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Elgharbawy AS, El Demerdash AGM, Sadik WA, Kasaby MA, Lotfy AH, Osman AI. Enhancing the Biodegradability, Water Solubility, and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol through Natural Polymer Blending: An Approach toward Sustainable Polymer Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2141. [PMID: 39125167 PMCID: PMC11314078 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating environmental crisis posed by single-use plastics underscores the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study provides an approach to introduce biodegradable polymer blends by blending synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with natural polymers-corn starch (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-to address this challenge. Through a comprehensive analysis, including of the structure, mechanical strength, water solubility, biodegradability, and thermal properties, we investigated the enhanced performance of PVA-CS and PVA-HPMC blends over conventional polymers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings of pure PVA and its blends were studied, and we found a complete homogeneity between the PVA and both types of natural polymers in the case of a high concentration of PVA, whereas at lower concentration of PVA, some granules of CS and HMPC appear in the SEM. Blending corn starch (CS) with PVA significantly boosts its biodegradability in soil environments, since adding starch of 50 w/w duplicates the rate of PVA biodegradation. Incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with PVA not only improves water solubility but also enhances biodegradation rates, as the addition of HPMC increases the biodegradation of pure PVA from 10 to 100% and raises the water solubility from 80 to 100%, highlighting the significant acceleration of the biodegradation process and water solubility caused by HPMC addition, making these blends suitable for a wide range of applications, from packaging and agricultural films to biomedical engineering. The thermal properties of pure PVA and its blends with natural were studied using diffraction scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases after adding natural polymers to PVA, referring to an improvement in the molecular weight and intermolecular interactions between blend molecules. Moreover, the amorphous structure of natural polymers makes the melting temperature ™ lessen after adding natural polymer, so the blends require lower temperature to remelt and be recycled again. For the mechanical properties, both types of natural polymer decrease the tensile strength and elongation at break, which overall weakens the mechanical properties of PVA. Our findings offer a promising pathway for the development of environmentally friendly polymers that do not compromise on performance, marking a significant step forward in polymer science's contribution to sustainability. This work presents detailed experimental and theoretical insights into novel polymerization methods and the utilization of biological strategies for advanced material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S. Elgharbawy
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.S.E.)
- The Egyptian Ethylene and Derivatives Company (Ethydco), Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Ghaffar M. El Demerdash
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.S.E.)
| | - Wagih A. Sadik
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.S.E.)
| | - Mosaad A. Kasaby
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.S.E.)
| | - Ahmed H. Lotfy
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.S.E.)
| | - Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Mahardika M, Masruchin N, Amelia D, Ilyas RA, Septevani AA, Syafri E, Hastuti N, Karina M, Khan MA, Jeon BH, Sari NH. Nanocellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol-based bio-nanocomposite films: improved mechanical, UV-light barrier, and thermal properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23232-23239. [PMID: 39049888 PMCID: PMC11267149 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reported the development and characterisation of bio-nanocomposite films based on the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforced with cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) of different concentrations (1-5 wt%), isolated from pineapple leaf fibre via high-shear homogenisation and ultrasonication. The PVA film and bio-nanocomposite were prepared using a solution casting method. The PVA film and bio-nanocomposite samples were characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy in transmission mode, TGA, and DTG. Mechanical properties (tensile strength and strain at break) were also determined and statistical analysis was applied as well. With the incorporation of CNFs, the mechanical properties of the bio-nanocomposite were found to be significant (p ≤ 0.05), particularly the 4 wt% CNF bio-nanocomposite showed optimum properties. The tensile strength, CI, and thermal stability of this film were 28.9 MPa (increased by 28.2%), 78.7% (increased by 5.2%), and 341.8 °C (increased by 1.6%), respectively, compared to the pure PVA film. These characteristics imply that the bio-nanocomposite film has prospects as a promising material for biopackaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbi Mahardika
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Devita Amelia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Athanasia Amanda Septevani
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency Komplek BRIN Cisitu Bandung 40135 Indonesia
| | - Edi Syafri
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh West Sumatra 26271 Indonesia
| | - Novitri Hastuti
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
| | - Myrtha Karina
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN and Andalas University Padang 25163 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor 45363 Indonesia
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram Mataram 83125 Indonesia
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Edible film of native jicama starch, agarwood Aetoxylon Bouya essential oil and calcium propionate: Processing, mechanical, thermal properties and structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:597-607. [PMID: 35398390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the properties of natural jicama starch and edible film made from the starch. The film was prepared by adding agarwood aetoxylon bouya essential oil and calcium propionate to investigate its properties as an edible coating for fruit or vegetables. The microstructure of the edible film was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The three main materials mostly had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the properties of the sample films, and starch film incorporating essential oil‑calcium propionate showed optimum properties as an edible coating material because it had the highest elongation of 10.81%, the lowest stiffness with a Young's modulus of about 2.53 MPa, the lowest of water vapor transmission rate and permeability of 0.117 g h-1 m-2 and 3.092 g mm h-1 m-2 kPa-1, respectively, and the lowest weight loss of 75.30%. It was also found that the microstructure of starch-essential oil‑calcium propionate film had a homogeneous surface and the presence of essential oil droplets was not visible.
