1
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Rezaei M, Sakong S, Groß A. Sodium Triflate Water-in-Salt Electrolytes in Advanced Battery Applications: A First-Principles-Based Molecular Dynamics Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32169-32188. [PMID: 38862108 PMCID: PMC11212028 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Offering a compelling combination of safety and cost-effectiveness, water-in-salt (WiS) electrolytes have emerged as promising frontiers in energy storage technology. Still, there is a strong demand for research and development efforts to make these electrolytes ripe for commercialization. Here, we present a first-principles-based molecular dynamics (MD) study addressing in detail the properties of a sodium triflate WiS electrolyte for Na-ion batteries. We have developed a workflow based on a machine learning (ML) potential derived from ab initio MD simulations. As ML potentials are typically restricted to the interpolation of the data points of the training set and have hardly any predictive properties, we subsequently optimize a classical force field based on physics principles to ensure broad applicability and high performance. Performing and analyzing detailed MD simulations, we identify several very promising properties of the sodium triflate as a WiS electrolyte but also indicate some potential stability challenges associated with its use as a battery electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rezaei
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sung Sakong
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Jakhar M, Barone V, Ding Y. Theoretical insights into single-atom catalysts for improved charging and discharging kinetics of Na-S and Na-Se batteries. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38896041 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Dissolution of poly-sulfide/selenides (p-S/Ses) intermediates into electrolytes, commonly known as the shuttle effect, has posed a significant challenge in the development of more efficient and reliable Na-S/Se batteries. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) play a crucial role in mitigating the shuttling of Na-pS/Ses and in promoting Na2S/Se redox processes at the cathode. In this work, single transition metal atoms Co, Fe, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Rh supported in nitrogen-deficient graphitic carbon nitride (rg-C3N4) are investigated to explore the charging and discharging kinetics of Na-S and Na-Se batteries using Density Functional Theory calculations. We find that SAs adsorbed on reduced g-C3N4 monolayers are substantially more effective in trapping higher-order Na2Xn than pristine g-C3N4 surfaces. Moreover, our ab initio molecular dynamics calculations indicate that the structure of X8 (X = S, Se) remains almost intact when adsorbed on Fe, Co, Ir, Ni, Pt, and Rh SACs, suggesting that there is no significant S or Se poisoning in these cases. Additionally, SACs reduce the free energies of the rate-determining step during discharge and present a lower decomposition barrier of Na2X during charging of Na-X electrode. The underlying mechanisms behind this fast kinetics are thoroughly examined using charge transfer, bonding strength, and d-band center analysis. Our work demonstrates an effective strategy for designing single-atom catalysts and offers solutions to the performance constraints caused by the shuttle effect in sodium-sulfur and sodium-selenium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jakhar
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Veronica Barone
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- U.S. Army DEVCOM-GVSC, Warren, MI 48397, USA
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3
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Xia Q, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Huang C, Liu J, Jin H. Designing the Interface Layer of Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401453. [PMID: 38828654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) is one of the most attractive solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for application in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) due to its advantages of high ionic conductivity, air stability and low cost. However, the poor interfacial contact and slow Li-ion migration have greatly limited its practical application. Herein, a composite ion-conducting layer is designed at the Li/LATP interface, which a MoS2 film is constructed on LATP via chemical vapor deposition, followed by the introduction of a solid polymer (SP) liquid precursor to form a MoS2@SP protective layer. This protective layer not only achieves a lower Li-ion migration energy barrier, but also adsorbs more Li-ion, which is able to promote interfacial ion transport and improve interfacial contacts. Thanks to the improved migration and adsorption of Li-ion, the Li symmetric cell containing LATP-MoS2@SP exhibits a stable cycle of more than 1200 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. More remarkably, the capacity retention of the full cell assembled with LiFePO4 cathode is as high as 86.2% after 400 cycles at 1 C. This work provides a design strategy for significantly improving unstable interfaces of SSEs and realizing high-performance ASSLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuoguo Yuan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Can Huang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hongyun Jin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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4
