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Qin W, Yang Q, Zhu C, Jiao R, Lin X, Fang C, Guo J, Zhang K. A Distinctive Insight into Inorganic Sonosensitizers: Design Principles and Application Domains. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311228. [PMID: 38225708 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as a promising non-invasive anti-tumor means features the preferable penetration depth, which nevertheless, usually can't work without sonosensitizers. Sonosensitizers produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of ultrasound to directly kill tumor cells, and concurrently activate anti-tumor immunity especially after integration with tumor microenvironment (TME)-engineered nanobiotechnologies and combined therapy. Current sonosensitizers are classified into organic and inorganic ones, and current most reviews only cover organic sonosensitizers and highlighted their anti-tumor applications. However, there have few specific reviews that focus on inorganic sonosensitizers including their design principles, microenvironment regulation, etc. In this review, inorganic sonosensitizers are first classified according to their design rationales rather than composition, and the action rationales and underlying chemistry features are highlighted. Afterward, what and how TME is regulated based on the inorganic sonosensitizers-based SDT nanoplatform with an emphasis on the TME targets-engineered nanobiotechnologies are elucidated. Additionally, the combined therapy and their applications in non-cancer diseases are also outlined. Finally, the setbacks and challenges, and proposed the potential solutions and future directions is pointed out. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed horizon on inorganic sonosensitizers, and will arouse more attentions on SDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Rong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, No. 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
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Cui L, Xu Q, Lou W, Wang Y, Xi X, Chen Y, Sun M, Wang Z, Zhang P, Yang S, Zhang L, Qu L. Chitosan oligosaccharide-functionalized nano-prodrug for cascade chemotherapy through oxidative stress amplification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131641. [PMID: 38641277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Redox nanoparticles have been extensively developed for chemotherapy. However, the intracellular oxidative stress induced by constant aberrant glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) homeostasis remains the primary cause of evading tumor apoptosis. Herein, an oxidative stress-amplification strategy was designed using a pH-GSH-H2O2-GGT sensitive nano-prodrug for precise synergistic chemotherapy. The disulfide bond- conjugated doxorubicin prodrug (DOX-ss) was constructed as a GSH-scavenger. Then, phenylboronic acid (PBA), DOX-ss and poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) were successively conjugated using chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) to obtain the nano-prodrug PBA-COS-ss-DOX/γ-PGA. The PBA-COS-ss-DOX/γ-PGA prodrug could tightly attach to the polymer chain segment by atom transfer radical polymerization. Simultaneously, the drug interacted relatively weakly with the polymer by encapsulating ionic crosslinkers in DOX@PBA-COS/γ-PGA. The disulfide bond of the DOX-ss prodrug as a GSH-scavenger could be activated using overexpressed GSH to release DOX. Particularly, PBA-COS-ss-DOX/γ-PGA could prevent premature drug leakage and facilitate DOX delivery by GGT-targeting and intracellular H2O2-cleavable linker in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Concurrently, the nano-prodrug induced strong oxidative stress and tumor cell apoptosis. Collectively, the pH-GSH-H2O2-GGT responsive nano-prodrug shows potential for synergistic tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cui
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingqing Xu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Weishuang Lou
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yali Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xuelian Xi
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zihua Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Pengshuai Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shuoye Yang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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Li G, Wu S, Liu J, Wang K, Chen X, Liu H. Narrow Bandgap Schottky Heterojunction Sonosensitizer with High Electron-Hole Separation Boosted Sonodynamic Therapy in Bladder Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401252. [PMID: 38549283 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is applied to bladder cancer (BC) given its advantages of high depth of tissue penetration and nontoxicity due to the unique anatomical location of the bladder near the abdominal surface. However, low electron-hole separation efficiency and wide bandgap of sonosensitizers limit the effectiveness of SDT. This study aims to develop a TiO2-Ru-PEG Schottky heterojunction sonosensitizer with high electron-hole separation and narrow bandgap for SDT in BC. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments collectively demonstrate that the bandgap of TiO2-Ru-PEG is reduced due to the Schottky heterojunction with the characteristic of crystalline-amorphous interface formed by the deposition of ruthenium (Ru) within the shell layer of TiO2. Thanks to the enhancement of oxygen adsorption and the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs, TiO2-Ru-PEG promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound (US) irradiation, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of bladder tumor cells. The in vivo results prove that TiO2-Ru-PEG boosted the subcutaneous and orthotopic bladder tumor models while exhibiting good safety. This study adopts the ruthenium complex for optimizing sonosensitizers, contributing to the progress of SDT improvement strategies and presenting a paradigm for BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Sicheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, P. R. China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Minimally invasive surgery Robot and Intelligent Equipment, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Xu S, Qian Z, Zhao N, Yuan W. Thermoresponsive injectable self-healing hydrogel containing polydopamine-coated Fe/Mo-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles for efficient synergistic sonodynamic-chemodynamic-photothermal-chemo therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1431-1446. [PMID: 37922629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A smart hydrogel loading multifunctional nanoparticles and anticancer drugs was designed to achieve synergistic therapy against tumors with high efficiency and specificity. The thermoresponsive injectable self-healing hydrogel was prepared through the Schiff base between aldehyde-functionalized poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate)-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA-co-HEMA), APMOH) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS). The polydopamine-coated Fe/Mo-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (PDA@dTiO2 NPs) were prepared and dispersed into the hydrogel with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). PDA@dTiO2 NPs as sonosensitizers can convert oxygen into singlet oxygen (1O2) under ultrasound (US) irradiation, achieving sonodynamic therapy (SDT). They were also considered nanoenzymes, generating oxygen to supply an oxygen source for SDT, producing hydroxyl radical (·OH) to achieve chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and eliminating glutathione (GSH) to enhance the level of oxidative stress. After near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the temperature of the hydrogel increased due to the photothermal ability of the polydopamine (PDA) layer. When the temperature reached the hydrogel's lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the hydrophilic-hydrophobic transformation occurred, and the hydrogel volume contracted. Consequently, the release rate of PDA@dTiO2 NPs and DOX increased, improving the therapeutic effects. The nanocomposite hydrogel system can achieve synergistic sonodynamic-chemodynamic-photothermal-chemo therapy (SDT-CDT-PTT-CT) for tumors, providing a novel platform for synergistic tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuoya Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
