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Wei L, Wang H, Yang F, Ding Q, Zhao J. Interleukin-17 potently increases non-small cell lung cancer growth. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:1673-80. [PMID: 26708832 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of interleukin (IL)-17 on the growth and metastasis of tumors that were subcutaneously implanted into C57BL/6 mice. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were subcutaneously injected into C57BL/6 mice followed by intraperitoneal injection of mouse recombinant IL-17 protein (IL-17 groups) or phosphate-buffered saline (control groups). Tumor growth and metastasis were assessed by measuring the size and weight of tumors and cervical lymph nodes, respectively. Cytokine expression in tumor masses was quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. CCR2-positive macrophage infiltration in tumor masses was detected by flow cytometric analysis. The proliferation and migration of LLC cells, stimulated by the IL-17 protein were detected by Cell Counting kit (CCK)-8 and wound scratch assays in vitro. Tumors were grafted into the C57BL/6 mice. The mice that were intraperitoneally injected with IL-17 exhibited significantly larger tumors compared with the control mice. After day 7 of injection and beyond, the weight of cervical lymph nodes in IL-17 groups was higher than that in the control mice. It was also demonstrated that the number of CCR2-positive macrophages that infiltrated the tumor masses in the IL-17 groups was higher than that of the control mice. CD34 expression in vascular endothelial cells was also higher in tumors grafted in IL-17 mice than those grafted in control mice. Furthermore, the tumor tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor-α were greater in mice from the IL-17 group than the control mice, while levels of migration inhibitory factor and thrombospondin-1 were lower in mice from the IL-17 group than in the control. IL-17 also increased the migration of LLC cells in vitro. In conclusion, IL-17 exhibited the ability to promote tumor growth by increasing angiogenesis, metastasis and increasing CCR2+ macrophage infiltration into tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
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Xia H, Chen S, Huang H, Ma H. Survivin over-expression is correlated with a poor prognosis in esophageal cancer patients. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:82-5. [PMID: 25896962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic role of survivin in esophageal cancer (EC) remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the association of survivin with survival in EC patients. METHODS Relevant studies published up to November 2014 were identified using PubMed and Embase. Only studies in which survivin was detected through immunohistochemical staining were included. STATA 12.0 was used in this meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 9 studies, which comprised 610 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio (HR) of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.40-2.21; P<0.001) suggests that survivin overexpression in EC patients was significantly associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, the results showed a significant relationship between overall survival and survivin expression was also displayed in studies with a non-Asian country (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.30-2.35), patient number ≥ 50 (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.57-2.20), the cut-off level ≥ 5% (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.94-2.17) and the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.43-2.30). However, combined odds ratio of survivin indicated that survivin overexpression has no correlation with stage, grade of differentiation, lymph node status, depth of invasion and distant metastasis of EC (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Survivin overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomu Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Huang LN, Wang DS, Chen YQ, Zhao CL, Gong BL, Jiang AB, Jia W, Hu FD. Expression of survivin and patients survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of the published studies. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:917-24. [PMID: 23065255 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among new biological markers that could become useful prognostic factors for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Survivin is one of the most commonly over-expressed oncogenes, however, its role in NSCLC remains controversial. We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to clarify this issue. Electronic databases were used to identify published studies before August 2011. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association of survivin expression with survival of NSCLC patients. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. Overall 29 relevant published studies including 2,517 lung cancer patients were identified from electronic databases. We found that overexpression of survivin in NSCLC patients might be a poor prognostic factor for survival 1.95 (95 % CI: 1.65-2.29; P < 0.001). Heterogeneity testing indicated that there was heterogeneity among studies. When stratified by histology types, the heterogeneity was absent. We should point out that the publication bias may partly account for the result, but the conclusion might not be affected deeply by the publication bias. When we accounted for publication bias using the trim and fill method, the results remained significant (HR = 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.44-2.02, P < 0.001), suggesting the stability of our results. Therefore, our study suggested that survivin overexpression had a poor prognosis value in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Nian Huang
