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Wang P, Liao X, Xie M, Zheng Q, Chen Y, Lam KH, Zhang H, Lin D. Heterogeneous engineering and carbon confinement strategy to synergistically boost the sodium storage performance of transition metal selenides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:355-364. [PMID: 38531280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal selenides (TMSs) stand out as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their natural resources and exceptional sodium storage capacity. Despite these advantages, their practical application faces challenges, such as poor electronic conductivity, sluggish reaction kinetics and severe agglomeration during electrochemical reactions, hindering their effective utilization. Herein, the dual-carbon-confined CoSe2/FeSe2@NC@C nanocubes with heterogeneous structure are synthesized using ZIF-67 as the template by ion exchange, resorcin-formaldehyde (RF) coating, and subsequent in situ carbonization and selenidation. The N-doped porous carbon promotes rapid electrolyte penetration and minimizes the agglomeration of active materials during charging and discharging, while the RF-derived carbon framework reduces the cycling stress and keeps the integrity of the material structure. More importantly, the built-in electric field at the heterogeneous boundary layer drives electron redistribution, optimizing the electronic structure and enhancing the reaction kinetics of the anode material. Based on this, the nanocubes of CoSe2/FeSe2@NC@C exhibits superb sodium storage performance, delivering a high discharge capacity of 512.6 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 after 150 cycles and giving a discharge capacity of 298.2 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 with a CE close to 100.0 % even after 1000 cycles. This study proposes a viable method to synthesize advanced anodes for SIBs by a synergy effect of heterogeneous interfacial engineering and a carbon confinement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiangyue Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Min Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Qiaoji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Dunmin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
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Zhang D, Shao Y, Wang J, Li Z, Wang Q, Sun H, Sun Q, Wang B. Cobalt-Mediated Defect Engineering Endows High Reversible Amorphous VS 4 Anode for Advanced Sodium-Ion Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309901. [PMID: 38299768 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their structural diversity and high theoretical capacity, but the severe capacity decay and inferior rate capability caused by poor structural stability and sluggish kinetics impede their practical applications. Herein, a cobalt-doped amorphous VS4 wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (i.e., Co0.5-VS4/rGO) is developed through a Co-induced defect engineering strategy to boost the kinetics performances. The as-prepared Co0.5-VS4/rGO demonstrates excellent rate capacities over 10 A g-1 and superior cycling stability at 5 A g-1 over 1600 cycles, which is attributed to the defects formed by Co doping, the formed amorphous structure and the robust rGO substrate. The great features of Co0.5-VS4/rGO anode are further confirmed in sodium-ion capacitors when the active carbon cathode is used. Additionally, the relationships between metal doping, the derived defects, the amorphous structure, and the sodium storage of VS4 are uncovered. This work provides deep insights into preparing amorphous functional materials and also probes the potential applications of metal sulfide-based electrode materials for advanced batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yachuan Shao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Huilan Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Qujiang Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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Li Q, Wang P, Chen Y, Liao X, Lam KH, Zhang H, Zheng Q, Lin D. Rod-like Ni-CoS 2@NC@C: Structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement engineering to synergistically boost sodium storage performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:400-408. [PMID: 38484509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Currently, conversion-type transition metal sulfides have been extensively favored as the anodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their excellent redox reversibility and high theoretical capacity; however, they generally suffer from large volume expansion and structural instability during repeatedly Na+ de/intercalation. Herein, spatially dual-confined Ni-doped CoS2@NC@C microrods (Ni-CoS2@NC@C) are developed via structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement to boost sodium storage performance of the material. The morphology of one-dimensional-structured microrods effectively enlarges the electrode/electrolyte contact area, while the confinement of dual-carbon layers greatly alleviates the volume change-induced stress, pulverization, agglomeration of the material during charging and discharging. Moreover, the introduction of Ni improves the electrical conductivity of the material by modulating the electronic structure and enlarges the interlayer distance to accelerate Na+ diffusion. Accordingly, the as-prepared Ni-CoS2@NC@C exhibits superb electrochemical properties, delivering the satisfactory cycling performance of 526.6 mA h g-1 after 250 cycles at 1 A g-1, excellent rate performance of 410.9 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1 and superior long cycling life of 502.5 mA h g-1 after 1,500 cycles at 5 A g-1. This study provides an innovative idea to improve sodium storage performance of conversion-type transition metal sulfides through the comprehensive strategy of structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiangyue Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Qiaoji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dunmin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
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Liu B, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Song H, Yuan C, Yin X, Lu Z, Hu J, Xie J, Cao Y. Structure and Defect Engineering of V 3S 4-xSe x Quantum Dots Confined in a Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Framework for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307771. [PMID: 38155151 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Constructing quantum dot-scale metal sulfides with defects and strongly coupled with carbon is significant for advanced sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, Se substituted V3S4 quantum dots with anionic defects confined in nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (V3S4-xSex/NC) are fabricated. Introducing element Se into V3S4 crystal expands the interlayer distance of V3S4, and triggers anionic defects, which can facilitate Na+ diffusions and act as active sites for Na+ storage. Meanwhile, the quantum dots tightly encapsulated by conductive carbon framework improve the stability and conductivity of the electrode. Theoretical calculations also unveil that the presence of Se enhances the conductivity and Na+ adsorption ability of V3S4-xSex. These properties contribute to the V3S4-xSex/NC with high specific capacity of 447 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1, and prominent rate and cyclic performance with 504 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 10 A g-1. The sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) with V3S4-xSex/NC anode and activated carbon cathode can achieve high energy/power density (maximum 144 Wh kg-1/5960 W kg-1), capacity retention ratio of 71% after 4000 cycles at 2 A g-1. This work not only synthesizes V3S4-xSex/NC, but also provides a promising opportunity for designing quantum dots and utilizing defects to improve the electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yizhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, Liaoning, 111003, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Song
