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Ndlovu S, Muchuweni E, Nyamori VO. Effect of ball milling time on Sr 0.7Sm 0.3Fe 0.4Co 0.6O 2.65 perovskites and their application as semiconductor layers in dye-sensitized solar cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33347. [PMID: 39035532 PMCID: PMC11259836 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The practical utilization of TiO2 as a semiconductor in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been set back by poor visible light absorption, high charge carrier recombination, and low electrical conductivity, which reduce the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sustainability of the device. In this respect, perovskites with excellent properties, such as large surface area, good optical properties, high electrical conductivity, and superior electrochemical stability, have recently emerged as promising alternatives capable of overcoming the drawbacks of TiO2. Herein, Sr0.7Sm0.3Fe0.4Co0.6O2.65 (SSFC) perovskites were prepared via the ball milling method at various milling times of 0, 5, and 10 h, and the obtained samples were denoted by SSFC-0, SSCF-5, and SSCF-10, respectively. Increasing the ball milling time led to a significant reduction in nanoparticle size and agglomeration, which, in turn, increased the surface area and electrical conductivity of the samples. As a consequence, the SSFC-10 perovskite exhibited the smallest average particle sizes (18.9 nm) with the largest surface area (61.8 m2 g-1) and minimum defects, which allowed for efficient electron transport, resulting in the best electrical conductivity of 49.8 S cm-1. Ultimately, DSSCs fabricated using SSFC-10 semiconductor layers achieved an optimum PCE of 6.01 %, which is an improvement of 8.67 %, 1.1 %, and 6.56 % for SSFC-0 (3.69 %), SSFC-5 (4.96 %), and TiO2 (5.64 %), respectively. Thus, varying the ball milling time can be used as an effective technique to tailor the physicochemical properties of SSFC to suit desired applications, particularly the fabrication of highly efficient and sustainable DSSC semiconductor layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ndlovu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Edigar Muchuweni
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Vincent O. Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Gao Y, Xiao Z, Cui M, Saidaminov MI, Tan F, Shang L, Li W, Qin C, Ding L. Asymmetric Π-Bridge Engineering Enables High-Permittivity Benzo[1,2-B:4,5-b']Difuran-Conjugated Polymer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306373. [PMID: 37703387 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) exhibit complex charge dynamics, which are closely correlated with the dielectric constant (ɛr ) of photovoltaic materials. In this work, a series of novel conjugated copolymers based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran (BDF) and benzotriazole (BTz) is designed and synthesized, which differ by the nature of π-bridge from one another. The PBDF-TF-BTz with asymmetric furan and thiophene π-bridge demonstrates a larger ɛr of 4.22 than PBDF-dT-BTz with symmetric thiophene π-bridge (3.15) and PBDF-dF-BTz with symmetric furan π-bridge (3.90). The PBDF-TF-BTz also offers more favorable molecular packing and appropriate miscibility with non-fullerene acceptor Y6 than its counterparts. The corresponding PBDF-TF-BTz:Y6 OSCs display efficient exciton dissociation, fast charge transport and collection, and reduced charge recombination, eventually leading to a power conversion efficiency of 17.01%. When introducing a fullerene derivative (PCBO-12) as a third component, the PBDF-TF-BTz:Y6:PCBO-12 OSCs yield a remarkable FF of 80.11% with a high efficiency of 18.10%, the highest value among all reported BDF-polymer-based OSCs. This work provides an effective approach to developing high-permittivity photovoltaic materials, showcasing PBDF-TF-BTz as a promising polymer donor for constructing high-performance OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zuo Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Minghuan Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Victoria, 3010, Canada
| | - Furui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Luwen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Wanpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Liming Ding
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Zhang K, Zhou G, Fang T, Ding Z, Liu X. The ionic liquid-based electrolytes during their charging process: Movable endpoints of overscreening effect near the electrode interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:648-658. [PMID: 37437444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Adding solvents to ionic liquids (ILs) can lead to the suppression of the overscreening effect near an electrode interface. Also, this suppression can be observed in neat ILs by elongating the length of the nonpolar chains on their ions. Most neat ILs, unlike the ideal model, do not exhibit a crowding effect in experiments. