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Cheng T, Wu X, Qiu Y, Yuan B, Zhao C, Chen JL, Peng YK. Spatially Decoupled H 2O 2 Activation Pathways and Multi-Enzyme Activities in Rod-Shaped CeO 2 with Implications for Facet Distribution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401032. [PMID: 38618652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
CeO2, particularly in the shape of rod, has recently gained considerable attention for its ability to mimic peroxidase (POD) and haloperoxidase (HPO). However, this multi-enzyme activities unavoidably compete for H2O2 affecting its performance in relevant applications. The lack of consensus on facet distribution in rod-shaped CeO2 further complicates the establishment of structure-activity correlations, presenting challenges for progress in the field. In this study, the HPO-like activity of rod-shaped CeO2 is successfully enhanced while maintaining its POD-like activity through a facile post-calcination method. By studying the spatial distribution of these two activities and their exclusive H2O2 activation pathways on CeO2 surfaces, this study finds that the increased HPO-like activity originated from the newly exposed (111) surface at the tip of the shortened rods after calcination, while the unchanged POD-like activity is attributed to the retained (110) surface in their lateral area. These findings not only address facet distribution discrepancies commonly reported in the literature for rod-shaped CeO2 but also offer a simple approach to enhance its antibacterial performance. This work is expected to provide atomic insights into catalytic correlations and guide the design of nanozymes with improved activity and reaction specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yuwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Lin Chen
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Chengdu Research Institute, Chengdu, China
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2
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Wang Y, He X, Huang K, Cheng N. Nanozyme as a rising star for metabolic disease management. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:226. [PMID: 38711066 PMCID: PMC11071342 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanozyme, characterized by outstanding and inherent enzyme-mimicking properties, have emerged as highly promising alternatives to natural enzymes owning to their exceptional attributes such as regulation of oxidative stress, convenient storage, adjustable catalytic activities, remarkable stability, and effortless scalability for large-scale production. Given the potent regulatory function of nanozymes on oxidative stress and coupled with the fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the occurrence and exacerbation of metabolic diseases, nanozyme offer a unique perspective for therapy through multifunctional activities, achieving essential results in the treatment of metabolic diseases by directly scavenging excess ROS or regulating pathologically related molecules. The rational design strategies, nanozyme-enabled therapeutic mechanisms at the cellular level, and the therapies of nanozyme for several typical metabolic diseases and underlying mechanisms are discussed, mainly including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, diabetic wound healing, and others. Finally, the pharmacokinetics, safety analysis, challenges, and outlooks for the application of nanozyme are also presented. This review will provide some instructive perspectives on nanozyme and promote the development of enzyme-mimicking strategies in metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
| | - Nan Cheng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
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3
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Zandieh M, Liu J. Nanozymes: Definition, Activity, and Mechanisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211041. [PMID: 36799556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
"Nanozyme" is used to describe various catalysts from immobilized inorganic metal complexes, immobilized enzymes to inorganic nanoparticles. Here, the history of nanozymes is dvescribed in detail, and they can be largely separated into two types. Type 1 nanozymes refer to immobilized catalysts or enzymes on nanomaterials, which were dominant in the first decade since 2004. Type 2 nanozymes, which rely on the surface catalytic properties of inorganic nanomaterials, are the dominating type in the past decade. The definition of nanozymes is evolving, and a definition based on the same substrates and products as enzymes are able to cover most currently claimed nanozymes, although they may have different mechanisms compared to their enzyme counterparts. A broader definition can inspire application-based research to replace enzymes with nanomaterials for analytical, environmental, and biomedical applications. Comparison with enzymes also requires a clear definition of a nanozyme unit. Four ways of defining a nanozyme unit are described, with iron oxide and horseradish peroxidase activity comparison as examples in each definition. Growing work is devoted to understanding the catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, which provides a basis for further rational engineering of active sites. Finally, future perspective of the nanozyme field is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zandieh
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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4
