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Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100967. [PMID: 33775824 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells, commonly referred to as MSCs, have emerged as a promising cell-based therapy for a range of autoimmune diseases thanks to several therapeutic advantages. Key among these are: 1) the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses and to promote tissue regeneration, 2) the ease of their isolation from readily accessible tissues and expansion at scale in culture, 3) their low immunogenicity enabling use as an allogeneic "off-the-shelf" product, and 4) MSC therapy's safety and feasibility in humans, as demonstrated in more than one thousand clinical trials. Evidence from preclinical studies and early clinical trials indicate the therapeutic potential of MSCs and their derivatives for efficacy in ocular autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune uveoretinitis and Sjögren's syndrome-related dry eye disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs, and summarize the results from preclinical and clinical studies that have used MSCs or their derivatives for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases. We also discuss the challenges to the successful clinical application of MSC therapy, and suggest strategies for overcoming them.
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Meng QS, Liu J, Wei L, Fan HM, Zhou XH, Liang XT. Senescent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and restoring their cellular functions. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:966-985. [PMID: 33033558 PMCID: PMC7524698 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have various properties that make them promising candidates for stem cell-based therapies in clinical settings. These include self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunoregulation. However, recent studies have confirmed that aging is a vital factor that limits their function and therapeutic properties as standardized clinical products. Understanding the features of senescence and exploration of cell rejuvenation methods are necessary to develop effective strategies that can overcome the shortage and instability of MSCs. This review will summarize the current knowledge on characteristics and functional changes of aged MSCs. Additionally, it will highlight cell rejuvenation strategies such as molecular regulation, non-coding RNA modifications, and microenvironment controls that may enhance the therapeutic potential of MSCs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shu Meng
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hui-Min Fan
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhou
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liang
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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Chapelin F, Khurana A, Moneeb M, Gray Hazard FK, Chan CFR, Nejadnik H, Gratzinger D, Messing S, Erdmann J, Gaur A, Daldrup-Link HE. Tumor Formation of Adult Stem Cell Transplants in Rodent Arthritic Joints. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:95-104. [PMID: 29869062 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While imaging matrix-associated stem cell transplants aimed for cartilage repair in a rodent arthritis model, we noticed that some transplants formed locally destructive tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause for this tumor formation in order to avoid this complication for future transplants. PROCEDURES Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue were implanted into 24 osteochondral defects of the distal femur in ten athymic rats and two immunocompetent control rats. All transplants underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) up to 6 weeks post-transplantation to monitor joint defect repair. Nine transplants showed an increasing size over time that caused local bone destruction (group 1), while 11 transplants in athymic rats (group 2) and 4 transplants in immunocompetent rats did not. We compared the ADSC implant size and growth rate on MR images, macroscopic features, histopathologic features, surface markers, and karyotypes of these presumed neoplastic transplants with non-neoplastic ADSC transplants. RESULTS Implants in group 1 showed a significantly increased two-dimensional area at week 2 (p = 0.0092), 4 (p = 0.003), and 6 (p = 0.0205) compared to week 0, as determined by MRI. Histopathological correlations confirmed neoplastic features in group 1 with significantly increased size, cellularity, mitoses, and cytological atypia compared to group 2. Six transplants in group 1 were identified as malignant chondrosarcomas and three transplants as fibromyxoid sarcomas. Transplants in group 2 and immunocompetent controls exhibited normal cartilage features. Both groups showed a normal ADSC phenotype; however, neoplastic ADSC demonstrated a mixed population of diploid and tetraploid cells without genetic imbalance. CONCLUSIONS ADSC transplants can form tumors in vivo. Preventive actions to avoid in vivo tumor formations may include karyotyping of culture-expanded ADSC before transplantation. In addition, serial imaging of ADSC transplants in vivo may enable early detection of abnormally proliferating cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Rm 1665, Stanford, CA, 94305-5654, USA
| | - Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Rm 1665, Stanford, CA, 94305-5654, USA
| | - Mohammad Moneeb
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Rm 1665, Stanford, CA, 94305-5654, USA
| | | | | | - Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Rm 1665, Stanford, CA, 94305-5654, USA
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Solomon Messing
- Department of Communication and Statistics, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason Erdmann
- Department of Cytogenetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amitabh Gaur
- BD biosciences, Custom Technology Team, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Innovative Assay Solutions, San Diego, CA, 92129, USA
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Rm 1665, Stanford, CA, 94305-5654, USA.