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Wang YQ, Xu H, Cao B, Ma J, Yu ZW. In Situ Species Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Containing LiTFSI and Propylene Carbonate. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5047-5055. [PMID: 38701394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the species in a model electrolyte consisting of a lithium salt, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiTFSI), and a widely used neutral solvent propylene carbonate (PC) with excess infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD), and quantum chemical calculations. Complexing species including the charged ones [Li+(PC)4, TFSI-, TFSI-(PC), TFSI-(PC)2, and Li(TFSI)2-] are identified in the electrolyte. Quantum chemical calculations show strong Li+···O(PC) interaction, which suggests that Li+ would transport in the mode of solvation-carriage. However, the interaction energy of each hydrogen bond in TFSI-(PC) is very weak, suggesting that TFSI- would transport in hopping mode. In addition, the concentration dependences of the relative population of the species were also derived, providing a scenario for the dissolving process of the salt in PC. These in-depth studies provide physical insights into the structural and interactive properties of the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyue Xu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bobo Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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5
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Ruan H, Lu K, Meng S, Zhao Q, Ren H, Wu Y, Wang C, Tan S. Lyotropic Lamellar Nanostructures Enabled High-Voltage Windows, Efficient Charge Transport, and Thermally Safe Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310186. [PMID: 38059820 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing electrolytes combining solid-like instinct stability and liquid-like conducting performance will be satisfactory for efficient and durable Li-ion batteries. Herein lamellar lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) demonstrate high-voltage windows, efficient charge transport, and inherent thermal safety as solid-state electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. Lamellar LLCs are simply prepared by nanosegregation of [C16Mim][BF4] and LiBF4/Propylene carbonate (PC) liquid solutions, which induce lamellar assembly of the liquids as dynamic conducting pathways. Broadened liquid conducting pathways will boost the conducting performance of the LLC electrolytes. The lyotropic lamellar nanostructures enable liquid-like ion conductivity of the LLC electrolytes at ambient temperatures, as well as provide solid-like stability for the electrolytes to resist high voltage and flammability overwhelming to LiBF4/PC liquid electrolytes. Despite minor consumption of PC solvents (34.5 wt.%), the lamellar electrolytes show energy conversion efficiency comparable to the liquid electrolytes (PC wt. 92.8%) in Li/LiFePO4 batteries under ambient temperatures even at a 2 C current density, and exhibit attractively robust stability after 200th cyclic charge/discharge even under 60 °C. The work demonstrates LLC electrolytes have great potential to supersede traditional liquid electrolytes for efficient and durable Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ruan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kai Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shengxi Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haisheng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shuai Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
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6
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Senadheera D, Carrillo-Bohorquez O, Nachaki EO, Jorn R, Kuroda DG, Kumar R. Probing the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface of Sodium/Glyme-Based Battery Electrolytes. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5798-5808. [PMID: 38629115 PMCID: PMC11017320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c08083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are promising systems for large-scale energy storage solutions; yet, further enhancements are required for their commercial viability. Improving the electrochemical performance of NIBs goes beyond the chemical description of the electrolyte and electrode materials as it requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms that govern the interface between electrodes and electrolytes. In particular, the decomposition reactions occurring at these interfaces lead to the formation of surface films. Previous work has revealed that the solvation structure of cations in the electrolyte has a significant influence on the formation and properties of these surface films. Here, an experimentally validated molecular dynamics study is performed on a 1 M NaTFSI salt in glymes of different lengths placed between two graphite electrodes having a constant bias potential. The focus of this study is on describing the solvation environment around the sodium ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface as a function of glyme chain length and applied potential. The results of the study show that the diglyme/TFSI system presents features at the interface that significantly differ from those of the triglyme/TFSI and tetraglyme/TFSI systems. These computational predictions are successfully corroborated by the experimentally measured capacitance of these systems. In addition, the dominant solvation structures at the interface explain the electrochemical stability of the system as they are consistent with cyclic voltammetry characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orlando Carrillo-Bohorquez
