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Tu Y, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Guo S, Shen J. Polyvinylidene Fluoride Based Piezoelectric Composites with Strong Interfacial Adhesion via Click Chemistry for Self-Powered Flexible Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309758. [PMID: 38326102 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Achieving relatively uniform dispersion in organic-inorganic composites with overwhelming differences in surface energy is a perennial challenge. Herein, novel eliminated polyvinylidene fluoride (EPVDF)/EPVDF functionalized barium titanate nanoparticles (EPVDF@BT) flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with strong interfacial adhesion are developed via thermal stretching following sequential click chemistry. Thanks to the strong interfacial adhesion, the optimal PENGs containing ultra-high β-phase content (97.2%) exhibit not only optimized mechanical and dielectric behaviors but also excellent piezoelectric properties with high piezoelectric output (V = 10.7 V, I = 216 nA), reliable durability (8000 cycles), ultrafast response time (20 ms), and good sensitivity (2.09 nA kPa-1), far outperforming most reported PVDF-based composites. Furthermore, COMSOL finite element simulations (FEM) confirm that the elevated stress transfer efficiency induced by the strong interfacial adhesion is the main driving force for enhanced piezoelectric performances. For practical applications, self-powered PENGs can simply but stably capture mechanical energy, drive tiny electronic devices, and serve as potential multifunctional and durable sensors for detecting human physiological motions. This work opens a pioneering avenue to break the trade-offs between piezoelectric and other properties, which is of great importance for developing self-powered flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Chengdu, 610065, China
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Hao D, Gong Y, Wu J, Shen Q, Zhang Z, Zhi J, Zou R, Kong W, Kong L. A Self-Sensing and Self-Powered Wearable System Based on Multi-Source Human Motion Energy Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311036. [PMID: 38342584 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices play an indispensable role in modern life, and the human body contains multiple wasted energies available for wearable devices. This study proposes a self-sensing and self-powered wearable system (SS-WS) based on scavenging waist motion energy and knee negative energy. The proposed SS-WS consists of a three-degree-of-freedom triboelectric nanogenerator (TDF-TENG) and a negative energy harvester (NEH). The TDF-TENG is driven by waist motion energy and the generated triboelectric signals are processed by deep learning for recognizing the human motion. The triboelectric signals generated by TDF-TENG can accurately recognize the motion state after processing based on Gate Recurrent Unit deep learning model. With double frequency up-conversion, the NEH recovers knee negative energy generation for powering wearable devices. A model wearing the single energy harvester can generate the power of 27.01 mW when the movement speed is 8 km h-1, and the power density of NEH reaches 0.3 W kg-1 at an external excitation condition of 3 Hz. Experiments and analysis prove that the proposed SS-WS can realize self-sensing and effectively power wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daning Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Yuchen Gong
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China
- Tangshan Institute of Southwest Jiaotong University, Tangshan, 063008, China
| | - Jiaoyi Wu
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China
- School of Information Science and Technical, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Qianhui Shen
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zutao Zhang
- Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jinyi Zhi
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Rui Zou
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Weihua Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Lingji Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China
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Liu J, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu X, Zhang C. 3D Printing of Anisotropic Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for Directional Force Perception. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309607. [PMID: 38477389 PMCID: PMC11199969 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Anisotropic pressure sensors are gaining increasing attention for next-generation wearable electronics and intelligent infrastructure owing to their sensitivity in identifying different directional forces. 3D printing technologies have unparalleled advantages in the design of anisotropic pressure sensors with customized 3D structures for realizing tunable anisotropy. 3D printing has demonstrated few successes in utilizing piezoelectric nanocomposites for anisotropic recognition. However, 3D-printed anisotropic piezoresistive pressure sensors (PPSs) remain unexplored despite their convenience in saving the poling process. This study pioneers the development of an aqueous printable ink containing waterborne polyurethane elastomer. An anisotropic PPS featuring tailorable flexibility in macroscopic 3D structures and microscopic pore morphologies is created by adopting direct ink writing 3D printing technology. Consequently, the desired directional force perception is achieved by programming the printing schemes. Notably, the printed PPS demonstrated excellent deformability, with a relative sensitivity of 1.22 (kPa*wt. %)-1 over a substantial pressure range (2.8 to 8.1 kPa), approximately fivefold than that of a state-of-the-art carbon-based PPS. This study underscores the versatility of 3D printing in customizing highly sensitive anisotropic pressure sensors for advanced sensing applications that are difficult to achieve using conventional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Jintao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
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Wei X, Xu K, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z. 3D Printing of Flexible BaTiO 3/Polydimethylsiloxane Piezocomposite with Aligned Particles for Enhanced Energy Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11740-11748. [PMID: 38394674 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of human-machine interactions and artificial intelligence, the demand for wearable electronic devices is increasing uncontrollably all over the world; however, an unsustainable power supply for such sensors continues to restrict their applications. In the present work, piezoelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) ceramic powder with excellent properties was prepared from milled precursors through a solid-state reaction. To fabricate a flexible device, the as-prepared BaTiO3 powder was mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The BaTiO3/PDMS ink with excellent rheological properties was extruded smoothly by direct ink writing technology (DIW). BaTiO3 particles were aligned due to the shear stress effect during the printing process. Subsequently, the as-printed composite was assembled into a sandwich-type device for effective energy harvesting. It was observed that the maximum output voltage and current of this device reached 68 V and 720 nA, respectively, for a BaTiO3 content of 6 vol %. Therefore, the material extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technique can be used to prepare flexible piezoelectric composites for efficient energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxia Wei