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Neri S. Genetic Stability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Fundamental Biosafety Aspect. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102406. [PMID: 31096604 PMCID: PMC6566307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) show widespread application for a variety of clinical conditions; therefore, their use necessitates continuous monitoring of their safety. The risk assessment of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies cannot be separated from an accurate and deep knowledge of their biological properties and in vitro and in vivo behavior. One of the most relevant safety issues is represented by the genetic stability of MSCs, that can be altered during in vitro manipulation, frequently required before clinical application. MSC genetic stability has the potential to influence the transformation and the therapeutic effect of these cells. At present, karyotype evaluation represents the definitely prevailing assessment of MSC stability, but DNA alterations of smaller size should not be underestimated. This review will focus on current scientific knowledge about the genetic stability of mesenchymal stem cells. The techniques used and possible improvements together with regulatory aspects will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Neri
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Hamidian Jahromi S, Estrada C, Li Y, Cheng E, Davies JE. Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells and Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Transplanted Intramuscularly Respond to a Distant Source of Inflammation. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:415-429. [PMID: 29402203 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenously administered mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are rapidly entrapped in the lungs, where they display an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Intramuscular (IM) delivery provides an increased MSC dwell-time, which could result in a sustained modulation of an inflammatory milieu. We studied the therapeutic effects of IM delivered MSCs to treat a distant (contralateral) inflammation, and compared the efficacy of neonatal (umbilical cord) and adult bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs). Inflammation decreased over 48 h, but neonatal cells showed an earlier response than BMMSCs. Tumor necrosis factor-induced gene-6 (TSG-6) was released at the site of MSC delivery, while neutrophil infiltration was abrogated and inflammation reduced at the contralateral site. MSCs did not distribute to the organs or to the site of inflammation. Thus, IM delivery presents a promising alternative for the treatment of inflammation, and neonatal MSCs may represent a stronger candidate than those derived from adult BM to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hamidian Jahromi
- 1 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,2 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Yunqing Li
- 3 Tissue Regeneration Therapeutics, Inc. , Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine Cheng
- 3 Tissue Regeneration Therapeutics, Inc. , Toronto, Canada
| | - John E Davies
- 1 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,2 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Stem Cell: Pathophysiology and Update on Recent Treatment Modalities. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6392592. [PMID: 28852409 PMCID: PMC5568618 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6392592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex condition that presents with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by an initial insult to the brain through an external mechanical force to the skull. In the United States alone, TBI accounts for more than 50,000 deaths per year and is one of the leading causes of mortality among young adults in the developed world. Pathophysiology of TBI is complex and consists of acute and delayed injury. In the acute phase, brain tissue destroyed upon impact includes neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, the latter of which makes up the blood-brain barrier. In the delayed phase, “toxins” released from damaged cells set off cascades in neighboring cells eventually leading to exacerbation of primary injury. As researches further explore pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating condition, numerous potential therapeutic strategies, especially those involving stem cells, are emerging to improve recovery and possibly reverse damage. In addition to elucidating the most recent advances in the understanding of TBI pathophysiology, this review explores two primary pathways currently under investigation and are thought to yield the most viable therapeutic approach for treatment of TBI: manipulation of endogenous neural cell response and administration of exogenous stem cell therapy.
