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Ye J, Yu Y, Li Y, Yao B, Gu M, Li Y, Yin S. Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Red Blood Cell Membranes for Near-Infrared Second Window Imaging-Guided Photothermal-Enhanced Immunotherapy on Tumors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38924764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT), which uses the high thermal conversion ability of photothermal agents to ablate tumor cells at high temperatures, has gained significant attention because it has the advantages of high selectivity and specificity, precise targeting of tumor sites, and low invasiveness and trauma. However, PTT guided by the NIR-I has limitations in tissue penetration depth, resulting in limited imaging monitoring and therapeutic effects on deep-seated tumor tissues. Moreover, nanoparticles are easily cleared by the immune system and difficult to passively target tumor sites during the process of treatment. To address these issues, we prepared nanoparticles using NIR-II dyes IR1048 and DSPE-PEG-OH and further encapsulated them in red blood cell membranes derived from mice. These biomimetic nanoparticles, called RDIR1048, showed reduced clearance by the immune system and had long circulation characteristics. They effectively accumulated at tumor sites, and strong fluorescence could still be observed at the tumor site 96 h after administration. Furthermore, through mouse thermal imaging experiments, we found that RDIR1048 exhibited good PTT ability. When used in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibodies, it enhanced the immunogenic cell death of tumor cells caused by PTT and improved the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy, which demonstrated good therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of tumor-bearing mice. This study provides a feasible basis for the future development of NIR-II nanoparticles with long circulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yanlu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Meier Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Yuan Y, Yue S, Zhao X, Yue Q, Zeng Q, Guo Q, Zhou X. Hyperpolarized 129Xe Atoms Sense the Presence of Drug Molecules in Nanohosts Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10152-10160. [PMID: 38818902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the effectiveness of nanomedicines involves evaluating the drug content at the target site. Currently, most research focuses on monitoring the signal responses from loaded drugs, neglecting the changes caused by the nanohosts. Here, we propose a strategy to quantitatively evaluate the content of loaded drugs by detecting the signal variations resulting from the alterations in the microenvironment of the nanohosts. Specifically, hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe atoms are employed as probes to sense the nanohosts' environment and generate a specific magnetic resonance (MR) signal that indicates their accessibility. The introduction of drugs reduces the available space in the nanohosts, leading to a crowded microenvironment that hinders the access of the 129Xe atoms. By employing 129Xe atoms as a signal source to detect the alterations in the microenvironment, we constructed a three-dimensional (3D) map that indicated the concentration of the nanohosts and established a linear relationship to quantitatively measure the drug content within the nanohosts based on the corresponding MR signals. Using the developed strategy, we successfully quantified the uptake of the nanohosts and drugs in living cells through HP 129Xe MR imaging. Overall, the proposed HP 129Xe atom-sensing approach can be used to monitor alterations in the microenvironment of nanohosts induced by loaded drugs and provides a new perspective for the quantitative evaluation of drug presence in various nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Sen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Quer Yue
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qingbin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qianni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chen T, Cai Y, Ren B, Sánchez BJ, Dong R. Intelligent micro/nanorobots based on biotemplates. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2772-2801. [PMID: 38597188 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Intelligent micro/nanorobots based on natural materials as biotemplates are considered to be some of the most promising robots in the future in the microscopic field. Due to the advantages of biotemplates such as unique structure, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, easy removal, low price, easy access, and renewability, intelligent micro/nanorobots based on biotemplates can be endowed with both excellent biomaterial activity and unique structural morphology through biotemplates themselves and specific functions through artificial micro/nanotechnology. Thus, intelligent micro/nanorobots show excellent application potential in various fields from biomedical applications to environmental remediation. In this review, we introduce the advantages of using natural biological materials as biotemplates to build intelligent micro/nanorobots, and then, classify the micro/nanorobots according to different types of biotemplates, systematically detail their preparation strategies and summarize their application prospects. Finally, in order to further advance the development of intelligent micro/nanorobots, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of biotemplates. Intelligent micro/nanorobots based on biotemplates are a perfect combination of natural biotemplates and micro/nanotechnology, which is an important trend for the future development of micro/nanorobots. We hope this review can provide useful references for developing more intelligent, efficient and safe micro/nanorobots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Biye Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Beatriz Jurado Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, E-28802 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials, Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, P. R. China
