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Chen L, Guo C, Tao X, Ding X, Zhang K, Zhang C, Chen Q, Zheng Y, Li M, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Guan Y, Wu Z, Tian Y, Liu G. Structures of Liquid-Liquid Interfaces in Partially Miscible Systems Revealed by Soft X-ray Imaging. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:8265-8271. [PMID: 39106046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The properties of liquid-liquid interfaces are intricately linked to its structure, with a particular focus on the concentration distribution within the interface. To obtain precise information regarding the concentration distribution, we have developed a high-resolution soft X-ray imaging method for liquid-liquid interfaces. This work focused on representative partially miscible systems, analyzing the interfacial concentration distribution profiles of water-alkanols under both steady-state and dynamic processes, and obtaining the diffusion coefficients of different water concentrations in alkanols. Significant disparities in concentration distributions and the concentration-related diffusion coefficients were observed despite comparable diffusion distances within the same system across different states. Meanwhile, it was found that alkanols exhibit adsorption phenomena at the interface. This newfound knowledge serves as a crucial stepping stone toward a deeper understanding of partially miscible systems. Our study opens a way to explore liquid-liquid interface information with high-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chenfei Guo
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiayu Tao
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xu Ding
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kuanqiang Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yutong Zheng
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Meng Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yong Guan
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gang Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Gao F, Tu J, Qu J, Ge J, Yin Q, Zang Y, Zhong W, Jiao Z. Dual mechanisms based on synergistic effects of evaporation potential and streaming potential for natural water evaporation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 663:251-261. [PMID: 38401445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Electricity generation by natural water evaporation generators (NWEGs) using porous materials shows great potential for energy harvesting, but mechanistic investigations of NWEGs have mostly been limited to streaming potential studies. In this study, we propose the coexistence of an evaporation potential and streaming potential in a NWEG using ZSM-5 as the generation material. The iron probe method, salt concentration regulation, solution regulation, and side evaporation area regulation were used to analyze the NWEG mechanism. Our findings revealed that a streaming potential formed as water flowed inside the ZSM-5 nanochannels, driven by electrodynamic effects that increased from the bottom to the top of the generator. In addition, an evaporation potential existed at the surface interface between ZSM-5 and water, which decreased from the bottom to the top as the evaporation height of the generator increased. The resulting open-circuit voltage (Voc) depended on the balance between the evaporation and streaming potentials, both of which were influenced by the evaporation enthalpy (Ee) or vapor pressure. Generally, a higher Ee or lower vapor pressure led to a lower evaporation potential and subsequently a lower Voc. A dual mechanism involving synergistic evaporation potential and streaming potential is proposed to explain the mechanism of NWEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Jingjing Tu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Jiangying Qu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
| | - Jiawei Ge
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Qian Yin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Yunhao Zang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
| | - Weijun Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zhe Jiao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Recycling and Utilization, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
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Xu D, Yan M, Xie Y. Energy harvesting from water streaming at charged surface. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:244-265. [PMID: 37948329 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Water flowing at a charged surface may produce electricity, known as streaming current/potentials, which may be traced back to the 19th century. However, due to the low gained power and efficiencies, the energy conversion from streaming current was far from usable. The emergence of micro/nanofluidic technology and nanomaterials significantly increases the power (density) and energy conversion efficiency. In this review, we conclude the fundamentals and recent progress in electrical double layers at the charged surface. We estimate the generated power by hydrodynamic energy dissipation in multi-scaling flows considering the viscous systems with slipping boundary and inertia systems. Then, we review the coupling of volume flow and current flow by the Onsager relation, as well as the figure of merits and efficiency. We summarize the state-of-the-art of electrokinetic energy conversions, including critical performance metrics such as efficiencies, power densities, and generated voltages in various systems. We discuss the advantages and possible constraints by the figure of merits, including single-phase flow and flying droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiang Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- School of Aeronautics and Institute of Extreme Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Zhang H, Shen Q, Zheng P, Wang H, Zou R, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Zhi JY, Xiang ZR. Harvesting Inertial Energy and Powering Wearable Devices: A Review. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300771. [PMID: 37853661 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Amidst the swift progression of microelectronics and Internet of Things technology, wearable devices are gradually gaining ground in the domains of human health monitoring. Recently, human bioenergy harvesting has emerged as a plausible alternative to batteries. This paper delves into harvesting human inertial energy that stimulates inertial masses through human motion and then transmutes the motion of the inertial masses into electrical energy. The inertial energy harvester is better suited for low-frequency and irregular human motion. This review first identifies the sources of human motion excitation that are compatible with inertial energy harvesters and then provides a summary of the operating principles and the comparisons of the commonly used energy conversion mechanisms, including electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and triboelectric transducers. The review thoroughly summarizes the latest advancements in human inertial energy-harvesting technology that are categorized and grouped based on their excitation sources and mechanical modulation methods. In addition, the review outlines the applications of inertial energy harvesters in powering wearable devices, medical health monitoring, and as mobile power sources. Finally, the challenges faced by inertial energy-harvesting technologies are discussed, and the review provides a perspective on the potential developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 64000, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Shen
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 64000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 64000, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zou
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zutao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yajia Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yi Zhi
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rui Xiang
- School of Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Peng X, Zhu L, Jiang R, Liu J, Chen C. Liquid-Assisted Bionic Conical Needle for In-Air and In-Oil-Water Droplet Ultrafast Unidirectional Transportation and Efficient Fog Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59920-59930. [PMID: 38100412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Learning from nature, many bionic materials and surfaces have been developed for the directional transportation of water and fog collection. However, current research mainly focuses on the self-transportation behavior of droplets in air-phase environments, rarely concerning underoil environments. Herein, in this work, a liquid-assisted bionic copper needle was fabricated for the rapid self-transportation of water droplets in air and oil environments. The water droplet can be spontaneously transported on the as-prepared bionic copper needle from the tip to the base. More importantly, the water-prewetted bionic copper needle can achieve the ultrafast unidirectional transportation of a water droplet in an oil environment, showing a maximum transport velocity of 76.2 mm/s and a transport distance over 33 mm, which were ten times higher than those reported in the previous research. Additionally, the droplet transport mechanism was revealed. The effects of the apex angle and tilt angle of the as-prepared bionic needle and droplet volume on the self-transportation behavior of water droplets were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the transport velocity of the water droplet decreased with the increase of the apex angle of the conical needle, while it increased with the increase of the droplet volume and needle tilt angle. Furthermore, the as-prepared bionic copper needle exhibited excellent fog collection performance with a single copper needle fog collecting efficiency of up to 2220 mg/h, which was 9.7 times that of the original copper needle. In summary, this work provides a simple and novel method to fabricate bionic copper needles for the directional self-transportation of water droplets in air-phase and oil-phase environments as well as efficient fog collection. It shows great application potential in the fields of microfluidics, desalination, and freshwater collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkai Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xuqiao Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Linfeng Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruisong Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chaolang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Bearing Tribology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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