- Department
of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ernest O. Nachaki
- Department
of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ryan Jorn
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Daniel G. Kuroda
- Department
of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Revati Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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7
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Tang K, Bai Q, Xu P, Liu R, Xue S, Liu S, Zhu Y. A Thiol Branched 3D Network Quasi Solid-State Polymer Electrolyte Reinforced by Covalent Organic Frameworks for Lithium Metal Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301810. [PMID: 38528374 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Quasi solid-state polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) are particularly attractive due to their high ionic conductivity and excellent safety for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, it is still a great challenge for QSPEs to achieve strong mechanical strength and high electrochemical performance simultaneously. Herein, a QSPE (SCOF-PEP-PEA) using a covalent organic framework (COF) containing abundant allyl groups (SCOF) as a rigid porous filler as well as a cross-linker to reinforce the polymer network is reported. Benefitting from the unique 3D nanonetwork structure and abundant lithiophilic functional groups, SCOF-PEP-PEA QSPE exhibits high ionic conductivity (4.0 × 10-4 S cm-1) and high lithium-ion transference number (0.82) at room temperature. Moreover, SCOF-PEP-PEA QSPE displays much improved mechanical strength compared to PEP-PEA QSPE (AFM Young's modulus: 453 vs 36 MPa). As a result, the Li/LFP full cell with SCOF-PEP-PEA QSPE shows great rate performance of 141 mAh g-1 at 1C and delivers a high specific capacity retention of 92% after 220 cycles at 0.5 C (60 °C). This work provides a new strategy to design and prepare high-performance QSPEs with COFs as porous organic filler, and further expand the application of COFs for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiaoshuang Bai
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, China
| | - Shoufeng Xue
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Youlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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8
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Lan S, Yu C, Yu J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Wang J, Qiu J. Recent Advances in Low‐Temperature Liquid Electrolyte for Supercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309286. [PMID: 38453682 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As one of the key components of supercapacitors, electrolyte is intensively investigated to promote the fast development of the energy supply system under extremely cold conditions. However, high freezing point and sluggish ion transport kinetics for routine electrolytes hinder the application of supercapacitors at low temperatures. Resultantly, the liquid electrolyte should be oriented to reduce the freezing point, accompanied by other superior characteristics, such as large ionic conductivity, low viscosity and outstanding chemical stability. In this review, the intrinsically physical parameters and microscopic structure of low-temperature electrolytes are discussed thoroughly, then the previously reported strategies that are used to address the associated issues are summarized subsequently from the aspects of aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes (organic electrolyte and ionic liquid electrolyte). In addition, some advanced spectroscopy techniques and theoretical simulation to better decouple the solvation structure of electrolytes and reveal the link between the key physical parameters and microscopic structure are briefly presented. Finally, the further improvement direction is put forward to provide a reference and guidance for the follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinhe Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiubo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Hong SB, Lee YJ, Lee HJ, Sim HT, Lee H, Lee YM, Kim DW. Exploring the Cathode Active Materials for Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries with High Energy Density. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304747. [PMID: 37847909 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are considered promising alternatives to current lithium-ion batteries that employ liquid electrolytes due to their high energy density and enhanced safety. Among various types of solid electrolytes, sulfide-based electrolytes are being actively studied, because they exhibit high ionic conductivity and high ductility, which enable good interfacial contacts in solid electrolytes without sintering at high temperatures. To improve the energy density of the sulfide-based ASSLBs, it is essential to increase the loading of active material in the composite cathode. In this study, the Ni-rich LiNix Coy Mn1-x-y O2 (NCM) materials are explored with different Ni content, particle size, and crystalline form to probe suitable cathode active materials for high-performance ASSLBs with high energy density. The results reveal that single-crystalline LiNi0.82 Co0.10 Mn0.08 O2 material with a small particle size exhibits the best cycling performance in the ASSLB assembled with a high mass loaded cathode (active mass loading: 26 mg cm-2 , areal capacity: 5.0 mAh cm-2 ) in terms of discharge