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Syafri E, Jamaluddin, Sari NH, Mahardika M, Amanda P, Ilyas RA. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from Agave gigantea by chemical-mechanical treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:25-33. [PMID: 34971644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a renewable and biocompatible nanomaterial that evokes much interest because of its versatility in various applications. This study reports the production of nanocellulose from Agave gigantea (AG) fiber using the chemical-ultrafine grinding treatment. Chemical treatment (alkalization and bleaching) removed non-cellulose components (hemicellulose and lignin), while ultrafine grinding reduced the size of cellulose microfibrils into nanocellulose. From the observation of Transmission Electron Microscopy, the average diameter of nanocellulose was 4.07 nm. The effect of chemical-ultrafine grinding on the morphology and properties of AG fiber was identified using chemical composition, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The bleaching treatment increased the crystal index by 48.3% compared to raw AG fiber, along with an increase in the cellulose content of 20.4%. The ultrafine grinding process caused a decrease in the crystal content of the AG fiber. The crystal index affected the thermal stability of the AG fiber. The TGA results showed that AG fiber treated with bleaching showed the highest thermal stability compared to AG fiber without treatment. The FTIR analysis showed that the presence of CH vibrations from the ether in the fiber. After chemical treatment, the peaks at 1605 and 1243 cm-1 disappeared, indicating the loss of lignin and hemicellulose functional groups in AG fiber. As a result, nanocellulose derived from AG fiber can be applied as reinforcement in environmentally friendly polymer biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, West Sumatra 26271, Indonesia.
| | - Jamaluddin
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, West Sumatra 26271, Indonesia.
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, 35365 South Lampung, Indonesia.
| | - Putri Amanda
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia.
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
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Mi T, Zhang X, Liu P, Gao W, Li J, Xu N, Yuan C, Cui B. Ultrasonication effects on physicochemical properties of biopolymer-based films: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-19. [PMID: 34872394 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2012420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymeric films manufactured from materials such as starch, cellulose, protein, chitosan, gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol are widely applied due to their complete biodegradability. While biopolymer-based films exhibit good gas barriers and optical properties when used in packaging, poor moisture resistance and mechanical properties limit their further application. Ultrasonication is a promising, effective technology for resolving these shortcomings, with its high efficiency, environmentally friendly nature, and safety. This review briefly introduces basic ultrasonication principles and their main effects on mechanical properties, transparency, color, microstructure, water vapor permeability, and oxygen resistance. We also describe the thermal performance of biopolymeric films. While ultrasonication has many positive effects on the physicochemical properties of biopolymeric films, many factors influence their behavior during film preparation, including power density, amplitude, treatment time, frequency, and the inherent properties of the source materials. This review focuses on biopolymers as film-forming materials and comprehensively discusses the promotional effects of ultrasonication on their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Liaocheng Vocational and Technical College, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Antimicrobial Edible Film Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers/Starch/Chitosan for a Food Packaging Alternative. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a contribution to the growing demand for environmentally friendly food packaging films, this work produced and characterized a biocomposite of disintegrated bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers and tapioca starch/chitosan-based films. Ultrasonication dispersed all fillers throughout the film homogeneously. The highest fraction of dried BC nanofibers (0.136 g) in the film resulted in the maximum tensile strength of 4.7 MPa. 0.136 g BC nanofiber addition to the tapioca starch/chitosan matrix increased the thermal resistance (the temperature of maximum decomposition rate from 307 to 317°C), moisture resistance (after 8 h) by 8.9%, and water vapor barrier (24 h) by 27%. All chitosan-based films displayed antibacterial activity. This characterization suggests that this environmentally friendly edible biocomposite film is a potential candidate for applications in food packaging.
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Mukaffa H, Asrofi M, Sujito, Asnawi, Hermawan Y, Sumarji, Qoryah RDH, Sapuan S, Ilyas R, Atiqah A. Effect of alkali treatment of piper betle fiber on tensile properties as biocomposite based polylactic acid: Solvent cast-film method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Beigmohammadi F, Barzoki ZM, Shabanian M. Rye Flour and Cellulose Reinforced Starch Biocomposite: A Green Approach to Improve Water Vapor Permeability and Mechanical Properties. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Beigmohammadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyAgriculture CollegeKermanshah BranchIslamic Azad University Kermanshah 6718997551 Iran
| | - Zahra Mahdizadeh Barzoki
- Department of Microbiology and BiologyFood Technology and Agricultural Products Research CenterStandard Research Institute (SRI) Karaj 31745‐139 Iran
| | - Meisam Shabanian
- Department of Petrochemistry and PolymerChemistry and Petrochemistry Research CenterStandard Research Institute (SRI) Karaj 31745‐139 Iran
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