control the build-up and symmetry of macrocyclic skeletons by synthetic design, and the work needed to further our understanding of how dipoles control self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Henry D Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amanda R Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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2
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Otsuka C, Imai S, Ohkubo T, Yagai S. Toroid-rod supramolecular polymorphism derived from conformational isomerism of a π-conjugated system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1108-1111. [PMID: 38168679 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded supermacrocycles (rosettes) composed of dinaphthylethene π-conjugated systems show unique supramolecular polymorphism affording nanorings and nanorods via kinetically controlled self-assembly. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations proposed that conformational isomerism of the π-conjugated systems leads to planar and convex rosette geometries, which results in their distinct stacking arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Otsuka
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohkubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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3
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Rubert L, Islam MF, Greytak AB, Prakash R, Smith MD, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Shimizu LS, Soberats B. Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymerization of a Bis-Urea Macrocycle into a Brick-Like Hydrogen-Bonded Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312223. [PMID: 37750233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a dendronized bis-urea macrocycle 1 self-assembling via a cooperative mechanism into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets formed solely by alternated urea-urea hydrogen bonding interactions. The pure macrocycle self-assembles in bulk into one-dimensional liquid-crystalline columnar phases. In contrast, its self-assembly mode drastically changes in CHCl3 or tetrachloroethane, leading to 2D hydrogen-bonded networks. Theoretical calculations, complemented by previously reported crystalline structures, indicate that the 2D assembly is formed by a brick-like hydrogen bonding pattern between bis-urea macrocycles. This assembly is promoted by the swelling of the trisdodecyloxyphenyl groups upon solvation, which frustrates, due to steric effects, the formation of the thermodynamically more stable columnar macrocycle stacks. This work proposes a new design strategy to access 2D supramolecular polymers by means of a single non-covalent interaction motif, which is of great interest for materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Rubert
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Md Faizul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Andrew B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Rahul Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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4
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Martínez‐Crespo L, Vitórica‐Yrezábal IJ, Whitehead GFS, Webb SJ. Chemically Fueled Communication Along a Scaffolded Nanoscale Array of Squaramides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307841. [PMID: 37429824 PMCID: PMC10952809 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Relaying conformational change over several nanometers is central to the function of allosterically regulated proteins. Replicating this mechanism artificially would provide important communication tools, but requires nanometer-sized molecules that reversibly switch between defined shapes in response to signaling molecules. In this work, 1.8 nm long rigid rod oligo(phenylene-ethynylene)s are scaffolds for switchable multi-squaramide hydrogen-bond relays. Each relay can adopt either a parallel or an antiparallel orientation relative to the scaffold; the preferred orientation is dictated by a director group at one end. An amine director responded to proton signals, with acid-base cycles producing multiple reversible changes in relay orientation that were reported by a terminal NH, which is 1.8 nm distant. Moreover, a chemical fuel acted as a dissipative signal. As the fuel was consumed, the relay reverted to its original orientation, illustrating how information from out-of-equilibrium molecular signals can be communicated to a distant site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martínez‐Crespo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | | | - Simon J. Webb
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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5
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Khanra P, Singh AK, Roy L, Das A. Pathway Complexity in Supramolecular Copolymerization and Blocky Star Copolymers by a Hetero-Seeding Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5270-5284. [PMID: 36797682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This study unravels the intricate kinetic and thermodynamic pathways involved in the supramolecular copolymerization of the two chiral dipolar naphthalene monoimide (NMI) building blocks (O-NMI and S-NMI), differing merely by a single heteroatom (oxygen vs sulfur). O-NMI exhibits distinct supramolecular polymerization features as compared to S-NMI in terms of its pathway complexity, hierarchical organization, and chiroptical properties. Two distinct self-assembly pathways in O-NMI occur due to the interplay between the competing dipolar interactions among the NMI chromophores and amide-amide hydrogen (H)-bonding that engenders distinct nanotapes and helical fibers, from its antiparallel and parallel stacking modes, respectively. In contrast, the propensity of S-NMI to form only a stable spherical assembly is ascribed to its much stronger amide-amide H-bonding, which outperforms other competing interactions. Under the thermodynamic route, an equimolar mixture of the two monomers generates a temporally controlled chiral statistical supramolecular copolymer that autocatalytically evolves from an initially formed metastable spherical heterostructure. In contrast, the sequence-controlled addition of the two monomers leads to the kinetically driven hetero-seeded block copolymerization. The ability to trap O-NMI in a metastable state allows its secondary nucleation from the surface of the thermodynamically stable S-NMI spherical "seed", which leads to the core-multiarmed "star" copolymer with reversibly and temporally controllable length of the growing O-NMI "arms" from the S-NMI "core". Unlike the one-dimensional self-assembly of O-NMI and its random co-assembly with S-NMI, which are both chiral, unprecedentedly, the preferred helical bias of the nucleating O-NMI fibers is completely inhibited by the absence of stereoregularity of the S-NMI "seed" in the "star" topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Khanra