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, researchers can model and analyze these systems in order to understand them. SIMULATIONS In this study, the dynamic change near the electrode interface of ILs-based electrolytes was investigated using MD simulations. The phenomena observed in MD simulations are generally understandable because factors can attenuate charge densities calculated from these simulations. FINDINGS The study findings reveal that both the solvents or nonpolar chains contributed to the formation of nonpolar domains. Also, the microscopic mechanisms and influences of these nonpolar domains were clearly identified. The results are important for real life applications. Some ions form a "point to surface" layer near the electrode of neat ILs. When ILs contain long nonpolar chains, they can suppress the crowding effect through self-assembly behavior. However, when they do not have any chains or short nonpolar chains, it can be difficult to stop the overscreening effect. This means it can become challenging to begin the next stage of the crowding effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Timing Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Zhezheng Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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Conversion of discarded industrial PPS non-woven fabric into heteroatoms co-doped honeycomb-like hierarchical porous carbon for superior performance supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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He S, Lan Z, Zhang B, Gao Y, Shang L, Yue G, Chen S, Shen Z, Tan F, Wu J. Holistically Optimizing Charge Carrier Dynamics Enables High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43576-43585. [PMID: 36102874 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Charge carrier events across organic electronics are ubiquitous, and the derived optimization plays a crucial effect on improving the performance of organic electronics. Herein, a two-dimensional material (Ti3C2Tx) is incorporated into titanium dioxide (TiO2) to impart the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid film enriched hydroxy group distribution, defect-negligible surface, upshifted work function, and enhanced conductivity yet electron mobility versus the pristine TiO2 film. Therefore, intensified photon-harvesting ability, reduced charge carrier recombination, and efficient charge carrier collection are realized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid photoanode relative to control ones. Consequently, the modified DSSCs based on Z907 deliver superior efficiencies of 10.39 and 29.68% under 100 mW/cm2 illumination and ∼1.9 mW/cm2 dim light, respectively, being the highest values of Z907-based DSSCs. However, control devices only obtain lower efficiencies of 8.06 and 23.91% when undergoing the abovementioned illumination. On the other hand, the self-powered homologous photodetectors with the hybrid film as an electron-transporting layer present enhanced detectivity (1.69 × 1011 Jones) and a shortened responsivity of 0.26 s versus that of control ones (1.39 × 1011 Jones and 0.35 s). Our work implies that the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid film features high potential for improving the performance of organic electronics for its effect of holistically optimizing charge carrier dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua He
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Lan
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Luwen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Gentian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Furui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Wu S, Liu L, Zhang B, Gao Y, Shang L, He S, Li S, Zhang P, Chen S, Wang Y. Multifunctional Two-Dimensional Benzodifuran-Based Polymer for Eco-Friendly Perovskite Solar Cells Featuring High Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41389-41399. [PMID: 36036961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as an exceptional renewable energy conversion technology due to their rapidly increasing photovoltaic efficiency, while their practical application is highly retarded by their intrinsic instability and potential lead ion leakage. Here, a two-dimensional (2D) π-conjugated benzodifuran-based polymer, PBDFP-Bz, is adopted to modify the perovskite film. Note that PBDFP-Bz could neutralize surface defects, fine-tune interfacial energetics, and hamper moisture ingression into the perovskite film. Therefore, high-quality perovskite films featuring reduced trap state density and enhanced moisture tolerance could be obtained after modification via PBDFP-Bz. Consequently, PBDFP-Bz-modified devices deliver a higher efficiency of 21.73% versus 19.55% of control ones. Meanwhile, PBDFP-Bz-modified devices can preserve 82.7 and 90.8% of their initial efficiency under continuous heating at 85 °C or light soaking for 500 h. However, the corresponding retained values of control devices are only 56.4 and 70.2%, respectively. Moreover, PBDFP-Bz can effectively prevent the leakage of lead ions in modified devices relative to control ones. This work not only reveals that PBDFP-Bz features high potential for fabricating high-performance and robust PSCs but also indicates that 2D π-conjugated benzodifuran-based polymers can endow PSCs with great security for sustainable development without the concern of lead ion leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Luwen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shenghua He