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Li S, Nie L, Yang L, Fan D, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S. "Fluorescence-wavelength" label-free POCT tandem with "fluorescence-photothermal" nanobody-immunosensor for detecting BSA and β-lactoglobulin. Food Chem 2024; 430:137019. [PMID: 37552900 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Two carbon dots (CDs) (λEm = 525 nm, G-CDs and λEm = 640 nm, R-CDs) were synthesized from citric acid and urea. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) responsiveness of the R-CDs was used to develop a "fluorescence-wavelength" label-free point of care testing (POCT) for the detection of the milk quality marker BSA with the detection limit (LOD) of 4.89 μg/mL for fluorescence mode and 3.38 μg/mL for wavelength mode. In addition, R-CDs were found to have hydroxyl radical (·OH)-dependent fluorescence quenching properties, and a "fluorescence-photothermal" immunosensor based on nanobodies was constructed by introducing the fluorescence signal of R-CDs@BSA and the photothermal signal of oxTMB for the detection of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) with the LOD of 0.034 ng/mL for fluorescence mode and 0.075 ng/mL for photothermal mode. The tandem detection of POCT and immunosensor enables the simultaneous and highly sensitive detection of BSA and β-LG after only simple dilution of less than 5 µL of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Linqing Nie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dancai Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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5
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Li B, Xu X, Lv Y, Wu Z, He L, Song YF. Polyoxometalates as Potential Artificial Enzymes toward Biological Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305539. [PMID: 37699754 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificial enzymes, as alternatives to natural enzymes, have attracted enormous attention in the fields of catalysis, biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics because of their high stability and low cost. Polyoxometalates (POMs), a class of inorganic metal oxides, have recently shown great potential in mimicking enzyme activity due to their well-defined structure, tunable composition, high catalytic efficiency, and easy storage properties. This review focuses on the recent advances in POM-based artificial enzymes. Different types of POMs and their derivatives-based mimetic enzyme functions are covered, as well as the corresponding catalytic mechanisms (where available). An overview of the broad applications of representative POM-based artificial enzymes from biosensing to theragnostic is provided. Insight into the current challenges and the future directions for POMs-based artificial enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bole Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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6
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Cao S, Long Y, Xiao S, Deng Y, Ma L, Adeli M, Qiu L, Cheng C, Zhao C. Reactive oxygen nanobiocatalysts: activity-mechanism disclosures, catalytic center evolutions, and changing states. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6838-6881. [PMID: 37705437 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from low costs, structural diversities, tunable catalytic activities, feasible modifications, and high stability compared to the natural enzymes, reactive oxygen nanobiocatalysts (RONBCs) have become dominant materials in catalyzing and mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for diverse biomedical and biological applications. Decoding the catalytic mechanism and structure-reactivity relationship of RONBCs is critical to guide their future developments. Here, this timely review comprehensively summarizes the recent breakthroughs and future trends in creating and decoding RONBCs. First, the fundamental classification, activity, detection method, and reaction mechanism for biocatalytic ROS generation and elimination have been systematically disclosed. Then, the merits, modulation strategies, structure evolutions, and state-of-art characterisation techniques for designing RONBCs have been briefly outlined. Thereafter, we thoroughly discuss different RONBCs based on the reported major material species, including metal compounds, carbon nanostructures, and organic networks. In particular, we offer particular insights into the coordination microenvironments, bond interactions, reaction pathways, and performance comparisons to disclose the structure-reactivity relationships and mechanisms. In the end, the future challenge and perspectives for RONBCs are also carefully summarised. We envision that this review will provide a comprehensive understanding and guidance for designing ROS-catalytic materials and stimulate the wide utilisation of RONBCs in diverse biomedical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujiao Cao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Long
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Sutong Xiao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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7
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Wang B, Fang Y, Han X, Jiang R, Zhao L, Yang X, Jin J, Han A, Liu J. Atomization-Induced High Intrinsic Activity of a Biocompatible MgAl-LDH Supported Ru Single-Atom Nanozyme for Efficient Radicals Scavenging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307133. [PMID: 37485549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient nanozymes to mimic natural enzymes for scavenging reactive radicals remains a significant challenge owing to the insufficient activity of conventional nanozymes. Herein, we report a novel Ru single-atom nanozyme (SAE), featuring atomically dispersed Ru atoms on a biocompatible MgAl-layered double hydroxide (Ru1 /LDH). The prepared Ru1 /LDH SAE shows high intrinsic peroxidase (POD)-like catalytic activity, which outperforms the Ru nanoclusters (NCs) nanozyme by a factor of 20 and surpasses most SAEs. The density functional theory calculations reveal that the high intrinsic POD-like activity of Ru1 /LDH can be attributed to a heterolytic path of H2 O2 dissociation on the single Ru sites, which requires lower free energy (0.43 eV) compared to the homolytic path dissociation on Ru NC (0.63 eV). In addition, the Ru1 /LDH SAE shows excellent multiple free radicals scavenging ability, including superoxide anion radical (O2 ⋅- ), hydroxyl radical (⋅OH), nitric oxide radical (NO⋅) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH⋅). Given the advantages of Ru1 /LDH with high enzymatic activities, biosafety, and ease to scale up, it paves the way for exploring SAEs in the practical biological immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yingyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Runtao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Aijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
