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Liu S, Ma B, Qi L, Ping J, Che Y, Zhang Y, Su M, Song Y, Qi L, Jiang Y, Fang X. Ultrasensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers Using Photonic-Crystal-Enhanced Single-Molecule Imaging. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13719-13726. [PMID: 39120618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The rapid and sensitive quantification of low-abundance protein markers holds immense significance in early disease diagnosis and treatment. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging exhibits very high detection sensitivity and thus has great application potential in this area. The single-molecule signal, however, is often susceptible to interference from background noise due to its inherently weak intensity. A variety of signal amplification techniques based on cascading reactions have been developed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of single-molecule imaging. Nevertheless, the operation of these methods is typically complicated and time-consuming, which limits the clinical application. Herein, we introduce an enzyme-free, photonic-crystal-based single-molecule (PC-SM) biochip for cost-effective, time-efficient, and ultrasensitive detection of disease markers. The PC-SM biochip can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of single molecules by nearly 3-fold compared with unamplified samples, through coupling of the single-molecule photon energy with the optical band gap of the photonic crystal. We used the PC-SM biochip to detect the low-abundance leukemia inhibitory factor in the blood of pancreatic cancer patients and healthy people and achieved a detection limit of 2.0 pg/L and an AUC of 0.9067. The method exhibits exceptional sensitivity and specificity, showing great application potential in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Bochen Ma
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - LiQing Qi
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Ping
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - YuDong Che
- ZheJiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - YiMin Zhang
- ZheJiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - YanLin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - LuBin Qi
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang C, Zheng K, Li C, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Xia L, Ma Y, Wyss HM, Cheng X, He S. Single-Molecule Protein Analysis by Centrifugal Droplet Immuno-PCR with Magnetic Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1872-1879. [PMID: 38225884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Detecting proteins in ultralow concentrations in complex media is important for many applications but often relies on complicated techniques. Herein, a single-molecule protein analyzer with the potential for high-throughput applications is reported. Gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles with DNA-labeled antibodies were used for target recognition and separation. The immunocomplex was loaded into microdroplets generated with centrifugation. Immuno-PCR amplification of the DNA enabled the quantification of proteins at the level of single molecules. As an example, ultrasensitive detection of α-synuclein, a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, is achieved. The limit of detection was determined to be ∼50 aM in buffer and ∼170 aM in serum. The method exhibited high specificity and could be used to analyze post-translational modifications such as protein phosphorylation. This study will inspire wider studies on single-molecule protein detection, especially in disease diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Kaixin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Microsystems Research Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ranran Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Linxiao Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hans M Wyss
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Microsystems Research Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Ningbo 310050, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Sailing He
- National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Ningbo 310050, China
- ZJU-TU/e Joint Research Institute of Design, Optoelectronic and Sensing, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden
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Tseng YT, Chiu YC, Pham VD, Wu WH, Le-Vu TT, Wang CH, Kuo SW, Chan MWY, Lin CH, Li SC, Li YD, Kan HC, Lin JY, Chau LK, Hsu CC. Ultrasensitive Upconversion Nanoparticle Immunoassay for Human Serum Cardiac Troponin I Detection Achieved with Resonant Waveguide Grating. ACS Sens 2024; 9:455-463. [PMID: 38234004 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Selective detection of biomarkers at low concentrations in blood is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of many diseases but remains challenging. In this work, we aimed to develop an ultrasensitive immunoassay that can detect biomarkers in serum with an attomolar limit of detection (LOD). We proposed a sandwich-type heterogeneous immunosensor in a 3 × 3 well array format by integrating a resonant waveguide grating (RWG) substrate with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). UCNPs were used to label a target biomarker captured by capture antibody molecules immobilized on the surface of the RWG substrate, and the RWG substrate was used to enhance the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of UCNPs through excitation resonance. The LOD of the immunosensor was greatly reduced due to the increased UCL of UCNPs and the reduction of nonspecific adsorption of detection antibody-conjugated UCNPs on the RWG substrate surface by coating the RWG substrate surface with a carboxymethyl dextran layer. The immunosensor exhibited an extremely low LOD [0.24 fg/mL (9.1 aM)] and wide detection range (1 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL) in the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). The cTnI concentrations in human serum samples collected at different times during cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient were measured by an immunosensor, and the results showed that the CEF chemotherapy did cause cardiotoxicity in the patient. Having a higher number of wells in such an array-based biosensor, the sensor can be developed as a high-throughput diagnostic tool for clinically important biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ta Tseng
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Van-Dai Pham
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Thanh Thu Le-Vu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chin Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi 622, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kan