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Prockop DJ, Oh JY, Lee RH. Data against a Common Assumption: Xenogeneic Mouse Models Can Be Used to Assay Suppression of Immunity by Human MSCs. Mol Ther 2017. [PMID: 28647464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what we know about immunology suggests that little is to be gained from experiments in which human cells are administered to immunocompetent mice. Multiple reports have demonstrated that this common assumption does not hold for experiments with human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs). The data demonstrate that hMSCs can suppress immune responses to a variety of stimuli in immunocompetent mice by a range of different mechanisms that are similar to those employed by mouse MSCs. Therefore, further experiments with hMSCs in mice will make it possible to generate preclinical data that will improve both the efficacy and safety of the clinical trials with the cells that are now in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Locatelli F, Algeri M, Trevisan V, Bertaina A. Remestemcel-L for the treatment of graft versus host disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:43-56. [PMID: 27399600 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1208086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remestemcel-L, a third-party, off-the-shelf preparation of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), has been developed for experimental use in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) and other immune-mediated conditions. Several preclinical and clinical studies have indeed suggested the potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as an effective treatment for steroid-refractory aGvHD. However, an unambiguous demonstration of efficacy is still lacking. Areas covered: This review critically examines the biologic rationale supporting MSCs use in aGvHD and analyzes the results of published clinical trials in this setting, with a particular focus on the potential benefits and drawbacks of Remestemcel-L. For this purpose, a systematic literature search was performed in PubMed using the following keywords: 'mesenchymal stromal cells', 'mesenchymal progenitor cells', 'multipotent stromal cells', 'mesenchymal cells', 'MSC', 'Remestemcel-L', 'Prochymal', and 'graft-versus-host disease' or 'GvHD'. Expert commentary: Remestemcel-L represents a promising alternative to second-line immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of steroid-refractory aGvHD. Despite the safety and the favorable risk/benefit profile of this cell product, which has been demonstrated in several phase I-II studies, large and prospective randomized trials are required to confirm its efficacy in aGvHD and to define the optimal schedule of administration in terms of infusion timing, cell dose and pharmacological synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Locatelli
- a Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology , IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy.,b Department of Pediatrics , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - M Algeri
- a Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology , IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - V Trevisan
- a Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology , IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - A Bertaina
- a Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology , IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy
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10
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Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Liver Fibrosis: Recent Findings, Old/New Caveats and Future Perspectives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:586-97. [PMID: 25820543 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are progenitors which share plastic-adherence capacity and cell surface markers but have different properties according to their cell and tissue sources and to culture conditions applied. Many recent publications suggest that MSCs can differentiate into hepatic-like cells, which can be a consequence of either a positive selection of rare in vivo pluripotent cells or of the original plasticity of some cells contributing to MSC cultures. A possible role of MSCs in hereditary transmission of obesity and/or diabetes as well as properties of MSCs regarding immunomodulation, cell fusion and exosome release capacities are discussed according to recent literature. Limitations in methods used to track MSCs in vivo especially in the context of liver cirrhosis are addressed as well as strategies explored to enhance their migratory, survival and proliferation properties, which are known to be relevant for their future clinical use. Current knowledge regarding mechanisms involved in liver cirrhosis amelioration mediated by naïve and genetically modified MSCs as well as the effects of applying preconditioning and combined strategies to improve their therapeutic effects are evaluated. Finally, first reports of GMP guidelines and biosafety issues in MSCs applications are discussed.
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Prockop DJ. Inflammation, fibrosis, and modulation of the process by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:7-13. [PMID: 26807758 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and scarring are the end stage of many disease processes. In effect, the collagen fibers that initially provide a necessary strength during the repair of injured tissues are frequently synthesized in excessive amounts and become irreversible fibrotic deposits that limit regeneration of the endogenous cells of a tissue. This review will focus on the potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for treatment of fibrotic diseases, with emphasis on the role of TSG-6 as a mediator of anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.
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12
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Chromatographically isolated CD63+CD81+ extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells rescue cognitive impairments after TBI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:170-5. [PMID: 26699510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522297113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells present an attractive strategy for developing new therapies, but progress in the field is limited by several issues: The quality of the EVs varies with the type and physiological status of the producer cells; protocols used to isolate the EVs are difficult to scale up; and assays for efficacy are difficult to develop. In the present report, we have addressed these issues by using human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) that produce EVs when incubated in a protein-free medium, preselecting the preparations of MSCs with a biomarker for their potency in modulating inflammation, incubating the cells in a chemically defined protein-free medium that provided a stable environment, isolating the EVs with a scalable chromatographic procedure, and developing an in vivo assay for efficacy of the cells in suppressing neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. In addition, we demonstrate that i.v. infusion of the isolated EVs shortly after induction of TBI rescued pattern separation and spatial learning impairments 1 mo later.