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Li R, Wang X, Shi J, Kang Y, Ji X. Sonocatalytic cancer therapy: theories, advanced catalysts and system design. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19407-19422. [PMID: 37965689 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04505f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Treating cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, with traditional treatment options often being limited by poor therapeutic outcomes and unacceptable side effects. Nanocatalytic therapy activates tumor-localized catalytic reactions in situ via nontoxic or minimally toxic nanocatalysts responding to unique cues from the tumor microenvironment or external stimuli. In particular, sonocatalytic cancer therapy is a promising approach that has emerged as a potential solution to this problem through the combination of ultrasound waves and catalytic materials to selectively target and destroy cancer cells. Compared to light, ultrasound exhibits higher spatial precision, lower energy attenuation, and superior tissue penetrability, furnishing more energy to catalysts. Multidimensional modulation of nanocatalyst structures and properties is pivotal to maximizing catalytic efficiency given constraints in external stimulative energy as well as substrate types and levels. In this review, we discuss the various theories and mechanisms underlying sonocatalytic cancer therapy, as well as advanced catalysts that have been developed for this application. Additionally, we explore the design of sonocatalytic cancer therapy systems, including the use of heterojunction catalysts and the optimal conditions for achieving maximum therapeutic effects. Finally, we highlight the potential benefits of sonocatalytic cancer therapy over traditional cancer treatments, including its noninvasive nature and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yong Kang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Medical College, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
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Di Y, Deng R, Liu Z, Mao Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Optimized strategies of ROS-based nanodynamic therapies for tumor theranostics. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122391. [PMID: 37995457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of tumor growth, metastasis, death and other biological processes. ROS-based nanodynamic therapies (NDTs) are becoming attractive due to non-invasive, low side effects and tumor-specific advantages. NDTs have rapidly developed into numerous branches, such as photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy and so on. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the limitations of existing sensitizers have greatly restricted the therapeutic effects of NDTs, which heavily rely on ROS levels. To address the limitations of NDTs, various strategies have been developed to increase ROS yield, which is an urgent aspect for the positive development of NDTs. In this review, the nanodynamic potentiation strategies in terms of unique properties and universalities of NDTs are comprehensively outlined. We mainly summarize the current dilemmas faced by each NDT and the respective solutions. Meanwhile, the NDTs universalities-based potentiation strategies and NDTs-based combined treatments are elaborated. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the key issues and challenges faced in the development and clinical transformation of NDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Di
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Ruizhu Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yuling Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yikun Gao
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qinfu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Siling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
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Zhao F, Yu H, Liang L, Wang C, Shi D, Zhang X, Ying Y, Cai W, Li W, Li J, Zheng J, Qiao L, Che S, Yu J. Redox Homeostasis Disruptors Based on Metal-Phenolic Network Nanoparticles for Chemo/Chemodynamic Synergistic Tumor Therapy through Activating Apoptosis and Cuproptosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301346. [PMID: 37369362 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The combination of chemo/chemodynamic therapy is a promising strategy for improving antitumor efficacy. Herein, metal-phenolic network nanoparticles (NPs) self-assembled from copper ions and gallic acid (Cu-GA) are developed to evoke apoptosis and cuproptosis for synergistic chemo/chemodynamic therapy. The Cu-GA NPs are biodegraded in response to the highly expressed glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells, resulting in the simultaneous release of Cu+ and GA. The intracellular GSH content is dramatically reduced by the released GA, rendering the tumor cells incapable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more susceptible to cuproptosis. Meanwhile, ROS levels within the tumor cells are significantly increased by the Fenton-like reaction of released Cu+ , which disrupts redox homeostasis and achieves apoptosis-related chemodynamic therapy. Moreover, massive accumulation of Cu+ in the tumor cells further induces aggregation of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase and downregulation of iron-sulfur cluster protein, activating cuproptosis to enhance the antitumor efficacy of Cu-GA NPs. The experiments in vivo further demonstrate that Cu-GA NPs exhibited the excellent biosafety and superior antitumor capacity, which can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumors due to the activation by the tumor specific GSH and hydrogen peroxide. These Cu-based metal-phenolic network NPs provide a potential strategy to build up efficient and safe cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liying Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dier Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 331423, China
| | - Yao Ying
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wei Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wangchang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jingwu Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shenglei Che
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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