- Department of Respiration, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Basic Research on Respiratory Disease, 227 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Baykara M, Akkus M, Yildiz R, Gonul II, Dursun A, Coskun U, Benekli M, Sevinc A, Dane F, Buyukberber S. Survivin expression and its potential clinical significance in gastrointestinal stromal sarcoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2227-31. [PMID: 22020290 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the level of survivin expression and its clinical significance as a prognostic factor in gastrointestinal stromal sarcoma (GIST). Twenty patients (12 males and 8 females) ranging in age from 25 to 72, with a median age of 53 were evaluated. Failure of TKI treatment was higher in the survivin-positive group (p=0.06). The rate of metastasis was significantly higher in the survivin positive group vs. the negative group (80% vs. 30%, p=0.18). The median overall survival (OS) time was 114 (range 29-199)months, and the median disease-free survival (DFS) time was 88 (range 40-135) months. The median progression-free survival (PFS) time was 40 (range 24-55) months. Further, a comparison of patients with survivin positive versus negative tumors, revealed no significant difference for OS, DFS, and PFS (p=0.45, p=0.19, p=0.55, respectively), number of mitoses in 50 HPF (p=0.14), and tumor size (p=0.94). In conclusion, survivin was highly expressed in GISTs, although we found no correlation between survivin expression and PFS, DFS and OS, survivin may be a predictive marker in GISTs for disease progression. We believe that additional studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of survivin expression as a prognostic or predictive marker in patients with GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Baykara
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Department Of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Chen X, Xie Q, Cheng X, Diao X, Cheng Y, Liu J, Xie W, Chen Z, Zhu B. Role of interleukin-17 in lymphangiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer: Enhanced production of vascular endothelial growth factor C in non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2384-90. [PMID: 20825419 PMCID: PMC11159110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays an active role in inflammation and cancer. Recently, we found that increased IL-17-producing cells correlate with poor survival and increased lymphangiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that IL-17 promotes lymphangiogenesis via inducing vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) production by lung cancer cells. We found that IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) is expressed on the surface of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells but not on lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). Moreover, LEC chemotaxis and tube formation (measures of net lymphangiogenic potential) were increased by conditioned medium from recombinant mouse IL-17 (rmIL-17)-stimulated LLC but not by rmIL-17. Interleukin-17 increased production of VEGF-C in lung cancer cell lines. The enhanced chemotaxis and endothelial cord formation in the presence of LLC/rmIL-17 was inhibited by addition of recombinant mouse VEGF R3/Fc chimera. Treatment of the A549 cells with rIL-17 significantly increased VEGF-C expression, which was extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) dependent. Importantly, we found significant correlations between IL-17 expression, VEGF-C expression and lymphatic vascular density (LVD) in NSCLC. We conclude that IL-17 is involved in lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC by enhancing production of VEGF-C, and IL-17 may be an important target for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Cancer Institute of Respiratory Diseases Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chen X, Wan J, Liu J, Xie W, Diao X, Xu J, Zhu B, Chen Z. Increased IL-17-producing cells correlate with poor survival and lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC patients. Lung Cancer 2010; 69:348-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fan J, Wang L, Jiang GN, He WX, Ding JA. The role of survivin on overall survival of non-small cell lung cancer, a meta-analysis of published literatures. Lung Cancer 2008; 61:91-6. [PMID: 18192073 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic value of survivin for survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. The authors performed a meta-analysis of the literatures in order to clarify its impact. Published studies were identified using an electronic search in order to aggregate the available survival results. To be eligible, a study had to have dealt with survivin assessment in NSCLC patients on the primary site and have analyzed survival according to survivin expression. There were 10 eligible studies and data from eight studies where non-location specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) definition system, in situ hybridization (ISH) and RT-PCR used were combined to present the impact of survivin on overall survival (OS) of NSCLC. The level of survivin expression correlated with the OS of NSCLC patients significant (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.31-2.70, P=0.0006). Data of seven studies were combined to demonstrate that the level of survivin correlated with the OS of NSCLC patients who had received radical surgeries (RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.45-2.20, P<0.00001). Data from three studies were combined to find that the level of nuclear survivin did not have impact on OS of NSCLC patients (RR 1.58, 95% CI 0.87-2.85, P=0.13). Positive-survivin expression might be a prognostic factor for NSCLC patients, nuclear survivin positivity could not work as a prognostic factor for NSCLC patients based on current clinical data. Larger clinical trails with widely accepted assessment methods are necessary to define the precise prognostic significance for survivin in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, 507 Zheng Min Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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8