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Prockop DJ, Prockop SE, Bertoncello I. Are clinical trials with mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells too far ahead of the science? Lessons from experimental hematology. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3055-61. [PMID: 25100155 PMCID: PMC4245369 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cells referred to as mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are currently being used to treat thousands of patients with diseases of essentially all the organs and tissues of the body. Strikingly positive results have been reported in some patients, but there have been few prospective controlled studies. Also, the reasons for the beneficial effects are frequently unclear. As a result there has been a heated debate as to whether the clinical trials with these new cell therapies are too far ahead of the science. The debate is not easily resolved, but important insights are provided by the 60-year history that was required to develop the first successful stem cell therapy, the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. The history indicates that development of a dramatically new therapy usually requires patience and a constant dialogue between basic scientists and physicians carrying out carefully designed clinical trials. It also suggests that the field can be moved forward by establishing better records of how MSCs are prepared, by establishing a large supply of reference MSCs that can be used to validate assays and compare MSCs prepared in different laboratories, and by continuing efforts to establish in vivo assays for the efficacy of MSCs. Stem Cells2014;32:3055–3061
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin J Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, USA
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14
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Van Thi Do H, Loke WT, Kee I, Liang V, David SJ, Gan SU, Lee SS, Ng WH, Koong HN, Ong HS, Lee KO, Calne RY, Kon OL. Characterization of Insulin-Secreting Porcine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Ex Vivo and Autologous Cell Therapy in Vivo. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1205-20. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x679363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy could potentially meet the need for pancreas and islet transplantations in diabetes mellitus that far exceeds the number of available donors. Bone marrow stromal cells are widely used in clinical trials mainly for their immunomodulatory effects with a record of safety. However, less focus has been paid to developing these cells for insulin secretion by transfection. Although murine models of diabetes have been extensively used in gene and cell therapy research, few studies have shown efficacy in large preclinical animal models. Here we report optimized conditions for ex vivo expansion and characterization of porcine bone marrow stromal cells and their permissive expression of a transfected insulin gene. Our data show that these cells resemble human bone marrow stromal cells in surface antigen expression, are homogeneous, and can be reproducibly isolated from outbred Yorkshire–Landrace pigs. Porcine bone marrow stromal cells were efficiently expanded in vitro to >1010 cells from 20 ml of bone marrow and remained karyotypically normal during expansion. These cells were electroporated with an insulin expression plasmid vector with high efficiency and viability, and secreted human insulin and C-peptide indicating appropriate processing of proinsulin. We showed that autologous insulin-secreting bone marrow stromal cells implanted and engrafted in the liver of a streptozotocin-diabetic pig that modeled type 1 diabetes resulted in partial, but significant, improvement in hyperglycemia that could not be ascribed to regeneration of endogenous β-cells. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo from implanted cells in the treated pig was documented by a rise in serum human C-peptide levels during intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Compared to a sham-treated control pig, this resulted in significantly reduced fasting hyperglycemia, a slower rise in serum fructosamine, and prevented weight loss. Taken together, this study suggests that bone marrow stromal cells merit further development as autologous cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Van Thi Do
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Loke
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Irene Kee
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vivienne Liang
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian J. David
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shu Uin Gan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sze Sing Lee
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai Har Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Heng Nung Koong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hock Soo Ong
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kok Onn Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Roy Y. Calne