capacity, capacity retention, and rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bo Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Jo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui-Tae Sim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyobin Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 42988, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Min Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 42988, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Battery Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Ding F, Li Y, Zhang G, Wang H, Liu B, Liu C, Jiang L, Sui X, Wang Z. High-Safety Electrolytes with an Anion-Rich Solvation Structure Tuned by Difluorinated Cations for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400177. [PMID: 38346222 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As next-generation energy storage devices, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) must offer high safety, high-voltage resistance, and a long life span. Electrolyte engineering is a facile strategy to tailor the interfacial chemistry of LMBs. In particular, the solvation structure and derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are crucial for a satisfactory battery performance. Herein, a novel middle-concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (MCILE) with an anion-rich solvation structure tuned by difluorinated cations is demonstrated to achieve ultrahigh safety, high-voltage stability, and excellent ternary-cathode compatibility. Novel gem-difluorinated cations first synthesized for prestoring fluorine on positively charged species, not only preferentially adsorb in the inner-Helmholtz layers, but also participate in regulating the Li+ solvation structure, resulting in a robust interphase. Moreover, these weak interactions in the Li+ solvation structure including anion-solvent and ionic liquid (IL) cation-solvent pairs are first revealed, which are beneficial for promoting an anion-dominated solvation structure and the desolvation process. Benefiting from the unique anion-rich solvation structure, a stable hetero-SEI structure is obtained. The designed MCILE exhibits compatibility with Li metal anode and the high-voltage ternary cathode at high temperatures (60 °C). This work provides a new approach for regulating the solvation structure and electrode interphase chemistry of LMBs via difluorinated IL cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yixing Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guoxu Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Xi'an Safty Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710299, China
| | - Bo Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Linhai Jiang
- The Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xulei Sui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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11
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Li Y, Wang Z, Ji H, Wang M, Qian T, Yan C, Lu J. Extending Ring-Chain Coupling Empirical Law to Lithium-Mediated Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311413. [PMID: 38009687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
With its efficient nitrogen fixation kinetics, electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (LMNRR) holds promise for replacing Haber-Bosch process and realizing sustainable and green ammonia production. However, the general interface problem in lithium electrochemistry seriously impedes the further enhancement of LMNRR performance. Inspired by the development history of lithium battery electrolytes, here, we extend the ring-chain solvents coupling law to LMNRR system to rationally optimize the interface during the reaction process, achieving nearly a two-fold Faradaic efficiency up to 54.78±1.60 %. Systematic theoretical simulations and experimental analysis jointly decipher that the anion-rich Li+ solvation structure derived from ring tetrahydrofuran coupling with chain ether successfully suppresses the excessive passivation of electrolyte decomposition at the reaction interface, thus promoting the mass transfer of active species and enhancing the nitrogen fixation kinetics. This work offers a progressive insight into the electrolyte design of LMNRR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhenkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tao Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Yan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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12
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Cheng X, Yan Q, Yan R, Pu X, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Zhu X. Interfacial Modification of Ga-Substituted Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 against Li Metal via a Simple Doping Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59534-59543. [PMID: 38091572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries due to its outstanding performance in which Ga-doped LLZO particularly exhibits excellent ionic conductivity. However, the application of Ga-doped LLZO is limited by the interfacial instability between Ga-doped LLZO and Li metal. In this study, Ga3+- and Sb5+-codoped LLZO is prepared using a conventional solid-state reaction method, and the effects of dual-doping on the crystal structure, microstructure, conductivity of LLZO, and battery cycle stability are investigated. The results demonstrate that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Sb5+ into Ga3+-stabilized cubic-phase LLZO promotes grain contact and enhances the total ionic conductivity. The optimized