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Putao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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Improving Delivery Probability in Mobile Opportunistic Networks with Social-Based Routing. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11132084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are contexts where TCP/IP is not suitable for performing data transmission due to long delays, timeouts, network partitioning, and interruptions. In these scenarios, mobile opportunistic networks (MONs) are a valid option, providing asynchronous transmissions in dynamic topologies. These architectures exploit physical encounters and persistent storage to communicate nodes that lack a continuous end-to-end path. In recent years, many routing algorithms have been based on social interactions. Smartphones and wearables are in vogue, applying social information to optimize paths between nodes. This work proposes Refine Social Broadcast (RSB), a social routing algorithm. RSB uses social behavior and node interests to refine the message broadcast in the network, improving the delivery probability while reducing redundant data duplication. The proposal combines the identification of the most influential nodes to carry the information toward the destination with interest-based routing. To evaluate the performance, RSB is applied to a simulated case of use based on a realistic loneliness detection methodology in elderly adults. The obtained delivery probability, latency, overhead, and hops are compared with the most popular social-based routers, namely, EpSoc, SimBet, and BubbleRap. RSB manifests a successful delivery probability, exceeding the second-best result (SimBet) by 17% and reducing the highest overhead (EpSoc) by 97%.
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8
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Du X, Zhang W, Zhang M, Ji Y, Su K, Li Z. Dual-Metal Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Derived Highly Ordered Hierarchical Nanoarrays on Self-Supported Carbon Fiber for Oxygen Evolution. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124170. [PMID: 35744229 PMCID: PMC9227379 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The construction of highly ordered hierarchical nanoarrays is crucial for obtaining effective transition metal carbon nanomaterial electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting. Herein, we adopted a Co metal zeolitic imidazolate framework (Co-ZIF) as a precursor by ion-exchange/etching reaction with Fe(NO3)3 to obtain hierarchical N-doped Co-Fe layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) in situ generated in Co-ZIF nanoarrays based on a self-supported carbon cloth (CC) substrate noted as CoFe-LDH@Co-ZIF@CC. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of these species and their highly ordered self-supported nanoarray structure, the catalytic active sites were fully exposed and highly protected in alkaline electrolyte, which significantly promoted electron transport and improved electrochemical performance. The CoFe-LDH@Co-ZIF@CC exhibited the low overpotentials of about 225 and 319 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 81.8 mV dec−1 recorded in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, it also showed a long-term durability without obvious decay after 30 h. Therefore, its remarkable OER activity demonstrates this material’s promising application in the green hydrogen energy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-022-83955358 (Z.L.)
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Maliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Kunmei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhenhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (W.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (K.S.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-022-83955358 (Z.L.)
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Yuan Y, Kumar P, Ngai JHL, Gao X, Li X, Liu H, Wang J, Li Y. Wide Bandgap Polymer Donor with Acrylate Side Chains for Non-Fullerene Acceptor-based Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200325. [PMID: 35524946 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors inherently have a low dielectric constant and hence high exciton binding energy, which is largely responsible for the rather low power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells as well as the requirements to achieve delicate bulk-heterojunction nanophase separation in the active layer. In this study, we use methyl acrylate as a weakly electron-withdrawing side chain for the electron rich thiophene to prepare a new building block, methyl thiophene-3-acrylate (TA), with increased polarity. A wide bandgap polymer PBDT-TA synthesized using TA and a benzodithiophene (BDT) monomer shows increased dielectric constant and reduced exciton binding energy compared to the analogous polymer PBDT-TC, which is made of BDT and methyl thiophene-3-carboxylate (TC). An organic solar cell device based on PBDT-TA:ITIC also achieves a higher power conversion efficiency of 10.47% than that of the PBDT-TC:ITIC based solar cell (9.68%). This work demonstrates the effectiveness of using acrylate side chains to increase the dielectric constant, reduce the exciton binding energy, and enhance the solar cell efficiency of polymer semiconductors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jenner H L Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiguang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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