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Chi S, Wang C, Liu Z. Biomimetic Nanocomposites for Glioma Imaging and Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304338. [PMID: 38538540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Glioma, the most common primary brain tumor, is highly invasive and grows rapidly. As such, the survival of glioma patients is relatively short, highlighting the vital importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of glioma. However, the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the non-targeting delivery systems of contrast agents and drugs greatly hinder the effective glioma imaging and therapy. Fortunately, in recent years, investigators have constructed various biomimetic delivery platforms utilizing the exceptional advantages of biomimetic nanocomposites, such as immune evasion, homologous targeting ability, and BBB penetrating ability, to achieve efficient and precise delivery of substances to glioma sites for improved diagnosis and treatment. In this concept, we present the application of these biomimetic nanocomposites in fluorescence imaging (FI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and multi-modal imaging, as well as in chemotherapy, phototherapy, and combined therapy for glioma. Lastly, we provide our perspective on this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chi
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
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Battaglini M, Marino A, Montorsi M, Carmignani A, Ceccarelli MC, Ciofani G. Nanomaterials as Microglia Modulators in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304180. [PMID: 38112345 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, acting as housekeepers and defenders of the surrounding environment. These cells can elicit their functions by shifting into two main phenotypes: pro-inflammatory classical phenotype, M1, and anti-inflammatory alternative phenotype, M2. Despite their pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, microglia phenotypes can influence the development and progression of several CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and even brain cancer. It is thus clear that the possibility of modulating microglia activation has gained attention as a therapeutic tool against many CNS pathologies. Nanomaterials are an unprecedented tool for manipulating microglia responses, in particular, to specifically target microglia and elicit an in situ immunomodulation activity. This review focuses the discussion on two main aspects: analyzing the possibility of using nanomaterials to stimulate a pro-inflammatory response of microglia against brain cancer and introducing nanostructures able to foster an anti-inflammatory response for treating neurodegenerative disorders. The final aim is to stimulate the analysis of the development of new microglia nano-immunomodulators, paving the way for innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Margherita Montorsi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Alessio Carmignani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Ceccarelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
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Li A, Yang J, He Y, Wen J, Jiang X. Advancing piezoelectric 2D nanomaterials for applications in drug delivery systems and therapeutic approaches. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:365-383. [PMID: 38230559 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00578j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Precision drug delivery and multimodal synergistic therapy are crucial in treating diverse ailments, such as cancer, tissue damage, and degenerative diseases. Electrodes that emit electric pulses have proven effective in enhancing molecule release and permeability in drug delivery systems. Moreover, the physiological electrical microenvironment plays a vital role in regulating biological functions and triggering action potentials in neural and muscular tissues. Due to their unique noncentrosymmetric structures, many 2D materials exhibit outstanding piezoelectric performance, generating positive and negative charges under mechanical forces. This ability facilitates precise drug targeting and ensures high stimulus responsiveness, thereby controlling cellular destinies. Additionally, the abundant active sites within piezoelectric 2D materials facilitate efficient catalysis through piezochemical coupling, offering multimodal synergistic therapeutic strategies. However, the full potential of piezoelectric 2D nanomaterials in drug delivery system design remains underexplored due to research gaps. In this context, the current applications of piezoelectric 2D materials in disease management are summarized in this review, and the development of drug delivery systems influenced by these materials is forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuo Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nanobiotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nanobiotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Li X, Lin Y, Yang Z, Guan L, Wang Z, Liu A, Yang B, Tang L, Lin Q. Cancer cell membrane biomimetic nanosystem for homologous targeted dual-mode imaging and combined therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:770-779. [PMID: 37619256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The use of tumor cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles, specifically the multifunctional biomimetic core-shell nanosystem MPCONPs, can enhance the targeting ability and immune escape functionality of traditional chemotherapy, leading to more precise drug delivery and improved treatment outcomes. EXPERIMENTS Preparation of MPCONPs: Autologous tumor cell membrane (CM) fragments are collected and used to create a shell for the nanoparticles. A trypsin-sensitive cationic polylysine framework is synthesized and embedded with oxaliplatin (l-OHP) and Ce6-AuNDs (a singlet oxygen generator). The MPCONPs are formed by assembling these components. FINDINGS MPCONPs, as nanoparticles camouflaged with tumor CM, have enhanced cellular uptake in cancer cells and improved the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy (CT). This offers great potential for their use as individualized therapeutic agents for clinical oncology treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yangliu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Annan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Breast Surgery Department, China- Japan Union hospital of Jilin University, China.