- Institute for Future (IFF), School of Automation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kailong Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Institute for Future (IFF), School of Automation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Institute for Future (IFF), School of Automation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangwei Chen
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Shao Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu X, Zhang C. Electrospinning of Highly Bi-Oriented Flexible Piezoelectric Nanofibers for Anisotropic-Responsive Intelligent Sensing. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300701. [PMID: 37469015 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) have gained substantial attention owing to their wearability, breathability, and sustainable self-powered supply. However, existing film PEHs cannot identify forces in different bending directions, limiting their applications in wearable electronics and artificial intelligence. This study constructs a fabric PEH for the first time by introducing piezoelectric anisotropic BaTi2 O5 nanorods (BT2-nr) into piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with a bi-oriented architecture, in which BT2-nr uniformly aligns in the PVDF nanofiber during electrospinning. The dual-orientation feature endows the flexible PEH with anisotropy, which can sensitively identify the forces at different bending directions (e.g., bent vertically, parallelly, or twisted by 45° along the fiber orientations). Simultaneously, the composite PVDF/BT2 PEH containing 15 wt.% BT2-nr delivers an optimal piezoelectric output of 31.2 V with a high sensitivity of 5.22 V N-1 . The developed anisotropic PEH can be used as a self-powered pressure sensor for multimodal intelligent biomonitoring of human movement. This study provides a feasible strategy for fabricating self-powered flexible PEHs with high electromechanical conversion efficiency and multifunctionality for wearable piezoelectric pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Yang R, Dutta A, Li B, Tiwari N, Zhang W, Niu Z, Gao Y, Erdely D, Xin X, Li T, Cheng H. Iontronic pressure sensor with high sensitivity over ultra-broad linear range enabled by laser-induced gradient micro-pyramids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2907. [PMID: 37264026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive developments of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, it is still elusive to simultaneously achieve excellent linearity over a broad pressure range, high sensitivity, and ultrahigh pressure resolution under large pressure preloads. Here, we present a programmable fabrication method for microstructures to integrate an ultrathin ionic layer. The resulting optimized sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 33.7 kPa-1 over a linear range of 1700 kPa, a detection limit of 0.36 Pa, and a pressure resolution of 0.00725% under the pressure of 2000 kPa. Taken together with rapid response/recovery and excellent repeatability, the sensor is applied to subtle pulse detection, interactive robotic hand, and ultrahigh-resolution smart weight scale/chair. The proposed fabrication approaches and design toolkit from this work can also be leveraged to easily tune the pressure sensor performance for varying target applications and open up opportunities to create other iontronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Niu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yuyan Gao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Erdely
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, 050018, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Chen Y, Lao Z, Wang R, Li J, Gai J, You H. Prediction of Both E-Jet Printing Ejection Cycle Time and Droplet Diameter Based on Random Forest Regression. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:623. [PMID: 36985030 PMCID: PMC10056634 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing has broad application prospects in the preparation of flexible electronics and optical devices. Ejection cycle time and droplet size are two key factors affecting E-jet-printing quality, but due to the complex process of E-jet printing, it remains a challenge to establish accurate relationships among ejection cycle time and droplet diameter and printing parameters. This paper develops a model based on random forest regression (RFR) for E-jet-printing prediction. Trained with 72 groups of experimental data obtained under four printing parameters (voltage, nozzle-to-substrate distance, liquid viscosity, and liquid conductivity), the RFR model achieved a MAPE (mean absolute percent error) of 4.35% and an RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.04 ms for eject cycle prediction, as well as a MAPE of 2.89% and an RMSE of 0.96 μm for droplet diameter prediction. With limited training data, the RFR model achieved the best prediction accuracy among several machine-learning models (RFR, CART, SVR, and ANN). The proposed prediction model provides an efficient and effective way to simultaneously predict the ejection cycle time and droplet diameter, advancing E-jet printing toward the goal of accurate, drop-on-demand printing.
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Hedau B, Kang BC, Ha TJ. Enhanced Triboelectric Effects of Self-Poled MoS 2-Embedded PVDF Hybrid Nanocomposite Films for Bar-Printed Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18355-18365. [PMID: 36040188 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-poled molybdenum disulfide embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (MoS2@PVDF) hybrid nanocomposite films fabricated by a bar-printing process are demonstrated to improve the output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Comparative analyses of MoS2@PVDF films with different MoS2 concentrations and the synergic effect based on postannealing at different temperatures were examined to increase the triboelectric open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current (∼200 V and ∼11.8 μA, respectively). A further comprehensive study of the structural and electrical changes that occur on the surfaces of the proposed hybrid nanocomposite films revealed that both MoS2 incorporation into PVDF and postannealing can individually promote the formation of the β-crystal phase and generate polarity in the PVDF. In addition, MoS2, which provides triboelectric trap states, was found to play a significant role in improving the charge capture capacity of the nanocomposite film and increasing the potential difference between two electrodes of TENGs. The produced electrical energy of the developed wearable TENGs with excellent operational stability for a long duration was utilized to power a variety of mobile smart gadgets in addition to low-power electronic devices. We believe that this study can provide a simple and effective approach to improving the energy-harvesting capabilities of wearable TENGs based on hybrid nanocomposite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Hedau
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jun Ha
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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