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Buddingh EP, Ruslan SEN, Reijnders CMA, Szuhai K, Kuijjer ML, Roelofs H, Hogendoorn PCW, Maarten Egeler R, Cleton-Jansen AM, Lankester AC. Mesenchymal stromal cells of osteosarcoma patients do not show evidence of neoplastic changes during long-term culture. Clin Sarcoma Res 2015; 5:16. [PMID: 26106474 PMCID: PMC4477606 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-015-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly used as experimental cellular therapy. However, there have been concerns regarding the safety of their use, particularly with regard to possible oncogenic transformation. MSCs are the hypothesized precursor cells of high-grade osteosarcoma, a tumor with often complex karyotypes occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults. Methods To determine if MSCs from osteosarcoma patients could be predisposed to malignant transformation we cultured MSCs of nine osteosarcoma patients and five healthy donors for an average of 649 days (range 601–679 days). Also, we compared MSCs derived from osteosarcoma patients at diagnosis and from healthy donors using genome wide gene expression profiling. Results Upon increasing passage, increasing frequencies of binucleate cells were detected, but no increase in proliferation suggestive of malignant transformation occurred in MSCs from either patients or donors. Hematopoietic cell specific Lyn substrate 1 (HLCS1) was differentially expressed (fold change 0.25, P value 0.0005) between MSCs of osteosarcoma patients (n = 14) and healthy donors (n = 9). Conclusions This study shows that although HCLS1 expression was downregulated in MSCs of osteosarcoma patients and binucleate cells were present in both patient and donor derived MSCs, there was no evidence of neoplastic changes to occur during long-term culture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13569-015-0031-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie P Buddingh
- Department of Pediatrics, J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Eriaty N Ruslan
- Department of Pediatrics, J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke L Kuijjer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Roelofs
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Maarten Egeler
- Department of Pediatrics, J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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De Becker A, Van Riet I. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Hematology: From Laboratory to Clinic and Back Again. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1713-29. [PMID: 25923433 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently major interest to use mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for a very diverse range of therapeutic applications. This stems mainly from the immunosuppressive qualities and differentiation capacity of these cells. In this review, we focus on cell therapy applications for MSCs in hematology. In this domain, MSCs are used for the treatment or prevention of graft-versus-host disease, support of hematopoiesis, or repair of tissue toxicities after hematopoietic cell transplantation. We critically review the accumulating clinical data and elaborate on complications that might arise from treatment with MSCs. In addition, we assume that the real clinical benefit of using MSCs for these purposes can only be estimated by a better understanding of the influence of in vitro expansion on the biological properties of these cells as well as by more harmonization of the currently used expansion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann De Becker
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussel, Belgium
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Choi JR, Pingguan-Murphy B, Wan Abas WAB, Yong KW, Poon CT, Noor Azmi MA, Omar SZ, Chua KH, Xu F, Wan Safwani WKZ. In situ normoxia enhances survival and proliferation rate of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells without increasing the risk of tumourigenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115034. [PMID: 25615717 PMCID: PMC4304807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) natively reside in a relatively low-oxygen tension (i.e., hypoxic) microenvironment in human body. Low oxygen tension (i.e., in situ normoxia), has been known to enhance the growth and survival rate of ASCs, which, however, may lead to the risk of tumourigenesis. Here, we investigated the tumourigenic potential of ASCs under their physiological condition to ensure their safe use in regenerative therapy. Human ASCs isolated from subcutaneous fat were cultured in atmospheric O2 concentration (21% O2) or in situ normoxia (2% O2). We found that ASCs retained their surface markers, tri-lineage differentiation potential, and self-renewal properties under in situ normoxia without altering their morphology. In situ normoxia displayed a higher proliferation and viability of ASCs with less DNA damage as compared to atmospheric O2 concentration. Moreover, low oxygen tension significantly up-regulated VEGF and bFGF mRNA expression and protein secretion while reducing the expression level of tumour suppressor genes p16, p21, p53, and pRb. However, there were no significant differences in ASCs telomere length and their relative telomerase activity when cultured at different oxygen concentrations. Collectively, even with high proliferation and survival rate, ASCs have a low tendency of developing tumour under in situ normoxia. These results suggest 2% O2 as an ideal culture condition for expanding ASCs efficiently while maintaining their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chi Tat Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mat Adenan Noor Azmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zawiah Omar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Hui Chua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Wan Kamarul Zaman Wan Safwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wolfstadt JI, Cole BJ, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Viswanathan S, Chahal J. Current concepts: the role of mesenchymal stem cells in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Sports Health 2015; 7:38-44. [PMID: 25553211 PMCID: PMC4272690 DOI: 10.1177/1941738114529727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The number of adults with osteoarthritis in the United States is expected to nearly double from 21.4 million in 2005 to 41.1 million by 2030. As a result, medical costs and associated comorbidity will exponentially increase in the coming decades. In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a novel treatment for degenerative joint disease. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed (from 1990 to 2013) was searched to identify relevant studies. Reference lists of included studies were also reviewed. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: We identified 9 animal and 7 human studies investigating the use of MSCs in the treatment of osteoarthritis, with varying levels of support for this therapy. Conclusion: While MSCs have shown potential for improving function and decreasing inflammation in animal studies, translation to patients is still in question. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in treatment methods. Standardizing the manufacturing and characterization of MSCs will allow for better comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I Wolfstadt
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Cole
- Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Darrell J Ogilvie-Harris
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaskarndip Chahal
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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MSCs derived from iPSCs with a modified protocol are tumor-tropic but have much less potential to promote tumors than bone marrow MSCs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:530-5. [PMID: 25548183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423008112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have many potential therapeutic applications including therapies for cancers and tissue damages caused by cancers or radical cancer treatments. However, tissue-derived MSCs such as bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) may promote cancer progression and have considerable donor variations and limited expandability. These issues hinder the potential applications of MSCs, especially those in cancer patients. To circumvent these issues, we derived MSCs from transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) efficiently with a modified protocol that eliminated the need of flow cytometric sorting. Our iPSC-derived MSCs were readily expandable, but still underwent senescence after prolonged culture and did not form teratomas. These iPSC-derived MSCs homed to cancers with efficiencies similar to BM-MSCs but were much less prone than BM-MSCs to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, stemness, and growth of cancer cells. The observations were probably explained by the much lower expression of receptors for interleukin-1 and TGFβ, downstream protumor factors, and hyaluronan and its cofactor TSG6, which all contribute to the protumor effects of BM-MSCs. The data suggest that iPSC-derived MSCs prepared with the modified protocol are a safer and better alternative to BM-MSCs for therapeutic applications in cancer patients. The protocol is scalable and can be used to prepare the large number of cells required for "off-the-shelf" therapies and bioengineering applications.
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Human mesenchymal stem cells possess different biological characteristics but do not change their therapeutic potential when cultured in serum free medium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:132. [PMID: 25476802 PMCID: PMC4445567 DOI: 10.1186/scrt522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely investigated in clinical researches to treat various diseases. Classic culture medium for MSCs, even for clinical use, contains fetal bovine serum. The serum-containing medium (SCM) seems a major obstacle for MSCs-related therapies due to the risk of contamination of infectious pathogens. Some studies showed that MSCs could be expanded in serum free medium (SFM); however, whether SFM would change the biological characteristics and safety issues of MSCs has not been well answered. Methods Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were cultured in a chemical defined serum free medium. Growth, multipotency, surface antigen expression, telomerase, immunosuppressive ability, gene expression profile and genomic stability of hUC-MSCs cultured in SFM and SCM were analyzed and compared side by side. Results hUC-MSCs propagated more slowly and senesce ultimately in SFM. SFM-expanded hUC-MSCs were different from SCM-expanded hUC-MSCs in growth rate, telomerase, gene expression profile. However, SFM-expanded hUC-MSCs maintained multipotency and the profile of surface antigen which were used to define human MSCs. Both SFM- and SCM-expanded hUC-MSCs gained copy number variation (CNV) in long-term in vitro culture. Conclusion hUC-MCSs could be expanded in SFM safely to obtain enough cells for clinical application, meeting the basic criteria for human mesenchymal stem cells. hUC-MSCs cultured in SFM were distinct from hUC-MSCs cultured in SCM, yet they remained therapeutic potentials for future regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/scrt522) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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G. Romanova L, A. Hansen E, Lam CH. Generation and Preliminary Characterization of Immortalized Cell Line Derived from Rat Lymphatic Capillaries. Microcirculation 2014; 21:551-61. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A. Hansen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Minneapolis; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Cornelius H. Lam