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8
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Yuan B, Tan Z, Guo Q, Shen X, Zhao C, Chen JL, Peng YK. Regulating the H 2O 2 Activation Pathway on a Well-Defined CeO 2 Nanozyme Allows the Entire Steering of Its Specificity between Associated Enzymatic Reactions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17383-17393. [PMID: 37578491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes are promising alternatives to natural enzymes, but their use remains limited owing to poor specificity. For example, CeO2 activates H2O2 and displays peroxidase (POD)-like, catalase (CAT)-like, and haloperoxidase (HPO)-like activities. Since they unavoidably compete for H2O2, affecting its utilization in the target application, the precise manipulation of reaction specificity is thus imperative. Herein, we showed that one can simply achieve this by manipulating the H2O2 activation pathway on pristine CeO2 in well-defined shapes. This is because the coordination and electronic structures of Ce sites vary with CeO2 surfaces, wherein the (100) and (111) surfaces display nearly 100% specificity toward POD-/CAT-like and HPO-like activities, respectively. The antibacterial results suggest that the latter surface can well-utilize H2O2 to kill bacteria (cf., the former), which is promising for anti-biofouling applications. This work provides atomic insights into the synthesis of nanozymes with improved activity, reaction specificity, and H2O2 utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zicong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiutong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jian Lin Chen
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR
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9
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Keum C, Hirschbiegel CM, Chakraborty S, Jin S, Jeong Y, Rotello VM. Biomimetic and bioorthogonal nanozymes for biomedical applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:42. [PMID: 37695365 PMCID: PMC10495311 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes mimic the function of enzymes, which drive essential intracellular chemical reactions that govern biological processes. They efficiently generate or degrade specific biomolecules that can initiate or inhibit biological processes, regulating cellular behaviors. Two approaches for utilizing nanozymes in intracellular chemistry have been reported. Biomimetic catalysis replicates the identical reactions of natural enzymes, and bioorthogonal catalysis enables chemistries inaccessible in cells. Various nanozymes based on nanomaterials and catalytic metals are employed to attain intended specific catalysis in cells either to mimic the enzymatic mechanism and kinetics or expand inaccessible chemistries. Each nanozyme approach has its own intrinsic advantages and limitations, making them complementary for diverse and specific applications. This review summarizes the strategies for intracellular catalysis and applications of biomimetic and bioorthogonal nanozymes, including a discussion of their limitations and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjoon Keum
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina-Maria Hirschbiegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Soham Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Soyeong Jin
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Jeong
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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10
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Xing Y, Li L, Chen Y, Wang L, Tang S, Xie X, Wang S, Huang J, Cai K, Zhang J. Flower-like Nanozyme with Highly Porous Carbon Matrix Induces Robust Oxidative Storm against Drug-Resistant Cancer. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6731-6744. [PMID: 36947066 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators are sparking breakthroughs in sensitization and treatment of therapy-resistant tumors, yet the efficacy is drastically compromised by limited substrate concentrations, short lifetimes of free radicals, and restricted oxidative damage. Herein, a flower-like nanozyme with highly permeable leaflets accommodating catalytic metal sites was developed to address the challenges by boosting substrate and product accessibility. In the formation of a zeolite imidazole framework, cobalt ions promoted catalytic polymerization and deposition of polydopamine. The polymers acted as a stiffener for preventing framework collapse and maneuvering pore reopening during carbonization. The cobalt single-atom/cluster sites in the highly porous matrix generated peroxidase/oxidase-like activities with high catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) up to 6 orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional nano-/biozymes. Thereby, a robust ROS storm induced by selective catalysis led to rapid accumulation of oxidative damage and failure of antioxidant and antiapoptotic defense synchronization in drug-resistant cancer cells. By synergy of a redox homeostasis disrupter co-delivered, a significantly high antitumor efficiency was realized in vivo. This work offers a route to kinetically favorable ROS generators for advancing the treatment of therapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiyue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jixi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
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11