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Wang X, Zhang M, Li Y, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Research Status of Dendrimer Micelles in Tumor Therapy for Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304006. [PMID: 37635114 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are a family of polymers with highly branched structure, well-defined composition, and extensive functional groups, which have attracted great attention in biomedical applications. Micelles formed by dendrimers are ideal nanocarriers for delivering anticancer agents due to the explicit study of their characteristics of particle size, charge, and biological properties such as toxicity, blood circulation time, biodistribution, and cellular internalization. Here, the classification, preparation, and structure of dendrimer micelles are reviewed, and the specific functional groups modified on the surface of dendrimers for tumor active targeting, stimuli-responsive drug release, reduced toxicity, and prolonged blood circulation time are discussed. In addition, their applications are summarized as various platforms for biomedical applications related to cancer therapy including drug delivery, gene transfection, nano-contrast for imaging, and combined therapy. Other applications such as tissue engineering and biosensor are also involved. Finally, the possible challenges and perspectives of dendrimer micelles for their further applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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Wang X, Song B, Wang Z, Qin L, Liang W. The innovative design of a delivery and real-time tracer system for anti-encephalitis drugs that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release 2023; 363:136-148. [PMID: 37742845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
As a "wall" between blood flow and brain cells, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes it really difficult for drugs to cross this barrier and work. This is particularly the case for pharmaceuticals of acute encephalitis therapies, largely excluded from the brain following systemic administration. Herein we report an advanced drug delivery system that can cross the BBB and target acute inflammation based on the controlled release of macrophage-camouflaged glow nanoparticles via a Trojan horse strategy. Benefiting from afterglow imaging that eliminates background interference and RAW 264.7 cells (RAW) with special immune homing and long-term tracking capabilities, polydopamine (PDA)-modified afterglow nanoparticles (ANPs) as near-infrared photo-responsive drug carriers in a controlled delivery system camouflaged by macrophages can penetrate the BBB by crossing the intercellular space and trigger the anti-inflammatory drug by photothermal conversion in the brain parenchyma dexamethasone (Dex) release, exhibiting good acute inflammation recognition and healing ability. APD@RAW was monitored to cross the BBB and image deep brain inflamed areas in a model of acute brain inflammation. Meanwhile, the delivered Dex mitigated the brain damage caused by inflammatory cytokines secretion (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Overall, this drug delivery system holds excellent potential for BBB penetrating and acute encephalitis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Baoqin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Lijing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Wanjun Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China.
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10
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Chen J, Pan J, Liu S, Zhang Y, Sha S, Guo H, Wang X, Hao X, Zhou H, Tao S, Wang Y, Fan JB. Fruit-Derived Extracellular-Vesicle-Engineered Structural Droplet Drugs for Enhanced Glioblastoma Chemotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304187. [PMID: 37589312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Existing solid-nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems remain a great challenge for glioblastoma chemotherapy due to their poor capacities in crossing the blood-brain barrier/blood-brain tumor barrier (BBB/BBTB). Herein, fruit-derived extracellular-vesicle (EV)-engineered structural droplet drugs (ESDDs) are demonstrated by programming the self-assembly of fruit-derived EVs at the DOX@squalene-PBS interface, greatly enhancing the antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma. The ESDDs experience a flexible delivery via deformation-amplified macropinocytosis and membrane fusion, enabling them to highly efficiently cross the BBB/BBTB and deeply penetrate glioblastoma tissues. As expected, the ESDDs exhibit approximately 2.5-fold intracellular uptake, 2.2-fold transcytosis, and fivefold membrane fusion higher than cRGD-modified EVs (REs), allowing highly efficient accumulation, deep penetration, and cellular internalization into the glioblastoma tissues, and thereby significantly extending the survival time of glioblastoma mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Pan
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yangning Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Suinan Sha
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Haoyan Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Hao
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Houwang Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Sijian Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Bing Fan
- Cancer Research Institute, Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
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11
