Smart Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery: Operation Principles and Design Strategy

The zinc ion battery (ZIB) as a promising energy storage device has attracted great attention due to its high safety, low cost, high capacity, and the integrated smart functions. Herein, the working principles of smart responses, smart self-charging, smart electrochromic as well as smart integration of the battery are summarized. Thus, this review enables to inspire researchers to design the novel functional battery devices for extending their application prospects. In addition, the critical factors associated with the performance of the smart ZIBs are comprehensively collected and discussed from the viewpoint of the intellectualized design. A profound understanding for correlating the design philosophy in cathode materials and electrolytes with the electrode interface is provided. To address the current challenging issues and the development of smart ZIB systems, a wide variety of emerging strategies regarding the integrated battery system is finally prospected.

Chemically bonding inorganic fillers with polymer to achieve ultra-stable solid-state sodium batteries

Inorganic/organic composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) have attracted ever-increasing attentions due to their outstanding mechanical stability and processibility. However, the inferior inorganic/organic interface compatibility limits their ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability, which hinders their application in solid-state batteries. Herein, we report a homogeneously distributed inorganic fillers in polymer by in-situ anchoring SiO₂ particles in polyethylene oxide (PEO) matrix (I-PEO-SiO₂). Compared with ex-situ CSEs (E-PEO-SiO₂), SiO₂ particles and PEO chains in I-PEO-SiO₂ CSEs are closely welded by strong chemical bonds, thus addressing the issue of interfacial compatibility and realizing excellent dendrite-suppression ability. In addition, the Lewis acid-base interactions between SiO₂ and salts facilitate the dissociation of sodium salts and increase the concentration of free Na⁺. Consequently, the I-PEO-SiO₂ electrolyte demonstrates an improved Na⁺ conductivity (2.3 × 10^-4 S cm^-1 at 60 °C) and Na⁺ transference number (0.46). The as constructed Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ ‖ I-PEO-SiO₂ ‖ Na full-cell demonstrates a high specific capacity of 90.5 mAh g^-1 at 3C and an ultra-long cycling stability (>4000 cycles at 1C), outperforming the state-of-the-art literatures. This work provides an effective way to solve the issue of interfacial compatibility, which can enlighten other CSEs to overcome their interior compatibility.

Construction of Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Layer for Stable Na Metal Anode Operated under Wide Temperatures

Sodium metal battery is supposed to be a propitious technology for high-energy storage application owing to the advantages of natural abundance and low cost. Unfortunately, the uncontrollable dendrite growth critically hampers its practical implementation. Herein, an inorganic/organic hybrid layer of NaF/CF/CC on the surface of Na foil (IOHL-Na) is designed and synthesized through the in situ reaction of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and metallic sodium. This protective layer possesses satisfactory Young's modulus, good kinetic property, and sodiophilicity, which can distinctly stabilize Na metal anode. As a result, the symmetric IOHL-Na cell achieves a lifespan of 770 h at 1 mAh cm^-2 /1 mA cm^-2 in carbonate electrolyte. The assembled full battery of IOHL-Na||Na₃ V₂ (PO₄ )₃ delivers a high discharge capacity of 85 mAh g^-1 at 10 C after 600 cycles under ambient temperature. Furthermore, the IOHL-Na||Na₃ V₂ (PO₄ )₃ cell still can steadily operate at 10 C for 600 cycles at 55 °C. And when testing at an ultralow temperature of -40 °C, the full cell achieves 40 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 C with a prolonged lifespan of 450 cycles. This work offers a new approach to protect the metal sodium anode without dendrite growth under wide temperatures.

Optimizing the Fermi Level of a 3D Current Collector with Ni3 S2 /Ni3 P Heterostructure for Dendrite-Free Sodium-Metal Batteries

Rechargeable sodium-metal batteries (RSMBs) with high energy density and low cost are attracting extensive attention as promising energy-storage technologies. However, the poor cyclability and safety issues caused by unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structure and dendrite issues limit their practical application. Herein, it is theoretically predicted that constructing the Ni₃ S₂ /Ni₃ P heterostructure with high work function can lower the Fermi energy level, and therefore effectively suppressing continuous electrolyte decomposition derived from the electron-tunneling effect after long-term sodiation process. Furthermore, the Ni₃ S₂ /Ni₃ P heterostructure on 3D porous nickel foam (Ni₃ S₂ /Ni₃ P@NF) is experimentally fabricated as an advanced Na-anode current collector. The seamless Ni₃ S₂ /Ni₃ P heterostructure not only offers abundant active sites to induce uniform Na⁺ deposition and enhance ion-transport kinetics, but also facilitates the formation of stable SEI for dendrite-free sodium anode, which are confirmed by cryogenic components transmission electron microscopy tests and in situ spectroscopy characterization. As a result, the Na-composite anode (Ni₃ S₂ /Ni₃ P@NF@Na) delivers stable plating/stripping process of 5000 h and high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 2500 cycles. More impressively, the assembled sodium-ion full cell displays ultralong cycle life of 10 000 cycles at 20 C. The strategy of stabilizing the sodium-metal anode gives fundamental insight into the potential construction of advanced RSMBs.