Li6.3Ga0.2La3Zr1.9Sb0.1O12 solid electrolyte exhibits the highest total ionic conductivity of 4.65 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. Additionally, the introduction of Sb5+ suppresses the formation of the LiGaO2 impurity phase, thereby improving the interface stability between Ga-doped LLZO and the Li metal. The assembled Li||Ga,Sb0.1-LLZO||Li symmetric cell demonstrates stable cycling for 500 h at room temperature under a current density of 0.13 mA cm-2. The Li||Ga,Sb0.1-LLZO||LiFePO4 full cell delivers a reversible capacity of about 140 mA h g-1, exhibiting negligible decay after 50 cycles. These findings suggest that the application of Ga-doped LLZO in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries holds great promise by simply doping Zr sites with high-valence ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiaohong Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rentai Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingrui Pu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Powertrain Development Department, Dongfeng Motor Corporation Technical Center, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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13
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Mohapatra S, Halder S, Chaudhari SR, Netz RR, Mogurampelly S. Insights into the structure and Ion transport of pectin-[BMIM][PF6] electrolytes. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154902. [PMID: 37843063 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of pectin on the structure and ion transport properties of the room-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that pectin induces intriguing structural changes in the electrolyte that disrupt large ionic aggregates and promote the formation of smaller ionic clusters, which is a promising finding for ionic conductivity. Due to pectin in [BMIM][PF6] electrolytes, the diffusion coefficient of cations and anions is observed to decrease by a factor of four for a loading of 25 wt. % of pectin in [BMIM][PF6] electrolyte. A strong correlation between the ionic diffusivities (D) and ion-pair relaxation timescales (τc) is observed such that D ∼ τc-0.75 for cations and D ∼ τc-0.82 for anions. The relaxation timescale exponents indicate that the ion transport mechanisms in pectin-[BMIM][PF6] electrolytes are slightly distinct from those found in neat [BMIM][PF6] electrolytes (D∼τc-1). Since pectin marginally affects ionic diffusivities at the gain of smaller ionic aggregates and viscosity, our results suggest that pectin-ionic liquid electrolytes offer improved properties for battery applications, including ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipra Mohapatra
- Polymer Electrolytes and Materials Group (PEMG), Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sougata Halder
- Polymer Electrolytes and Materials Group (PEMG), Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sachin R Chaudhari
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Santosh Mogurampelly
- Polymer Electrolytes and Materials Group (PEMG), Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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He Y, Wang C, Zou P, Lin R, Hu E, Xin HL. Anion-tethered Single Lithium-ion Conducting Polyelectrolytes through UV-induced Free Radical Polymerization for Improved Morphological Stability of Lithium Metal Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308309. [PMID: 37548104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Single Li+ ion conducting polyelectrolytes (SICs), which feature covalently tethered counter-anions along their backbone, have the potential to mitigate dendrite formation by reducing concentration polarization and preventing salt depletion. However, due to their low ionic conductivity and complicated synthetic procedure, the successful validation of these claimed advantages in lithium metal (Li0 ) anode batteries remains limited. In this study, we fabricated a SIC electrolyte using a single-step UV polymerization approach. The resulting electrolyte exhibited a high Li+ transference number (t+ ) of 0.85 and demonstrated good Li+ conductivity (6.3×10-5 S/cm at room temperature), which is comparable to that of a benchmark dual ion conductor (DIC, 9.1×10-5 S/cm). Benefitting from the high transference number of SIC, it displayed a three-fold higher critical current density (2.4 mA/cm2 ) compared to DIC (0.8 mA/cm2 ) by successfully suppressing concentration polarization-induced short-circuiting. Additionally, the t+ significantly influenced the deposition behavior of Li0 , with SIC yielding a uniform, compact, and mosaic-like morphology, while the low t+ DIC resulted in a porous morphology with Li0 whiskers. Using the SIC electrolyte, Li0 ||LiFePO4 cells exhibited stable operation for 4500 cycles with 70.5 % capacity retention at 22 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peichao Zou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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15
