1
|
Yang K, Li M, Gao T, Xu G, Li D, Zheng Y, Li Q, Duan J. An acid-tolerant metal-organic framework for industrial CO 2 electrolysis using a proton exchange membrane. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7060. [PMID: 39152107 PMCID: PMC11329766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial CO2 electrolysis via electrochemical CO2 reduction has achieved progress in alkaline solutions, while the same reaction in acidic solution remains challenging because of severe hydrogen evolution side reactions, acid corrosion, and low target product selectivity. Herein, an industrial acidic CO2 electrolysis to pure HCOOH system is realized in a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer using an acid-tolerant Bi-based metal-organic framework guided by a Pourbaix diagram. Significantly, the Faradaic efficiency of HCOOH synthesis reaches 95.10% at a large current density of 400 mA/cm2 with a high CO2 single-pass conversion efficiency of 64.91%. Moreover, the proton-exchange-membrane device also achieves an industrial-level current density of 250 mA/cm2 under a relatively low voltage of 3.5 V for up to 100 h with a Faradaic efficiency of 93.5% for HCOOH production, which corresponds to an energy consumption of 200.65 kWh/kmol, production rate of 12.1 mmol/m2/s, and an energy conversion efficiency of 38.2%. These results will greatly aid the contemporary research moving toward commercial implementation and success of CO2 electrolysis technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqi Gao
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Li
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Qiang Li
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- MIIT Key Lab Thermal Control Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng M, Fang W, Cen Y, Zhang X, Hu Y, Xia BY. Reaction Environment Regulation for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction in Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404574. [PMID: 38638104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a sustainable route for converting CO2 into value-added fuels and feedstocks, advancing a carbon-neutral economy. The electrolyte critically influences CO2 utilization, reaction rate and product selectivity. While typically conducted in neutral/alkaline aqueous electrolytes, the CO2RR faces challenges due to (bi)carbonate formation and its crossover to the anolyte, reducing efficiency and stability. Acidic media offer promise by suppressing these processes, but the low Faradaic efficiency, especially for multicarbon (C2+) products, and poor electrocatalyst stability persist. The effective regulation of the reaction environment at the cathode is essential to favor the CO2RR over the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and improve long-term stability. This review examines progress in the acidic CO2RR, focusing on reaction environment regulation strategies such as electrocatalyst design, electrode modification and electrolyte engineering to promote the CO2RR. Insights into the reaction mechanisms via in situ/operando techniques and theoretical calculations are discussed, along with critical challenges and future directions in acidic CO2RR technology, offering guidance for developing practical systems for the carbon-neutral community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wensheng Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiren Cen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongming Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nanoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei X, Li Z, Jang H, Wang Z, Zhao X, Chen Y, Wang X, Kim MG, Liu X, Qin Q. Synergistic Effect of Grain Boundaries and Oxygen Vacancies on Enhanced Selectivity for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311136. [PMID: 38148296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Dual-engineering involved of grain boundaries (GBs) and oxygen vacancies (VO) efficiently engineers the material's catalytic performance by simultaneously introducing favorable electronic and chemical properties. Herein, a novel SnO2 nanoplate is reported with simultaneous oxygen vacancies and abundant grain boundaries (V,G-SnOx/C) for promoting the highly selective conversion of CO2 to value-added formic acid. Attributing to the synergistic effect of employed dual-engineering, the V,G-SnOx/C displays highly catalytic selectivity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 87% for HCOOH production at -1.2 V versus RHE and FEs > 95% for all C1 products (CO and HCOOH) within all applied potential range, outperforming current state-of-the-art electrodes and the amorphous SnOx/C. Theoretical calculations combined with advanced characterizations revealed that GB induces the formation of electron-enriched Sn site, which strengthens the adsorption of *HCOO intermediate. While GBs and VO synergistically lower the reaction energy barrier, thus dramatically enhancing the intrinsic activity and selectivity toward HCOOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haeseong Jang
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, South Korea
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xuhao Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Xien Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qing Qin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu W, Xu L, Lu Q, Sun J, Xu Z, Song C, Yu JC, Wang Y. Addressing the Carbonate Issue: Electrocatalysts for Acidic CO 2 Reduction Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312894. [PMID: 38722084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) powered by renewable energy provides a promising route to CO2 conversion and utilization. However, the widely used neutral/alkaline electrolyte consumes a large amount of CO2 to produce (bi)carbonate byproducts, leading to significant challenges at the device level, thereby impeding the further deployment of this reaction. Conducting CO2RR in acidic electrolytes offers a promising solution to address the "carbonate issue"; however, it presents inherent difficulties due to the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, necessitating concerted efforts toward advanced catalyst and electrode designs to achieve high selectivity and activity. This review encompasses recent developments of acidic CO2RR, from mechanism elucidation to catalyst design and device engineering. This review begins by discussing the mechanistic understanding of the reaction pathway, laying the foundation for catalyst design in acidic CO2RR. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of recent advancements in acidic CO2RR catalysts is provided, highlighting heterogeneous catalysts, surface immobilized molecular catalysts, and catalyst surface enhancement. Furthermore, the progress made in device-level applications is summarized, aiming to develop high-performance acidic CO2RR systems. Finally, the existing challenges and future directions in the design of acidic CO2RR catalysts are outlined, emphasizing the need for improved selectivity, activity, stability, and scalability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Liangpang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Jiping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Zhanyou Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Chunshan Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Jimmy C Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S. A. R., China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun B, Li Z, Xiao D, Liu H, Song K, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Wang P, Dai Y, Huang B, Thomas A, Cheng H. Unveiling pH-Dependent Adsorption Strength of *CO 2 - Intermediate over High-Density Sn Single Atom Catalyst for Acidic CO 2-to-HCOOH Electroreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318874. [PMID: 38361162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The acidic electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) for direct formic acid (HCOOH) production holds promise in meeting the carbon-neutral target, yet its performance is hindered by the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Understanding the adsorption strength of the key intermediates in acidic electrolyte is indispensable to favor CO2RR over HER. In this work, high-density Sn single atom catalysts (SACs) were prepared and used as catalyst, to reveal the pH-dependent adsorption strength and coverage of *CO2 - intermediatethat enables enhanced acidic CO2RR towards direct HCOOH production. At pH=3, Sn SACs could deliver a high Faradaic efficiency (90.8 %) of HCOOH formation and a corresponding partial current density up to -178.5 mA cm-2. The detailed in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic studies reveal that a favorable alkaline microenvironment for CO2RR to HCOOH is formed near the surface of Sn SACs, even in the acidic electrolyte. More importantly, the pH-dependent adsorption strength of *CO2 - intermediate is unravelled over the Sn SACs, which in turn affects the competition between HER and CO2RR in acidic electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zaiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Difei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kepeng Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zeyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhaoke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Baibiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Hefeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chi LP, Niu ZZ, Zhang YC, Zhang XL, Liao J, Wu ZZ, Yu PC, Fan MH, Tang KB, Gao MR. Efficient and stable acidic CO 2 electrolysis to formic acid by a reservoir structure design. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312876120. [PMID: 38085783 PMCID: PMC10742388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312876120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of valuable chemicals and feedstocks through carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction in acidic electrolytes can surmount the considerable CO2 loss in alkaline and neutral conditions. However, achieving high productivity, while operating steadily in acidic electrolytes, remains a big challenge owing to the severe competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, we show that vertically grown bismuth nanosheets on a gas-diffusion layer can create numerous cavities as electrolyte reservoirs, which confine in situ-generated hydroxide and potassium ions and limit inward proton diffusion, producing locally alkaline environments. Based on this design, we achieve formic acid Faradaic efficiency of 96.3% and partial current density of 471 mA cm-2 at pH 2. When operated in a slim continuous-flow electrolyzer, the system exhibits a full-cell formic acid energy efficiency of 40% and a single pass carbon efficiency of 79% and performs steadily over 50 h. We further demonstrate the production of pure formic acid aqueous solution with a concentration of 4.2 weight %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chi
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Niu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yu-Cai Zhang
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Wu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Kai-Bin Tang
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Min-Rui Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen S, Pan X, Wang J, Bao T, Liu X, Tang Z, Xiu H, Li J. Size Effect of Graphene Oxide on Graphene-Aerogel-Supported Au Catalysts for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7042. [PMID: 37959639 PMCID: PMC10650518 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The lateral size of graphene nanosheets plays a critical role in the properties and microstructure of 3D graphene as well as their application as supports of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reactions (CRRs). Here, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with different lateral sizes (1.5, 5, and 14 µm) were utilized as building blocks for 3D graphene aerogel (GA) to research the size effects of GO on the CRR performances of 3D Au/GA catalysts. It was found that GO-L (14 µm) led to the formation of GA with large pores and a low surface area and that GO-S (1.5 µm) induced the formation of GA with a thicker wall and isolated pores, which were not conducive to the mass transfer of CO2 or its interaction with catalysts. Au/GA constructed with a suitable-sized GO (5 µm) exhibited a hierarchical porous network and the highest surface area and conductivity. As a result, Au/GA-M exhibited the highest Faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO (FECO = 81%) and CO/H2 ratio at -0.82 V (vs. a Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE)). This study indicates that for 3D GA-supported catalysts, there is a balance between the improvement of conductivity, the adsorption capacity of CO2, and the inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the CRR, which is related to the lateral size of GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang T, Zhou J, Luo T, Lu JQ, Li Z, Weng X, Yang F. Acidic CO 2 Electrolysis Addressing the "Alkalinity Issue" and Achieving High CO 2 Utilization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301455. [PMID: 37283568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) provides a promising approach for sustainable chemical fuel production of carbon neutrality. Neutral and alkaline electrolytes are predominantly employed in the current electrolysis system, but with striking drawbacks of (bi)carbonate (CO3 2- /HCO3 - ) formation and crossover due to the rapid and thermodynamically favourable reaction between hydroxide (OH- ) with CO2 , resulting in low carbon utilization efficiency and short-lived catalysis. Very recently, CO2 RR in acidic media can effectively address the (bi)carbonate issue; however, the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is more kinetically favourable in acidic electrolytes, which dramatically reduces CO2 conversion efficiency. Thus, it is a big challenge to effectively suppress HER and accelerate acidic CO2 RR. In this review, we begin by summarizing the recent progress of acidic CO2 electrolysis, discussing the key factors limiting the application of acidic electrolytes. We then systematically discuss addressing strategies for acidic CO2 electrolysis, including electrolyte microenvironment modulation, alkali cations adjusting, surface/interface functionalization, nanoconfinement structural design, and novel electrolyzer exploitation. Finally, the new challenges and perspectives of acidic CO2 electrolysis are suggested. We believe this timely review can arouse researchers' attention to CO2 crossover, inspire new insights to solve the "alkalinity problem" and enable CO2 RR as a more sustainable technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Jinlei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Ji-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Zhengquan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Xuexiang Weng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| |
Collapse
|