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Minneapolis; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Intraperitoneal infusion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells prevents experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:624640. [PMID: 25136147 PMCID: PMC4127236 DOI: 10.1155/2014/624640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is one of the leading causes of blindness. We here investigated whether intraperitoneal administration of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) might prevent development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice. Time course study showed that the number of IFN-γ- or IL-17-expressing CD4+ T cells was increased in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) on the postimmunization day 7 and decreased thereafter. The retinal structure was severely disrupted on day 21. An intraperitoneal injection of hMSCs at the time of immunization protected the retina from damage and suppressed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the eye. Analysis of DLNs on day 7 showed that hMSCs decreased the number of Th1 and Th17 cells. The hMSCs did not reduce the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23 which are the cytokines that drive Th1/Th17 differentiation. Also, hMSCs did not induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. However, hMSCs increased the level of an immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 and the population of IL-10-expressing B220+CD19+ cells. Together, data demonstrate that hMSCs attenuate EAU by suppressing Th1/Th17 cells and induce IL-10-expressing B220+CD19+ cells. Our results support suggestions that hMSCs may offer a therapy for autoimmune diseases mediated by Th1/Th17 responses.
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Whole-genome sequencing identifies genetic variances in culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:227-33. [PMID: 25254336 PMCID: PMC4176531 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used in clinics, yet full characterization of the genomic compositions of these cells is lacking. We present a whole-genome investigation on the genetic dynamics of cultured MSCs under ex vivo establishment (passage 1 [p1]) and serial expansion (p8 and p13). We detected no significant changes in copy-number alterations (CNAs) and low levels of single-nucleotide changes (SNCs) until p8. Strikingly, a significant number (677) of SNCs were found in p13 MSCs. Using a sensitive Droplet Digital PCR assay, we tested the nonsynonymous SNCs detected by whole-genome sequencing and found that they were preexisting low-frequency mutations in uncultured mononuclear cells (∼0.01%) and early-passage MSCs (0.1%-1% at p1 and p8) but reached 17%-36% in p13. Our data demonstrate that human MSCs maintain a stable genomic composition in the early stages of ex vivo culture but are subject to clonal growth upon extended expansion.
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Medina RJ, O'Neill CL, O'Doherty TM, Chambers SEJ, Guduric-Fuchs J, Neisen J, Waugh DJ, Simpson DA, Stitt AW. Ex vivo expansion of human outgrowth endothelial cells leads to IL-8-mediated replicative senescence and impaired vasoreparative function. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1657-68. [PMID: 23629812 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) for vasoreparative therapy and tissue engineering requires efficient ex vivo expansion. How such expansion impacts on OEC function is largely unknown. In this study, we show that OECs become permanently cell-cycle arrested after ex vivo expansion, which is associated with enlarged cell size, β-galactosidase activity, DNA damage, tumor suppressor pathway activation, and significant transcriptome changes. These senescence hallmarks were coupled with low telomerase activity and telomere shortening, indicating replicative senescence. OEC senescence limited their regenerative potential by impairing vasoreparative properties in vitro and in vivo. Integrated transcriptome-proteome analysis identified inflammatory signaling pathways as major mechanistic components of the OEC senescence program. In particular, IL8 was an important facilitator of this senescence; depletion of IL8 in OECs significantly extended ex vivo lifespan, delayed replicative senescence, and enhanced function. While the ability to expand OEC numbers prior to autologous or allogeneic therapy remains a useful property, their replicative senescence and associated impairment of vasorepair needs to be considered. This study also suggests that modulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype could be used to optimize OEC therapy.
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Stem cells, cell therapies, and bioengineering in lung biology and diseases. Comprehensive review of the recent literature 2010-2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 10:S45-97. [PMID: 23869446 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201304-090aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A conference, "Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases," was held July 25 to 28, 2011 at the University of Vermont to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy and ex vivo bioengineering approaches for lung diseases. These are rapidly expanding areas of study that provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, to discuss and debate current controversies, and to identify future research directions and opportunities for basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases. The goal of this article, which accompanies the formal conference report, is to provide a comprehensive review of the published literature in lung regenerative medicine from the last conference report through December 2012.