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Wu X, Yu F, Han Y, Jiang L, Li Z, Zhu J, Xu Q, Tedesco AC, Zhang J, Bi H. Enhanced chemodynamic and photoluminescence efficiencies of Fe-O 4 coordinated carbon dots via the core-shell synergistic effect. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:376-386. [PMID: 36511884 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems like photosynthetic organisms and photo-active enzymes, the spatial organization of chromophores is critical for efficient light harvesting and bio-catalysis. Inspired by nature, a novel modular nanoplatform with both biological imaging and therapeutic functions is constructed by taking advantage of the intrinsic core-shell structure of Fe-decorated carbon dots. Light-harvesting chromophores with deep-red photoluminescence are densely packed into the carbon core. Simultaneously, the atomically dispersed Fe3+ catalytic sites accounting for efficient conversion of H2O2 to ˙OH are discretely distributed on the shell. Precise control over their spatial distribution leads to the elegant integration and exciting interplay of the functional moieties. On the one hand, incorporating a catalysis shell enhances the emission of chromophores via synergistic shielding and rigidifying effects. On the other hand, visible light excitation of the chromophores significantly increases the catalytic activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells, ascribed to the promotion of the charge transfer process. This nanoplatform exhibits excellent biocompatibility, bright red fluorescence, and light-regulated cytotoxicity for anti-cancer treatment, promising its applications in smart nanocatalytic medicines and efficient chemodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yifei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China.
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China.
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Re-search Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ri-beirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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12
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Qiu Y, Yuan B, Mi H, Lee JH, Chou SW, Peng YK. An Atomic Insight into the Confusion on the Activity of Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles as Peroxidase Mimetics and Their Comparison with Horseradish Peroxidase. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8872-8878. [PMID: 36125422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although Fe3O4 nanoparticles were early reported to outperform horseradish peroxidase (HRP), recent studies suggested that this material bears a very poor activity instead. Here, we resolve this disagreement by reviewing the definition of descriptors used and provide an atomic view into the origin of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics. The redox between H2O2 and Fe(II) sites on the Fe3O4 surface was identified as the key step to producing OH radicals for the oxidation of colorimetric substrates. This mechanism involving free radicals is distinct from that of HRP oxidizing substrates with a radical retained on its Fe-porphyrin ring. Surprisingly, the distribution and chemical state of Fe species were found to be very different on single- and polycrystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles with the latter bearing not only a higher Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio but also a more reactive Fe(II) species at surface grain boundaries. This accounts for the unexpected gap in the catalytic constant (kcat) observed for this material in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 0000 Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 0000 Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hua Mi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 0000 Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Shang-Wei Chou
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 0000 Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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13
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Meng F, Qin X, Yang L, Huang F, Diao J, Cai X, Zhang D, Li L, Zhu P, Peng M, Wang N, Xiao D, Xia L, Liu H, Ma D. Fully-Exposed Pd Cluster Catalyst: An Excellent Catalytic Antibacterial Nanomaterial. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203283. [PMID: 35871548 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring antibacterial nanomaterials with excellent catalytic antibacterial properties has always been a hot research topic. However, the construction of nanomaterials with robust antibacterial activity at the atomic level remains a great challenge. Here a fully-exposed Pd cluster atomically-dispersed on nanodiamond-graphene (Pdn /ND@G) with excellent catalytic antibacterial properties is reported. The fully-exposed Pd cluster nanozyme provides atomically-dispersed Pd cluster sites that facilitate the activation of oxygen. Notably, the oxidase-like catalytic performance of the fully-exposed Pd cluster nanozyme is much higher than that of Pd single-atom oxidase mimic, Pd nanoparticles oxidase mimic and even the previously reported palladium-based oxidase mimics. Under the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the Pd cluster sites can efficiently catalyze the decomposition of oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species, resulting in strong antibacterial properties. This research provides a valuable insight to the design of novel oxidase mimic and antibacterial nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lini Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyong Diao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbin Cai
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Mi Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Lixin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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14