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Wang J, Viola M, Migliorini C, Paoletti L, Arpicco S, Di Meo C, Matricardi P. Polysaccharide-Based Nanogels to Overcome Mucus, Skin, Cornea, and Blood-Brain Barriers: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2508. [PMID: 37896268 PMCID: PMC10610445 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers have been extensively developed in the biomedical field to enhance the treatment of various diseases. However, to effectively deliver therapeutic agents to desired target tissues and enhance their pharmacological activity, these nanocarriers must overcome biological barriers, such as mucus gel, skin, cornea, and blood-brain barriers. Polysaccharides possess qualities such as excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, unique biological properties, and good accessibility, making them ideal materials for constructing drug delivery carriers. Nanogels, as a novel drug delivery platform, consist of three-dimensional polymer networks at the nanoscale, offering a promising strategy for encapsulating different pharmaceutical agents, prolonging retention time, and enhancing penetration. These attractive properties offer great potential for the utilization of polysaccharide-based nanogels as drug delivery systems to overcome biological barriers. Hence, this review discusses the properties of various barriers and the associated constraints, followed by summarizing the most recent development of polysaccharide-based nanogels in drug delivery to overcome biological barriers. It is expected to provide inspiration and motivation for better design and development of polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and efficacy while minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Marco Viola
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Claudia Migliorini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Luca Paoletti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
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12
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Yuan M, Han Z, Liang Y, Sun Y, He B, Chen W, Li F. mRNA nanodelivery systems: targeting strategies and administration routes. Biomater Res 2023; 27:90. [PMID: 37740246 PMCID: PMC10517595 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With the great success of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, mRNA therapeutics have gained significant momentum for the prevention and treatment of various refractory diseases. To function efficiently in vivo and overcome clinical limitations, mRNA demands safe and stable vectors and a reasonable administration route, bypassing multiple biological barriers and achieving organ-specific targeted delivery of mRNA. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems representing leading vector approaches ensure the successful intracellular delivery of mRNA to the target organ. In this review, chemical modifications of mRNA and various types of advanced mRNA NPs, including lipid NPs and polymers are summarized. The importance of passive targeting, especially endogenous targeting, and active targeting in mRNA nano-delivery is emphasized, and different cellular endocytic mechanisms are discussed. Most importantly, based on the above content and the physiological structure characteristics of various organs in vivo, the design strategies of mRNA NPs targeting different organs and cells are classified and discussed. Furthermore, the influence of administration routes on targeting design is highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the remaining challenges and future development toward mRNA targeted therapies and precision medicine is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujie Yuan
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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13
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Li Z, Wang K, Hou C, Li C, Zhang F, Ren W, Dong L, Zhao J. Self-sensing intelligent microrobots for noninvasive and wireless monitoring systems. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:102. [PMID: 37565051 PMCID: PMC10409863 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots have garnered tremendous attention due to their small size, flexible movement, and potential for various in situ treatments. However, functional modification of microrobots has become crucial for their interaction with the environment, except for precise motion control. Here, a novel artificial intelligence (AI) microrobot is designed that can respond to changes in the external environment without an onboard energy supply and transmit signals wirelessly in real time. The AI microrobot can cooperate with external electromagnetic imaging equipment and enhance the local radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field to achieve a large penetration sensing depth and a high spatial resolution. The working ranges are determined by the structure of the sensor circuit, and the corresponding enhancement effect can be modulated by the conductivity and permittivity of the surrounding environment, reaching ~560 times at most. Under the control of an external magnetic field, the magnetic tail can actuate the microrobotic agent to move accurately, with great potential to realize in situ monitoring in different places in the human body, almost noninvasively, especially around potential diseases, which is of great significance for early disease discovery and accurate diagnosis. In addition, the compatible fabrication process can produce swarms of functional microrobots. The findings highlight the feasibility of the self-sensing AI microrobots for the development of in situ diagnosis or even treatment according to sensing signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chaojian Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chunyang Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Fanqing Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Wu Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhu H, Cong Y. Development and in functional study of a bi-specific sustained release drug-loaded nano-liposomes for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biomater Appl 2023:8853282231179313. [PMID: 37243614 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231179313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenvatinib (LEN) is a first-line therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but has a larger adverse effect profile. In this study, we developed a