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Singh
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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6
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Bujosa S, Doncel‐Giménez A, Bäumer N, Fernández G, Ortí E, Costa A, Rotger C, Aragó J, Soberats B. Thermoreversible Polymorph Transitions in Supramolecular Polymers of Hydrogen-Bonded Squaramides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213345. [PMID: 36178740 PMCID: PMC9828658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded squaramide (SQ) supramolecular polymers exhibit uncommon thermoreversible polymorph transitions between particle- and fiber-like nanostructures. SQs 1-3, with different steric bulk, self-assemble in solution into particles (AggI) upon cooling to 298 K, and SQs 1 and 2, with only one dendronic group, show a reversible transformation into fibers (AggII) by further decreasing the temperature to 288 K. Nano-DSC and UV/Vis studies on SQ 1 reveal a concentration-dependent transition temperature and ΔH for the AggI-to-AggII conversion, while the kinetic studies on SQ 2 indicate the on-pathway nature of the polymorph transition. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal that these transitions are triggered by the molecular reorganization of the SQ units changing from slipped to head-to-tail hydrogen bonding patterns. This work unveils the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reversible polymorph transitions that are of interest to develop stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Bujosa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Azahara Doncel‐Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Carmen Rotger
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
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7
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Tong C, Wondergem JAJ, van den Brink M, Kwakernaak MC, Chen Y, Hendrix MMRM, Voets IK, Danen EHJ, Le Dévédec S, Heinrich D, Kieltyka RE. Spatial and Temporal Modulation of Cell Instructive Cues in a Filamentous Supramolecular Biomaterial. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17042-17054. [PMID: 35403421 PMCID: PMC9026256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials provide unique opportunities to mimic both the structure and mechanics of the biopolymer networks that compose the extracellular matrix. However, strategies to modify their filamentous structures in space and time in 3D cell culture to study cell behavior as encountered in development and disease are lacking. We herein disclose a multicomponent squaramide-based supramolecular material whose mechanics and bioactivity can be controlled by light through co-assembly of a 1,2-dithiolane (DT) monomer that forms disulfide cross-links. Remarkably, increases in storage modulus from ∼200 Pa to >10 kPa after stepwise photo-cross-linking can be realized without an initiator while retaining colorlessness and clarity. Moreover, viscoelasticity and plasticity of the supramolecular networks decrease upon photo-irradiation, reducing cellular protrusion formation and motility when performed at the onset of cell culture. When applied during 3D cell culture, force-mediated manipulation is impeded and cells move primarily along earlier formed channels in the materials. Additionally, we show photopatterning of peptide cues in 3D using either a photomask or direct laser writing. We demonstrate that these squaramide-based filamentous materials can be applied to the development of synthetic and biomimetic 3D in vitro cell and disease models, where their secondary cross-linking enables mechanical heterogeneity and shaping at multiple length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Tong
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri A. J. Wondergem
- Biological
and Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn van den Brink
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Markus C. Kwakernaak
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Chen
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco M. R. M. Hendrix
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. J. Danen
- Division
of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Le Dévédec
- Division
of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Biological
and Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof 1, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty for
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische
Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Roxanne E. Kieltyka
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Helmers I, Hossain MS, Bäumer N, Wesarg P, Soberats B, Shimizu LS, Fernández G. Anti-cooperative Self-Assembly with Maintained Emission Regulated by Conformational and Steric Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200390. [PMID: 35112463 PMCID: PMC9311066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a strategy to enable a maintained emissive behavior in the self‐assembled state by enforcing an anti‐cooperative self‐assembly involving weak intermolecular dye interactions. To achieve this goal, we designed a conformationally flexible monomer unit 1 with a central 1,3‐substituted (diphenyl)urea hydrogen bonding synthon that is tethered to two BODIPY dyes featuring sterically bulky trialkoxybenzene substituents at the meso‐position. The competition between attractive forces (H‐bonding and aromatic interactions) and destabilizing effects (steric and competing conformational effects) limits the assembly, halting the supramolecular growth at the stage of small oligomers. Given the presence of weak dye–dye interactions, the emission properties of molecularly dissolved 1 are negligibly affected upon aggregation. Our findings contribute to broadening the scope of emissive supramolecular assemblies and controlled supramolecular polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Muhammad Saddam Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Wesarg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Helmers I, Hossain MS, Bäumer N, Wesarg P, Soberats B, Shimizu LS, Fernandez G. Anti‐cooperative Self‐Assembly with Maintained Emission Regulated by Conformational and Steric Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | | | - Nils Bäumer
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Paul Wesarg
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Universitat de les Illes Balears Facultat de Ciencies Quimica Organica SPAIN
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Gustavo Fernandez
- WWU Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Correnstraße, 4ß 48149 Münster GERMANY
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