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Shin Y, Hong S, Hur YC, Lim C, Do K, Kim JH, Kim DH, Lee S. Damage-free dry transfer method using stress engineering for high-performance flexible two- and three-dimensional electronics. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:1411-1420. [PMID: 38906994 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Advanced transfer printing technologies have enabled the fabrication of high-performance flexible and stretchable devices, revolutionizing many research fields including soft electronics, optoelectronics, bioelectronics and energy devices. Despite previous innovations, challenges remain, such as safety concerns due to toxic chemicals, the expensive equipment, film damage during the transfer process and difficulty in high-temperature processing. Thus a new transfer printing process is needed for the commercialization of high-performance soft electronic devices. Here we propose a damage-free dry transfer printing strategy based on stress control of the deposited thin films. First, stress-controlled metal bilayer films are deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering. Subsequently, mechanical bending is applied to facilitate the release of the metal bilayer by increasing the overall stress. Experimental and simulation studies elucidate the stress evolution mechanisms during the processes. By using this method, we successfully transfer metal thin films and high-temperature-treated oxide thin films onto flexible or stretchable substrates, enabling the fabrication of two-dimensional flexible electronic devices and three-dimensional multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Hur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Do
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Park H, Masud MK, Ashok A, Kim M, Wahab MA, Zhou J, Terasawa Y, Gallo CS, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Kaneti YV. Mesoporous Gold: Substrate-Dependent Growth Dynamics, Strain Accumulation, and Electrocatalytic Activity for Biosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311645. [PMID: 38659182 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the growth of mesoporous crystalline materials, such as mesoporous metals, on different substrates can provide valuable insights into the crystal growth dynamics and the redox reactions that influence their electrochemical sensing performance. Herein, it is demonstrated how the amorphous nature of the glass substrate can suppress the typical <111> oriented growth in mesoporous Au (mAu) films. The suppressed <111> growth is manifested as an accumulation of strain, leading to the generation of abundant surface defects, which are beneficial for enhancing the electrochemical activity. The fine structuring attained enables dramatically accelerated diffusion and enhances the electrochemical sensing performance for disease-specific biomolecules. As a proof-of-concept, the as-fabricated glass-grown mAu film demonstrates high sensitivity in electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific RNA with a limit of detection (LoD) as low as 1 attomolar (aM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongyu Park
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Aditya Ashok
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Minjun Kim
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Md Abdul Wahab
- Energy and Process Engineering Laboratory, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yukana Terasawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Chuo-ku, Kurokami, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Carlos Salomon Gallo
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group and UQ Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Nanomedicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Materials Process Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Mezzalira C, Conti F, Pedron D, Signorini R. Raman Investigation on Silicon Nitride Chips after Soldering onto Copper Substrates. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:990. [PMID: 39203641 PMCID: PMC11356354 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
The unique electrical properties of silicon nitride have increased the applications in microelectronics, especially in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Silicon nitride is mainly used as a passivation barrier against water and sodium ion diffusion and as an electrical insulator between polysilicon layers in capacitors. The interface with different materials, like semiconductors and metals, through soldering may induce residual strains in the final assembly. Therefore, the dentification and quantification of strain becomes strategically important in optimizing processes to enhance the performance, duration, and reliability of devices. This work analyzes the thermomechanical local strain of semiconductor materials used to realize optoelectronic components. The strain induced in the β-Si3N4 chips by the soldering process performed with AuSn pre-formed on copper substrates is investigated by Raman spectroscopy in a temperature range of -50 to 180 °C. The variation in the position of the E1g Raman peak allows the calculation of the local stress present in the active layer, from which the strain induced during the assembly process can be determined. The main reason for the strain is attributed to the differences in thermal expansion coefficients among the various materials involved, particularly between the chip, the interconnection material, and the substrate. Micro-Raman spectroscopy allows for the assessment of how different materials and assembly processes impact the strain, enabling more informed decisions to optimize the overall device structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mezzalira
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Fosca Conti
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Danilo Pedron
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (D.P.)
- Consorzio INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Signorini
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (D.P.)
- Consorzio INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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Ashok A, Nguyen TK, Barton M, Leitch M, Masud MK, Park H, Truong TA, Kaneti YV, Ta HT, Li X, Liang K, Do TN, Wang CH, Nguyen NT, Yamauchi Y, Phan HP. Flexible Nanoarchitectonics for Biosensing and Physiological Monitoring Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204946. [PMID: 36538749 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and implantable electronics hold tremendous promises for advanced healthcare applications, especially for physiological neural recording and modulations. Key requirements in neural interfaces include miniature dimensions for spatial physiological mapping and low impedance for recognizing small biopotential signals. Herein, a bottom-up mesoporous formation technique and a top-down microlithography process are integrated to create flexible and low-impedance mesoporous gold (Au) electrodes for biosensing and bioimplant applications. The mesoporous architectures developed on a thin and soft polymeric substrate provide excellent mechanical flexibility and stable electrical characteristics capable of sustaining multiple bending cycles. The large surface areas formed within the mesoporous network allow for high current density transfer in standard electrolytes, highly suitable for biological sensing applications as demonstrated in glucose sensors with an excellent detection limit of 1.95 µm and high sensitivity of 6.1 mA cm-2 µM-1 , which is approximately six times higher than that of benchmarking flat/non-porous films. The low impedance of less than 1 kΩ at 1 kHz in the as-synthesized mesoporous electrodes, along with their mechanical flexibility and durability, offer peripheral nerve recording functionalities that are successfully demonstrated in vivo. These features highlight the new possibilities of our novel flexible nanoarchitectonics for neuronal recording and modulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ashok
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew Barton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland - Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Michael Leitch
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Hyeongyu Park
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Thanh-An Truong
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Thanh Nho Do
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chun-Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Wide bandgap semiconductor nanomembranes as a long-term biointerface for flexible, implanted neuromodulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203287119. [PMID: 35939711 PMCID: PMC9388084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203287119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical neuron stimulation holds promise for treating chronic neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. The implementation of ultrathin, flexible electrodes that can offer noninvasive attachment to soft neural tissues is a breakthrough for timely, continuous, programable, and spatial stimulations. With strict flexibility requirements in neural implanted stimulations, the use of conventional thick and bulky packages is no longer applicable, posing major technical issues such as short device lifetime and long-term stability. We introduce herein a concept of long-lived flexible neural electrodes using silicon carbide (SiC) nanomembranes as a faradic interface and thermal oxide thin films as an electrical barrier layer. The SiC nanomembranes were developed using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process at the wafer level, and thermal oxide was grown using a high-quality wet oxidation technique. The proposed material developments are highly scalable and compatible with MEMS technologies, facilitating the mass production of long-lived implanted bioelectrodes. Our experimental results showed excellent stability of the SiC/silicon dioxide (SiO2) bioelectronic system that can potentially last for several decades with well-maintained electronic properties in biofluid environments. We demonstrated the capability of the proposed material system for peripheral nerve stimulation in an animal model, showing muscle contraction responses comparable to those of a standard non-implanted nerve stimulation device. The design concept, scalable fabrication approach, and multimodal functionalities of SiC/SiO2 flexible electronics offer an exciting possibility for fundamental neuroscience studies, as well as for neural stimulation-based therapies.
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