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Mushtaq MA, Kumar A, Yasin G, Tabish M, Arif M, Ajmal S, Raza W, Naseem S, Zhao J, Li P, Ali HG, Ji S, Yan D. Multivalent Sulfur Vacancy-Rich NiCo 2S 4@MnO 2 Urchin-Like Heterostructures for Ambient Electrochemical N 2 Reduction to NH 3. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310431. [PMID: 38441366 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Innovative advances in the exploitation of effective electrocatalytic materials for the reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) are highly required for the sustainable production of fertilizers and zero-carbon emission fuel. In order to achieve zero-carbon footprints and renewable NH3 production, electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) provides a favorable energy-saving alternative but it requires more active, efficient, and selective catalysts. In current work, sulfur vacancy (Sv)-rich NiCo2S4@MnO2 heterostructures are efficaciously fabricated via a facile hydrothermal approach followed by heat treatment. The urchin-like Sv-NiCo2S4@MnO2 heterostructures serve as cathodes, which demonstrate an optimal NH3 yield of 57.31 µg h-1 mgcat -1 and Faradaic efficiency of 20.55% at -0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in basic electrolyte owing to the synergistic interactions between Sv-NiCo2S4 and MnO2. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation further verifies that Co-sites of urchin-like Sv-NiCo2S4@MnO2 heterostructures are beneficial to lowering the energy threshold for N2 adsorption and successive protonation. Distinctive micro/nano-architectures exhibit high NRR electrocatalytic activities that might motivate researchers to explore and concentrate on the development of heterostructures for ambient electrocatalytic NH3 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Mushtaq
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, UP, 281406, India
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Tabish
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Saira Ajmal
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Sajid Naseem
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, 39161, Pakistan
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Pengyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hina Ghulam Ali
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Shengfu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Oh SH, Kim D, Kim JY, Kang G, Jeon J, Kim M, Joo YC, Nam DH. Predictive Synthesis of Transition Metal Carbide via Thermochemical Oxocarbon Equilibrium. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17940-17955. [PMID: 38809238 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Fabricating nanoscale metal carbides is a great challenge due to them having higher Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔG°) values than other metal compounds; additionally, these carbides have harsh calcination conditions, in which metal oxidation is preferred in the atmosphere. Herein, we report oxocarbon-mediated calcination for the predictive synthesis of nanoscale metal carbides. The thermochemical oxocarbon equilibrium of CO-CO2 reactions was utilized to control the selective redox reactions in multiatomic systems of Mo-C-O, contributing to the phase-forming and structuring of Mo compounds. By harnessing the thermodynamically predicted processing window, we controlled a wide range of Mo phases (MoO2, α-MoC1-x, and β-Mo2C) and nanostructures (nanoparticle, spike, stain, and core/shell) in the Mo compounds/C nanofibers. By inducing simultaneous reactions of C-O (selective C combustion) and Mo-C (Mo carbide formation) in the nanofibers, Mo diffusion was controlled in C nanofibers, acting as a template for the nucleation and growth of Mo carbides and resulting in precise control of the phases and structures of Mo compounds. The formation mechanism of nanostructured Mo carbides was elucidated according to the CO fractions of CO-CO2 calcination. Moreover, tungsten (W) and niobium (Nb) carbides/C nanofibers have been successfully synthesized by CO-CO2 calcination. We constructed the thermodynamic map for the predictive synthesis of transition metal carbides to provide universal guideline via thermochemical oxocarbon equilibrium. We revealed that our thermochemical oxocarbon-mediated gas-solid reaction enabled the structure and phase control of nanoscale transition metal compounds to optimize the material-property relationship accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geosan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Nam
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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Xiong Y, Li J, Wang X, Chi X, Li S, Sun Y, Tang Z, Hou Z, Xie J, Yang Z, Yan YM. Electronegative Phosphorus-Integrated Co 2+ Active Sites for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7886-7895. [PMID: 38621298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for proficient electrocatalysts for ammonia's electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction, cobalt oxides, endowed with a rich d-electron reservoir, have emerged as frontrunners. Despite the previously evidenced prowess of CoO in this realm, its ammonia yield witnesses a pronounced decline as the reaction unfolds, a phenomenon linked to the electron attrition from its Co2+ active sites during electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). To counteract this vulnerability, we harnessed electron-laden phosphorus (P) elements as dopants, aiming to recalibrate the electronic equilibrium of the pivotal Co active site, thereby bolstering both its catalytic performance and stability. Our empirical endeavors showcased the doped P-CoO's superior credentials: it delivered an impressive ammonia yield of 49.6 and, notably, a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 9.6% at -0.2 V versus RHE, markedly eclipsing its undoped counterpart. Probing deeper, a suite of ex-situ techniques, complemented by rigorous theoretical evaluations, was deployed. This dual-pronged analysis unequivocally revealed CoO's propensity for an electron-driven valence metamorphosis to Co3+ post-ENRR. In stark contrast, P-CoO, fortified by P doping, exhibits a discernibly augmented ammonia yield. Crucially, P's intrinsic ability to staunch electron leakage from the active locus during ENRR ensures the preservation of the valence state, culminating in enhanced catalytic dynamism and fortitude. This investigation not only illuminates the intricacies of active site electronic modulation in ENRR but also charts a navigational beacon for further enhancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangzhou Xie
