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López-Ortiz M, Bolzonello L, Bruschi M, Fresch E, Collini E, Hu C, Croce R, van Hulst NF, Gorostiza P. Photoelectrochemical Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy (PEC2DES) of Photosystem I: Charge Separation Dynamics Hidden in a Multichromophoric Landscape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43451-43461. [PMID: 39121384 PMCID: PMC11345722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
We present a nonlinear spectroelectrochemical technique to investigate photosynthetic protein complexes. The PEC2DES setup combines photoelectrochemical detection (PEC) that selectively probes the protein photogenerated charges output with two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) excitation that spreads the nonlinear optical response of the system in an excitation-detection map. PEC allows us to distinguish the contribution of charge separation (CS) from other de-excitation pathways, whereas 2DES allows us to disentangle congested spectral bands and evaluate the exciton dynamics (decays and coherences) of the photosystem complex. We have developed in operando phase-modulated 2DES by measuring the photoelectrochemical reaction rate in a biohybrid electrode functionalized with a plant photosystem complex I-light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) layer. Optimizing the photoelectrochemical current signal yields reliable linear spectra unequivocally associated with PSI-LHCI. The 2DES signal is validated by nonlinear features like the characteristic vibrational coherence at 750 cm-1. However, no energy transfer dynamics is observed within the 450 fs experimental window. These intriguing results are discussed in the context of incoherent mixing resulting in reduced nonlinear contrast for multichromophoric complexes, such as the 160 chlorophyll PSI. The presented PEC2DES method identifies generated charges unlike purely optical 2DES and opens the way to probe the CS channel in multichromophoric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel López-Ortiz
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Luca Bolzonello
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Matteo Bruschi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Elisa Fresch
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Chen Hu
- Biophysics
of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, HV 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics
of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, HV 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- ICREA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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López-Ortiz M, Zamora RA, Giannotti MI, Gorostiza P. The Protein Matrix of Plastocyanin Supports Long-Distance Charge Transport with Photosystem I and the Copper Ion Regulates Its Spatial Span and Conductance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20334-20344. [PMID: 37797170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge exchange is the fundamental process that sustains cellular respiration and photosynthesis by shuttling electrons in a cascade of electron transfer (ET) steps between redox cofactors. While intraprotein charge exchange is well characterized in protein complexes bearing multiple redox sites, interprotein processes are less understood due to the lack of suitable experimental approaches and the dynamic nature of the interactions. Proteins constrained between electrodes are known to support electron transport (ETp) through the protein matrix even without redox cofactors, as the charges housed by the redox sites in ET are furnished by the electrodes. However, it is unknown whether protein ETp mechanisms apply to the interprotein medium present under physiological conditions. We study interprotein charge exchange between plant photosystem I (PSI) and its soluble redox partner plastocyanin (Pc) and address the role of the Pc copper center. Using electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (ECSTS) current-distance and blinking measurements, we quantify the spatial span of charge exchange between individual Pc/PSI pairs and ETp through transient Pc/PSI complexes. Pc devoid of the redox center (Pcapo) can exchange charge with PSI at longer distances than with the copper ion (Pcholo). Conductance bursts associated with Pcapo/PSI complex formation are higher than in Pcholo/PSI. Thus, copper ions are not required for long-distance Pc/PSI ETp but regulate its spatial span and conductance. Our results suggest that the redox center that carries the charge in Pc is not necessary to exchange it in interprotein ET through the aqueous solution and question the canonical view of tight complex binding between redox protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel López-Ortiz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ricardo A Zamora
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Naaman R, Waldeck DH, Fransson J. New Perspective on Electron Transfer through Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11753-11759. [PMID: 36516240 PMCID: PMC9791659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by experiments which display unusual length and temperature effects for electron transfer in the nanometer length regime, we propose a new approach for describing long-range electron transfer (ET) processes through molecules. We posit that the electron reorganization in the molecules (e.g., the electronic polarization of a macromolecule or organic film by an applied electric potential, or the injected charge generating a dipole moment) should be included in the description. We numerically solve a one-dimensional model for the electron transport, which includes electron-electron interactions explicitly, and we show that it generates a power law distance dependence for electron transport similar to that observed in experiments. The model does not include vibrations explicitly and should be consistent with the weak temperature dependences observed experimentally. This approach emphasizes the need to treat the electronic changes in the molecule(s) more explicitly to understand the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15260, United States
| | - Jonas Fransson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
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Lagunas A, Belloir C, Briand L, Gorostiza P, Samitier J. Determination of the nanoscale electrical properties of olfactory receptor hOR1A1 and their dependence on ligand binding: Towards the development of capacitance-operated odorant biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114755. [PMID: 36191583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transduction of odorant binding into cellular signaling by olfactory receptors (ORs) is not understood and knowing its mechanism would enable developing new pharmacology and biohybrid electronic detectors of volatile organic compounds bearing high sensitivity and selectivity. The electrical characterization of ORs in bulk experiments is subject to microscopic models and assumptions. We have directly determined the nanoscale electrical properties of ORs immobilized in a fixed orientation, and their change upon odorant binding, using electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) in near-physiological conditions. Recordings of current versus time, distance, and electrochemical potential allows determining the OR impedance parameters and their dependence with odorant binding. Our results allow validating OR structural-electrostatic models and their functional activation processes, and anticipating a novel macroscopic biosensor based on ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lagunas
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, c/Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Christine Belloir
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, c/Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, c/Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona (UB), c/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zamora RA, López-Ortiz M, Sales-Mateo M, Hu C, Croce R, Maniyara RA, Pruneri V, Giannotti MI, Gorostiza P. Light- and Redox-Dependent Force Spectroscopy Reveals that the Interaction between Plastocyanin and Plant Photosystem I Is Favored when One Partner Is Ready for Electron Transfer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15155-15164. [PMID: 36067071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that converts photons into chemical energy, driven by large protein complexes at the thylakoid membranes of plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. In plants, water-soluble plastocyanin (Pc) is responsible for shuttling electrons between cytochrome b6f complex and the photosystem I (PSI) complex in the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC). For an efficient turnover, a transient complex must form between PSI and Pc in the PETC, which implies a balance between specificity and binding strength. Here, we studied the binding frequency and the unbinding force between suitably oriented plant PSI and Pc under redox control using single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). The binding frequency (observation of binding-unbinding events) between PSI and Pc depends on their respective redox states. The interaction between PSI and Pc is independent of the redox state of PSI when Pc is reduced, and it is disfavored in the dark (reduced P700) when Pc is oxidized. The frequency of interaction between PSI and Pc is higher when at least one of the partners is in a redox state ready for electron transfer (ET), and the post-ET situation (PSIRed-PcOx) leads to lower binding. In addition, we show that the binding of ET-ready PcRed to PSI can be regulated externally by Mg2+ ions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Zamora
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Ortiz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sales-Mateo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Chen Hu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinu Abraham Maniyara
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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