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Kwan Chau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
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Ganesh KM, Bhaskar S, Cheerala VSK, Battampara P, Reddy R, Neelakantan SC, Reddy N, Ramamurthy SS. Review of Gold Nanoparticles in Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission Technology: Effect of Shape, Hollow Nanostructures, Nano-Assembly, Metal-Dielectric and Heterometallic Nanohybrids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:111. [PMID: 38202566 PMCID: PMC10780701 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms are globally employed in modern smart technologies to detect events or changes in the analyte concentration and provide qualitative and quantitative information in biosensing. Surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) technology has emerged as an effective POC diagnostic tool for developing robust biosensing frameworks. The simplicity, robustness and relevance of the technology has attracted researchers in physical, chemical and biological milieu on account of its unique attributes such as high specificity, sensitivity, low background noise, highly polarized, sharply directional, excellent spectral resolution capabilities. In the past decade, numerous nano-fabrication methods have been developed for augmenting the performance of the conventional SPCE technology. Among them the utility of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has enabled the demonstration of plethora of reliable biosensing platforms. Here, we review the nano-engineering and biosensing applications of AuNPs based on the shape, hollow morphology, metal-dielectric, nano-assembly and heterometallic nanohybrids under optical as well as biosensing competencies. The current review emphasizes the recent past and evaluates the latest advancements in the field to comprehend the futuristic scope and perspectives of exploiting Au nano-antennas for plasmonic hotspot generation in SPCE technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalathur Mohan Ganesh
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Sri Sathya Sai District, Puttaparthi 515134, India;
| | - Seemesh Bhaskar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Vijay Sai Krishna Cheerala
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Brindavan Campus, Kadugodi, Bengaluru 560067, India; (V.S.K.C.); (S.C.N.)
| | - Prajwal Battampara
- Center for Incubation Innovation Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560109, India; (P.B.); (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Roopa Reddy
- Center for Incubation Innovation Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560109, India; (P.B.); (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Sundaresan Chittor Neelakantan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Brindavan Campus, Kadugodi, Bengaluru 560067, India; (V.S.K.C.); (S.C.N.)
| | - Narendra Reddy
- Center for Incubation Innovation Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560109, India; (P.B.); (R.R.); (N.R.)
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Sri Sathya Sai District, Puttaparthi 515134, India;
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5
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Guo H, Gupta R, Sharma D, Zhanov E, Malone C, Jada R, Liu Y, Garg M, Singamaneni S, Zhao F, Tian L. Ultrasensitive, Multiplexed Buoyant Sensor for Monitoring Cytokines in Biofluids. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10171-10178. [PMID: 37922456 PMCID: PMC10863391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed quantification of low-abundance protein biomarkers in complex biofluids is important for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. However, in situ sampling without perturbing biological systems remains challenging. In this work, we report a buoyant biosensor that enables in situ monitoring of protein analytes at attomolar concentrations with a 15 min temporal resolution. The buoyant biosensor implemented with fluorescent nanolabels enabled the ultrasensitive and multiplexed detection and quantification of cytokines. Implementing the biosensor in a digital manner (i.e., counting the individual nanolabels) further improves the low detection limit. We demonstrate that the biosensor enables the detection and quantification of the time-varying concentrations of cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) in macrophage culture media without perturbing the live cells. The easy-to-apply biosensor with attomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capability can enable an in situ analysis of protein biomarkers in various biofluids and tissues to aid in understanding biological processes and diagnosing and treating diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Guo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials
Science and Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dhavan Sharma
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Elizabeth Zhanov
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Connor Malone
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ravi Jada
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mayank Garg
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials
Science and Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Limei Tian
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Gao F, Li F, Wang J, Yu H, Li X, Chen H, Wang J, Qin D, Li Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Wang ZH. SERS-Based Optical Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:880. [PMID: 37754114 PMCID: PMC10526933 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, impacting millions worldwide. However, its complex neuropathologic features and heterogeneous pathophysiology present significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. To address the urgent need for early AD diagnosis, this review focuses on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, leveraging the excellent optical properties of nanomaterials to enhance detection performance. These highly sensitive and noninvasive biosensors offer opportunities for biomarker-driven clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The review highlights various types of SERS-based biosensors targeting AD biomarkers, discussing their potential applications and contributions to AD diagnosis. Specific details about nanomaterials and targeted AD biomarkers are provided. Furthermore, the future research directions and challenges for improving AD marker detection using SERS sensors are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (F.G.); (F.L.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (J.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.Z.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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