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Li SD, Huang L. Targeted delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide and small interference RNA into lung cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2007; 3:579-88. [PMID: 17009857 DOI: 10.1021/mp060039w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective gene inhibition by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) or by small interference RNA (siRNA) therapeutics promises the treatment of diseases that cannot be cured by conventional drugs. However, antisense therapy is hindered due to poor stability in physiological fluids and limited intracellular uptake. To address these problems, a ligand targeted and sterically stabilized nanoparticle formulation has been developed in our lab. Human lung cancer cells often overexpress the sigma receptor and, thus, can be targeted with a specific ligand such as anisamide. AS-ODN or siRNA against human survivin was mixed with a carrier DNA, calf thymus DNA, before complexing with protamine, a highly positively charged peptide. The resulting particles were coated with cationic liposomes consisting of DOTAP and cholesterol (1:1, molar ratio) to obtain LPD (liposome-polycation-DNA) nanoparticles. Ligand targeting and steric stabilization were then introduced by incubating preformed LPD nanoparticles with DSPE-PEG-anisamide, a PEGylated ligand lipid developed earlier in our lab, by the postinsertion method. Nontargeted nanoparticles coated with DSPE-PEG were also prepared as a control. Antisense activities of nanoparticles were determined by survivin mRNA down-regulation, survivin protein down-regulation, ability to trigger apoptosis in tumor cells, tumor cell growth inhibition, and chemosensitization of the treated tumor cells to anticancer drugs. We found that tumor cell delivery and antisense activity of PEGylated nanoparticles were sequence dependent and rely on the presence of anisamide ligand. The uptake of oligonucleotide in targeted, PEGylated nanoparticles could be competed by excess free ligand. Our results suggest that the ligand targeted and sterically stabilized nanoparticles can provide a selective delivery of AS-ODN and siRNA into lung cancer cells for therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA/chemistry
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Liposomes
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Structure
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survivin
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Dar Li
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Vischioni B, van der Valk P, Span SW, Kruyt FAE, Rodriguez JA, Giaccone G. Nuclear localization of survivin is a positive prognostic factor for survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2005; 15:1654-60. [PMID: 15520067 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is commonly detected in cancers but not in normal differentiated tissues. Survivin is usually localized in the cytoplasm of cancer cells, but nuclear localization has also been described, and we recently reported that survivin is a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-three tumor specimens from patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (55% stage IIIA, 17% stage IIIB and 28% stage IV) who underwent chemotherapy treatment were evaluated with immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and localization. These two sets of data were processed and tested for correlation with major patient characteristics, response to chemotherapy, and overall and relapse-free survival. RESULTS Survivin was present only in malignant tissues, and 47/53 (89%) of the specimens were positive. The overall median expression of tumor cells was 40%, and this value was used as a cut-off point for statistical analysis. By dichotomizing the specimens as expressing low or high levels of survivin, a significant association was seen between the expression of survivin and the histology of the tumors (P=0.020), squamous cell carcinoma being the histotype with lower levels of survivin expression. Three patterns of localization were observed: 42% of cases (22/53) showed reactivity confined to the nucleus, 17% (nine of 53) only in the cytoplasm and 30% (16/53) in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Interestingly, nuclear survivin levels predicted longer overall and relapse-free survival, in univariate and multivariate analyses. Expression and localization of survivin did not correlate with response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that differential localization of survivin may be a prognostic factor for NSCLC. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vischioni
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cesario A, Margaritora S, Galetta D, Porziella V, Granone P, D’Angelillo RM, Trodella L, Cardaci V, Sterzi S, Russo P. Correspondence re L. J. Wirth et al., Induction Docetaxel and Carboplatin Followed by Weekly Docetaxel and Carboplatin with Concurrent Radiotherapy, Then Surgery in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: a Phase I Study. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:1698–704. Clin Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.2902.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cesario
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Margaritora
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Galetta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Venanzio Porziella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Granone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rolando Maria D’Angelillo
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiotherapy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Trodella
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiotherapy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cardaci
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, San Raffaele Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Sterzi
- Rehabilitation Service, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Department of Oncogenesis, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute for Research on Cancer, Genova, Italy
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