liposome with drug-carrying function and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging function to investigate the targeted drug-carrying function and MRI tracing ability of liposome for HCC. METHODS Magnetic nano-liposomes (MNL) with dual targeting function of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and vimentin and capable of encapsulating LEN drugs were prepared. The characterization performance, drug loading efficiency and cytotoxicity of EpCAM/vimentin-LEN-MNL were tested, and the dual-targeting slow release drug loading function and MRI tracing ability were investigated in cellular and animal models. RESULTS EpCAM/vimentin-LEN-MNL has a mean particle size of 218.37 ± 5.13 nm and a mean potential of 32.86 ± 4.62 mV, and is spherical in shape and can be uniformly dispersed in solution. The encapsulation rate was 92.66 ± 0.73% and the drug loading rate was 9.35 ± 0.16%. It has low cytotoxicity, can effectively inhibit HCC cell proliferation and promote HCC cell apoptosis, and has specific targeting function and MRI tracing ability for HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an HCC-specific dual-targeted sustained-release drug delivery liposome with dual-targeted recognition and sensitive MRI tracer was successfully prepared, which provides an important scientific basis for maximizing the multiple effects of nano-carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wu
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfan Zhu
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cong
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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15
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Wu Y, Cheng H, Zhu M, Zhang L, Mao Z, Wang C, Liu Z. Monitoring Subtle Changes of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability via Detection of MiRNA-155 in Brain Microvasculature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21893-21903. [PMID: 37115727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability need to be sensitively reported when purposefully regulating the BBB or during some brain diseases. Currently available techniques for assessment of BBB integrity all suffer from limited sensitivity and only report serious BBB damage. Here, a targeted activatable nanoprobe is created to monitor subtle changes of BBB permeability by detecting the expression levels of BBB permeability-related miRNA (miRNA-155) in brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs). The probe is fabricated by coating the BMEC membrane on calcium phosphate (CaP)-mineralized metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles loaded with hybridization chain reaction (HCR) probes. The coating of the BMEC membrane endows the nanoprobe with homologous targeting ability to BBB, and HCR probes released and escaped from lysosomes can be specifically lightened by miRNA-155. The activatable nanoprobe is able to monitor BBB permeability in inflammatory and AD mice. This work provides a new idea for highly sensitive evaluation of the BBB permeability, which has guiding significance in regulating BBB and formulating targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hemei Cheng
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhennan Mao
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
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Menéndez SG, Manucha W. Nanopharmacology as a new approach to treat neuroinflammatory disorders. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220328. [PMID: 38152092 PMCID: PMC10751572 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a complex process involving the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and other immune cells in the brain, plays a role in neurodegeneration and psychiatric disorders. Current therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammation are limited, necessitating the development of improved approaches. Nanopharmacology offers unprecedented opportunities to access and treat neuroinflammatory disorders at the brain level. Nanoscaffolds can target specific cells or tissues and protect drugs from degradation or elimination, making them ideal candidates for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Recent advancements in nanoparticle development have enabled the targeting of microglia, astrocytes, and other immune cells in the brain, reducing neuroinflammation and protecting neurons from injury. Nanoparticles targeting specific neurons have also been developed. Clinical trials are in progress to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nano drugs for treating neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. The successful development of these nanodrugs holds immense promise for treating these devastating and increasingly prevalent conditions. On the other hand, several limitations and unanswered questions remain. First, the long-term effects of nanoparticles on the brain need to be thoroughly investigated to ensure their safety. Second, optimizing the targeting and delivery of nanoparticles to specific brain regions remains a challenge. Understanding the complex interplay between nanoparticles and the brain's immune system is crucial for developing effective nanotherapies. Despite these limitations, nanopharmacology presents a transformative approach to treating neuroinflammatory disorders. Future research should address the aforementioned limitations and further elucidate the mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated therapy. The successful development of safe and effective nanodrugs can revolutionize the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders, alleviating the suffering of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián García Menéndez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Área de Farmacología. Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Walter Manucha
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Área de Farmacología. Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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