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Jindou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yali Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, P. R. China
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Wang M, Qin B, Xu F, Yang W, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Fan H. Hetero-structural and hetero-interfacial engineering of MXene@Bi 2S 3/Mo 7S 8 hybrid for advanced sodium/potassium-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:446-455. [PMID: 37418895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, heterogeneous bimetallic sulfides Bi2S3/Mo7S8 nanoparticles anchored on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets (MXene@Bi2S3/Mo7S8) were prepared through a solvothermal process and subsequent chemical vapor deposition process. Benefiting from the heterogeneous structure between Bi2S3 and Mo7S8 and the high conductivity of the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, the Na+ diffusion barrier and charge transfer resistance of this electrode are effectively decreased. Simultaneously, the hierarchical architectures of Bi2S3/Mo7S8 and Ti3C2Tx not only effectively inhibit the re-stacking of MXene and the agglomeration of bimetallic sulfides nanoparticles, but also dramatically relieve the volume expansion during the periodic charge/discharge processes. As a result, the MXene@Bi2S3/Mo7S8 heterostructure demonstrated remarkable rate capability (474.9 mAh/g at 5.0 A/g) and outstanding cycling stability (427.3 mAh/g after 1400 cycles at 1.0 A/g) for sodium ion battery. The Na+ storage mechanism and the multiple-step phase transition in the heterostructures are further clarified by the ex-situ XRD and XPS characterizations. This study paves a new way to design and exploit conversion/alloying type anodes of sodium ion batteries with hierarchical heterogeneous architecture and high-performance electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binyang Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Haosen Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Zhang X, Tu X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Shi R, Li L. Morphology Engineering of VS 4 Microspheres as High-Performance Cathodes for Hybrid Mg 2+/Li + Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37442-37453. [PMID: 37494549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
V-based sulfides are considered as potential cathode materials for Mg2+/Li+ hybrid ion batteries (MLIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacities, unique crystal structure, and flexible valence adjustability. However, the formation of irreversible polysulfides, poor cycling performance, and severe structural collapse at high current densities impede their further development. Herein, VS4 microspheres with various controllable nanoarchitectures were successfully constructed via a facile solvothermal method by adjusting the amount of hydrochloric acid and were used as cathode materials for MLIBs. The VS4 microsphere self-assembled by bundles of paralleled-nanorods and some intersected-nanorods (VS4@NC-5) exhibits an outstanding initial discharge capacity of 805.4 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 that is maintained at 259.1 mAh g-1 after 70 cycles. Moreover, the VS4@NC-5 cathode can deliver a superior rate capability (146.1 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1) and ultralong cycling life (134.5 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1 after 2000 cycles). The extraordinary electrochemical performance of VS4@NC-5 could be attributed to its special multi-hierarchical microsphere structure and the formation of N-doped carbon layers and V-C bonds, resulting in unobstructed ion diffusion channels, multidimensional electron transfer pathways, and enhancements of electrical conductivity and structure stability. Furthermore, the electrochemical reaction mechanism and phase conversion behavior of the VS4@NC-5 cathode at various states are investigated by a series of ex situ characterization methods. The VS4 well-designed through morphological engineering in this work can pave a way to explore more sulfides with high-rate performance and long cycling stability for energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Xing Tu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Yana Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Jiguang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
| | - Liquan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR. China
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Fu R, Pan J, Wang M, Min H, Dong H, Cai R, Sun Z, Xiong Y, Cui F, Lei SY, Chen S, Chen J, Sun L, Zhang Q, Xu F. In Situ Atomic-Scale Deciphering of Multiple Dynamic Phase Transformations and Reversible Sodium Storage in Ternary Metal Sulfide Anode. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37326660 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ternary metal sulfides (TMSs), endowed with the synergistic effect of their respective binary counterparts, hold great promise as anode candidates for boosting sodium storage performance. Their fundamental sodium storage mechanisms associated with dynamic structural evolution and reaction kinetics, however, have not been fully comprehended. To enhance the electrochemical performance of TMS anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), it is of critical importance to gain a better mechanistic understanding of their dynamic electrochemical processes during live (de)sodiation cycling. Herein, taking BiSbS3 anode as a representative paradigm, its real-time sodium storage mechanisms down to the atomic scale during the (de)sodiation cycling are systematically elucidated through in situ transmission electron microscopy. Previously unexplored multiple phase transformations involving intercalation, two-step conversion, and two-step alloying reactions are explicitly revealed during sodiation, in which newly formed Na2BiSbS4 and Na2BiSb are respectively identified as intermediate phases of the conversion and alloying reactions. Impressively, the final sodiation products of Na6BiSb and Na2S can recover to the original BiSbS3 phase upon desodiation, and afterward, a reversible phase transformation can be established between BiSbS3 and Na6BiSb, where the BiSb as an individual phase (rather than respective Bi and Sb phases) participates in reactions. These findings are further verified by operando X-ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and electrochemical tests. Our work provides valuable insights into the mechanistic understanding of sodium storage mechanisms in TMS anodes and important implications for their performance optimization toward high-performance SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Fu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Min
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Cai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Xiong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Cui
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Ying Lei
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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