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Cheng L, Yu J, Chen L, Chu J, Wang J, Wang HG, Feng D, Cui F, Zhu G. Immobilizing Quinone-Fused Aza-Phenazine into π-d Conjugated Coordination Polymers with Multiple-Active Sites for Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301578. [PMID: 37105762 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of coordination polymers with π-d conjugation (CCPs) provides ide prospects for exploring the next generation of environmental-friendliness energy storage systems. Herein, the synthesis, experimental characterizations, and Na-ion storage mechanism of π-d CCPs with multiple-active sites are reported, which use quinone-fused aza-phenazine (AP) and aza-phenazin (AP) as the organic ligands coordinated with the metal center (Ni2+ ). Among them, NiQAP as the cathode material exhibits impressive electrochemical properties applied in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), including the high initial/stable discharge specific capacities (180.0/225.6 mAh g-1 ) at 0.05 A g-1 , a long-term cycle stability up to 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 with a high reversible capacity of 100.1 mAh g-1 , and good rate capability of 99.6 mAh g-1 even at 5.0 A g-1 . Moreover, the Na-ion storage mechanism of NiQAP is also performed by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, showing multiple-active sites of C≐O and C≐N (in the quinone and phenazine structure) and NiO4 (in the coordination unit) for Na-ion storage. These results highlight the importance of organic electrode material with the coordination units and provide a foundation for further studying the CCPs with multiple active sites for energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Fengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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16
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Chen S, Wei X, Zhang G, Wang X, Zhu J, Feng X, Dai H, Ouyang M. All-temperature area battery application mechanism, performance, and strategies. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100465. [PMID: 37448741 PMCID: PMC10336268 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Further applications of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage stations are limited because of the thermal sensitivity, volatility, and poor durability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially given the urgent requirements for all-climate utilization and fast charging. This study comprehensively reviews the thermal characteristics and management of LIBs in an all-temperature area based on the performance, mechanism, and thermal management strategy levels. At the performance level, the external features of the batteries were analyzed and compared in cold and hot environments. At the mechanism level, the heat generation principles and thermal features of LIBs under different temperature conditions were summarized from the perspectives of thermal and electrothermal mechanisms. At the strategy level, to maintain the temperature/thermal consistency and prevent poor subzero temperature performance and local/global overheating, conventional and novel battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are discussed from the perspective of temperature control, thermal consistency, and power cost. Moreover, future countermeasures to enhance the performance of all-climate areas at the material, cell, and system levels are discussed. This study provides insights and methodologies to guarantee the performance and safety of LIBs used in EVs and energy storage stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuezhe Wei
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Xueyuan Wang
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jiangong Zhu
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Xuning Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haifeng Dai
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Minggao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Zhao Q, Wu X, Li S, Zheng Q, Jiang S, Xu Y, He B, Ma L, Luo Y, Wang Y, Cen W, Meng Y, Xiao D. Boosting Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Achieving High-Safety Separator Chemically Bonded with Nano TiN Particles for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300378. [PMID: 37029704 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the commercial separator (Celgard2500) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffers from poor electrolyte affinity, mechanical property and thermal stability, which seriously affect the electrochemical performances and safety of LIBs. Here, the composite separators named PVDF-HFP/TiN for high-safety LIBs are synthesized. The integration of PVDF-HFP and TiN forms porous structure with a uniform and rich organic framework. TiN significantly improves the adsorption between PVDF-HFP and electrolyte, causing a higher electrolyte absorption rate (192%). Meanwhile, XPS results further demonstrate the tight link between PVDF-HFP and TiN due to the existence of TiF bond in PVDF-HFP/TiN, resulting in a strong impediment for the puncture of lithium dendrites as a result of the improved mechanical strengths. And PVDF-HFP/TiN can effectively suppress the growth of lithium dendrites by means of uniform lithium flux. In addition, the excellent heat resistance of TiN improves the thermal stability of PVDF-HFP/TiN. As a result, the LiFePO4 ||Li cells assembled PVDF-HFP/TiN-12 exhibit excellent specific capacity, rate performance, and capacity retention rate. Even the high specific capacity of 153 mAh g-1 can be obtained at the high temperature of 80 °C. Meaningfully, a reliable modification strategy for the preparation of separators with high safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Xiulong Wu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Shenghu Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Qiaotian Zheng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401121, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yangtong Luo
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Wanglai Cen
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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