Zinc Single-Atom-Regulated Hard Carbons for High-Rate and Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries

Hard carbons, as one of the most commercializable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), have to deal with the trade-off between the rate capability and specific capacity or initial Columbic efficiency (ICE), and the fast performance decline at low temperature (LT) remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive regulation on the interfacial/bulk electrochemistry of hard carbons through atomic Zn doping is reported, which demonstrates a record-high reversible capacity (546 mAh g^-1 ), decent ICE (84%), remarkable rate capability (140 mAh g^-1 @ 50 A g^-1 ), and excellent LT capacity (443 mAh g^-1 @ -40 °C), outperforming the state-of-the-art literature. This work reveals that the Zn doping can generally induce a local electric field to enable fast bulk Na⁺ transportation, and meanwhile catalyze the decomposition of NaPF₆ to form a robust inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase, which elaborates the underlying origin of the boosted electrochemical performance. Importantly, distinguished from room temperature, the intrinsic Na⁺ migration/desolvation ability of the electrolyte is disclosed to be the crucial rate-determining factors for the SIB performance at LT. This work provides a fundamental understanding on the charge-storage kinetics at varied temperatures.

Ionogel-Based Membranes for Safe Lithium/Sodium Batteries

Alkali (lithium, sodium)-based second batteries are considered one of the brightest candidates for energy-storage applications in order to utilize the random and intermittent renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality. Conventional lithium/sodium batteries containing liquid organic electrolytes are vulnerable to electrolytes leakage and even combustion, which hinders their large-scale and reliable application. All-solid-state electrolytes which are considered to have better safety have been developed in recent years. However, most of them suffer from low ionic conductivity and large interfacial resistance with the electrode. Ionogel-electrolyte membranes composed of ionic liquids and solid matrices, have attracted much attention because of their nonvolatility, nonflammability, and superior chemical and electrochemical properties. This review focuses on the most recent advances of ionogel electrolytes that sprang up with the emerging demand and progress of safe lithium/sodium batteries. The ionogel-electrolyte membranes are discussed based on the framework components and preparation methods. Their structure and properties, including ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, electrochemical stabilities, and so on, are demonstrated in combination with their applications. The current challenges and insights on the future development of ionogel electrolytes for advanced safe lithium/sodium batteries are also proposed.

Responsive Hydrogels Based on Triggered Click Reactions for Liver Cancer

Globally, liver cancer, which is one of the major cancers worldwide, has attracted the growing attention of technological researchers for its high mortality and limited treatment options. Hydrogels are soft 3D network materials containing a large number of hydrophilic monomers. By adding moieties such as nitrobenzyl groups to the network structure of a cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogel, the click reaction improves drug-release efficiency in vivo, which improves the survival rate and prolongs the survival time of liver cancer patients. The application of a nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery system can not only enrich the drug concentration at the tumor site for a long time but also effectively prevents the distant metastasis of residual tumor cells. At present, a large number of researches have been working toward the construction of responsive nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery systems, but there are few comprehensive articles to systematically summarize these discoveries. Here, this systematic review summarizes the synthesis methods and related applications of nanocomposite responsive hydrogels with actions to external or internal physiological stimuli. With different physical or chemical stimuli, the structural unit rearrangement and the controlled release of drugs can be used for responsive drug delivery in different states.

Spinel LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials in Wide Voltage Window: Single-Crystalline versus Polycrystalline

Single-crystal (SC) layered oxides as cathodes for Li-ion batteries have demonstrated better cycle stability than their polycrystalline (PC) counterparts due to the restrained intergranular cracking formation. However, there are rare reports on comparisons between single-crystal LiMn2O4 (SC-LMO) and polycrystalline LiMn2O4 (PC-LMO) spinel cathodes for Li-ion storage. In this work, the Li-ion storage properties of spinel LiMn2O4 single-crystalline and polycrystalline with similar particle sizes were investigated in a wide voltage window of 2–4.8 V vs. Li/Li+. The SC-LMO cathode exhibited a specific discharge capacity of 178 mA·h·g−1, which was a bit larger than that of the PC-LMO cathode. This is mainly because the SC-LMO cathode showed much higher specific capacity in the 3 V region (Li-ion storage at octahedral sites with cubic to tetragonal phase transition) than the PC-LMO cathode. However, unlike layered-oxide cathodes, the PC-LMO cathode displayed better cycle stability than the SC-LMO cathode. Our studies for the first time demonstrate that the phase transition-induced Mn(II) ion dissolution in the 3 V region rather than cracking formation is the limiting factor for the cycle performance of spinel LiMn2O4 in the wide voltage window.