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Jiang Y, Zhu J, Li L, Gao Y, Leng J, Yan J, Liu S, Zhang F, Liu H, Zhu C, Guo L, Xie H, Zhao W. Maximizing the peroxidase-like activity of Pd@Pt xRu 4-x nanocubes by precisely controlling the shell thickness and their application in colorimetric biosensors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7596-7606. [PMID: 35543282 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the application of nanoscale artificial enzymes in various industries is an attractive way to circumvent the intrinsic drawbacks of natural enzymes, their catalytic constant (Kcat) as a critical reaction parameter is far from satisfactory. Presented here is the rational design and fabrication of a unique peroxidase mimic catalyst based upon Pd@PtxRu4-x (1 ≤ x ≤ 3) prepared by coating PtRu alloy as conformal, ultrathin shells on Pd nanocrystals. Benefiting from an optimal Pt/Ru ratio and well-defined {100} facets, together with confining the Pt-Ru alloy to a shell of averagely 3.3-atomic-layer thick (i.e. Pd@Pt-Ru3.3L), the nanocrystals exhibit the highest catalytic activity and kinetics (1.2 × 106 s-1), resulting in a significant increase of catalytic activity compared with the classical PtRu nanozyme (3.6 × 103 s-1) and horseradish peroxidase (4.0 × 103 s-1), respectively. The following density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the origin of the superior catalytic performance could be attributed to the modulation of the adsorption behavior of the key reaction intermediates on the surface. As a proof of concept, its peroxidase mimicking ability is adopted for sensing glucose and glutathione molecules in human serum, with a long linear range and high selectivity. This work opens new horizons for the future development of advanced catalysts based upon alloy nanocrystals for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Yahui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Juncai Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Jiai Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shuoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Chenlu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Lichun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Xixi Legu Creative Pioneering Park, No. 712 Wen'er West Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
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15
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Tan Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Man Wong SS, Zhang S, Sun H, Yung KKL, Peng YK. Shape Regulation of CeO2 Nanozymes Boosts Reaction Specificity and Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Tan
- City University of Hong Kong chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Ying Wang
- Hong Kong Baptist University Biology HONG KONG
| | - Jie Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Hong Kong Baptist University Biology HONG KONG
| | | | | | - Hongyan Sun
- City University of Hong Kong chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Yung-Kang Peng
- City University of Hong Kong Chemistry Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 0000 Hong Kong HONG KONG
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16
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Huang L, Sun DW, Pu H. Photosensitized Peroxidase Mimicry at the Hierarchical 0D/2D Heterojunction-Like Quasi Metal-Organic Framework Interface for Boosting Biocatalytic Disinfection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200178. [PMID: 35436386 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile toolbox for the bioinspired design of nanozymes for antibacterial applications and beyond, however, designing a nanozyme by the hierarchical quasi-MOF scheme remains largely unpracticed. This work exemplifies the preferential structure-activity correlation of a bimetallic quasi-MOF (Q-MOFCe0.5 ) among three series of MOF-derived peroxidase (POD) mimics. The biomimetic quasi-MOFCe0.5 nanosheets accommodate both oxygen vacancy-coupled multivalent redox cycles and photosensitive energy band layout, benefiting from the hierarchical heterojunction-like 0D/2D interface featuring isolated nodes-derived CeOCu sites upon the 2D decarboxylated MOF scaffold. These integrated unique merits enable the POD-like Q-MOFCe0.5 to generate sustained reactive oxygen species to effectively eradicate the surface-adhered bacteria under visible light, resulting in significant inactivation of Escherichia coli (99.74 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (99.35%) in vitro, and potent disinfection of skin wounds in vivo in safe and on-demand manners. It is hoped that this work can intensify the interventions of MOF nanozymes against the microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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17
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Zandieh M, Liu J. Surface Science of Nanozymes and Defining a Nanozyme Unit. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3617-3622. [PMID: 35290071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanozyme aims to use nanomaterials to replace protein-based enzymes. Nanozymes have attracted extensive interest because of their stability, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. While the focus of the nanozyme field has mainly been the discovery of new nanozyme materials and the exploration of their analytical, biomedical, and environmental applications, the number of fundamental studies is growing. Nanozymes are related to two important fields: enzymology and heterogeneous catalysis. Although fitting nanozyme kinetic data to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics is a very common practice, using the surface science methods of heterogeneous catalysis can provide insights about their catalytic mechanisms. The definition of a nanozyme unit is critical to understanding and comparing nanozyme activities. In this perspective, we articulate the use of a surface science approach to study nanozymes and discuss the various application scenarios of using different nanozyme units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zandieh
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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