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Zhong H, Huang ZF, Zou JJ, Zhang X, Zhang YC, Pan L. Research progress of dual-atom site catalysts for photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38639199 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Dual-atom site catalysts (DASCs) have sparked considerable interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis as they possess the advantages of excellent photoelectronic activity, photostability, and high carrier separation efficiency and mobility. The DASCs involved in these important photocatalytic processes, especially in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), N2/nitrate reduction, etc., have been extensively investigated in the past few years. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in DASCs that provides fundamental insights into the photocatalytic conversion of small molecules. The controllable preparation and characterization methods of various DASCs are discussed. Subsequently, the reaction mechanisms of the formation of several important molecules (hydrogen, hydrocarbons and ammonia) on DASCs are introduced in detail, in order to probe the relationship between DASCs's structure and photocatalytic activity. Finally, some challenges and outlooks of DASCs in the photocatalytic conversion of small molecules are summarized and prospected. We hope that this review can provide guidance for in-depth understanding and aid in the design of efficient DASCs for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Haoming Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhen-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yong-Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Li S, Liu YT, Zhang YC, Du Y, Gao J, Zhai J, Liang Y, Han C, Zhu XD. Enhanced N 2 Adsorption and Activation by Combining Re Clusters and In Vacancies as Dual Sites for Efficient and Selective Electrochemical NH 3 Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:748-756. [PMID: 38166417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) is a green and energy-saving sustainable technology for NH3 production. However, high activity and high selectivity can hardly be achieved in the same catalyst, which severely restricts the development of the electrochemical NRR. In2Se3 with partially occupied p-orbitals can suppress the H2 evolution reaction (HER), which shows excellent selectivity in the electrochemical NRR. The presence of VIn can simultaneously provide active sites and confine Re clusters through strong charge transfer. Additionally, well-isolated Re clusters stabilized on In2Se3 by the confinement effect of VIn result in Re-VIn active sites with maximum availability. By combining Re clusters and VIn as dual sites for spontaneous N2 adsorption and activation, the electrochemical NRR performance is enhanced significantly. As a result, the Re-In2Se3-VIn/CC catalyst delivers a high NH3 yield rate (26.63 μg h-1 cm-2) and high FEs (30.8%) at -0.5 V vs RHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoquan Li
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yi-Tao Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yong-Chao Zhang
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yue Du
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jingru Zhai
- Weichai Holding Group Co., Ltd., Weifang 261000, China
| | - Yue Liang
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Caidi Han
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- State key Laboratory Based of Eco-chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Dai X, Du ZY, Sun Y, Chen P, Duan X, Zhang J, Li H, Fu Y, Jia B, Zhang L, Fang W, Qiu J, Ma T. Enhancing Green Ammonia Electrosynthesis Through Tuning Sn Vacancies in Sn-Based MXene/MAX Hybrids. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38227269 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Renewable energy driven N2 electroreduction with air as nitrogen source holds great promise for realizing scalable green ammonia production. However, relevant out-lab research is still in its infancy. Herein, a novel Sn-based MXene/MAX hybrid with abundant Sn vacancies, Sn@Ti2CTX/Ti2SnC-V, was synthesized by controlled etching Sn@Ti2SnC MAX phase and demonstrated as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic N2 reduction. Due to the synergistic effect of MXene/MAX heterostructure, the existence of Sn vacancies and the highly dispersed Sn active sites, the obtained Sn@Ti2CTX/Ti2SnC-V exhibits an optimal NH3 yield of 28.4 µg h-1 mgcat-1 with an excellent FE of 15.57% at - 0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4, as well as an ultra-long durability. Noticeably, this catalyst represents a satisfactory NH3 yield rate of 10.53 µg h-1 mg-1 in the home-made simulation device, where commercial electrochemical photovoltaic cell was employed as power source, air and ultrapure water as feed stock. The as-proposed strategy represents great potential toward ammonia production in terms of financial cost according to the systematic technical economic analysis. This work is of significance for large-scale green ammonia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials of Liaoning Province, College of Chemistry, Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials of Liaoning Province, College of Chemistry, Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Junjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang F, Fang C, Liu D, Zhou Q. A High-Throughput Screening toward Efficient Nitrogen Fixation: Transition Metal Single-Atom Catalysts Anchored on an Emerging π-π Conjugated Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 10N 3) Substrate with Dirac Dispersion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11812-11826. [PMID: 36808933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
TM-Nx is becoming a comforting catalytic center for sustainable and green ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions, resulting in increasing interest in single-atom catalysts (SACs) for the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). However, given the poor activity and unsatisfactory selectivity of existing catalysts, it remains a long-standing challenge to design efficient catalysts for nitrogen fixation. Currently, the two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon-nitride substrate provides abundant and evenly distributed holes for stably supporting transition-metal atoms, which presents a fascinating prospect for overcoming this challenge and promoting single-atom NRR. An emerging holey graphitic carbon-nitride skeleton with a C10N3 stoichiometric ratio (g-C10N3) from a supercell of graphene is constructed, which provides outstanding electric conductivity for achieving high-efficiency NRR due to the Dirac band dispersion. Herein, a high-throughput first-principles calculation is carried out to evaluate the feasibility of π-d conjugated SACs resulting from a single TM atom anchored on g-C10N3 (TM = Sc-Au) for NRR. We find that W metal embedded in g-C10N3 (W@g-C10N3) can compromise the ability to adsorb the key target reaction species (N2H and NH2), hence acquiring an optimal NRR behavior among 27 TM-candidates. Our calculations demonstrate that W@g-C10N3 shows a well-suppressed HER ability and, impressively, a low energy cost of -0.46 V. Additionally, all-around descriptors are proposed to uncover the fundamental mechanism of NRR activity, among which a 3D volcano plot (limiting potential, screening strategy, and electron origin) uncovers the NRR activity trend, achieving a quick and high-efficiency prescreening for numerous candidates. Overall, the strategy of the structure- and activity-based TM-Nx-containing unit design will offer useful insight for further theoretical and experimental attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Chunyao Fang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
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