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Thomay K, Schienke A, Vajen B, Modlich U, Schambach A, Hofmann W, Schlegelberger B, Göhring G. Chromosomal Instability and Telomere Shortening in Long-Term Culture of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Insights from a Cell Culture Model of RPS14 Haploinsufficiency. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:14-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000356096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Long-term cultured mesenchymal stem cells frequently develop genomic mutations but do not undergo malignant transformation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e950. [PMID: 24309937 PMCID: PMC3877551 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are being tested in several clinical trials and encouraging outcomes have been observed. To determine whether in vitro expansion influences the genomic stability of hUC-MSCs, we maintained nine hUC-MSC clones in long-term culture and comparatively analyzed them at early and late passages. All of the clones senesced in culture, exhibiting decreased telomerase activity and shortened telomeres. Two clones showed no DNA copy number variations (CNVs) at passage 30 (P30). Seven clones had ≥1 CNVs at P30 compared with P3, and one of these clones appeared trisomic chromosome 10 at the late passage. No tumor developed in immunodeficient mice injected with hUC-MSCs, regardless of whether the cells had CNVs at the late passage. mRNA-Seq analysis indicated that pathways of cell cycle control and DNA damage response were downregulated during in vitro culture in hUC-MSC clones that showed genomic instability, but the same pathways were upregulated in the clones with good genomic stability. These results demonstrated that hUC-MSCs can be cultured for many passages and attain a large number of cells, but most of the cultured hUC-MSCs develop genomic alterations. Although hUC-MSCs with genomic alterations do not undergo malignant transformation, periodic genomic monitoring and donor management focusing on genomic stability are recommended before these cells are used for clinical applications.
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Pan Q, Fouraschen SMG, de Ruiter PE, Dinjens WNM, Kwekkeboom J, Tilanus HW, van der Laan LJW. Detection of spontaneous tumorigenic transformation during culture expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:105-15. [PMID: 24227633 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213506802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been explored in a number of clinical trials as a possible method of treating various diseases. However, the effect of long-term cell expansion in vitro on physiological function and genetic stability is still poorly understood. In this study, MSC cultures derived from bone marrow and liver were evaluated for the presence of aberrant cells following long-term expansion. In 46 independent cultures, four batches of transformed MSCs (TMCs) were found, which were all beyond the culture period of five weeks. These aberrant cells were first identified based on the appearance of abnormal cytology and the acquirement of growth advantage. Despite common MSC markers being diminished or absent, TMCs remain highly susceptible to lysis by allogenic natural killer (NK) cells. When transplanted into immunodeficient mice, TMCs formed sarcoma-like tumors, whereas parental MSCs did not form tumors in mice. Using a combination of high-resolution genome-wide DNA array and short-tandem repeat profiling, we confirmed the origin of TMCs and excluded the possibility of human cell line contamination. Additional genomic duplication and deletions were observed in TMCs, which may be associated with the transformation event. Using gene and microRNA expression arrays, a number of genes were identified that were differentially expressed between TMCs and their normal parental counterparts, which may potentially serve as biomarkers to screen cultures for evidence of early transformation events. In conclusion, the spontaneous transformation of MSCs resulting in tumorigenesis is rare and occurs after relatively long-term (beyond five weeks) culture. However, as an added safety measure, cultures of MSCs can potentially be screened based on a novel gene expression signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam NL-3015 CE, The Netherlands
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Immunomodulatory effects of adipose-derived stem cells: fact or fiction? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:383685. [PMID: 24106704 PMCID: PMC3782761 DOI: 10.1155/2013/383685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are often referred to as adipose-derived stem cells due to their potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Their promising role in tissue engineering and ability to modulate the immune system are the focus of extensive research. A number of clinical trials using ASCs are currently underway to better understand the role of such cell niche in enhancing or suppressing the immune response. If governable, such immunoregulatory role would find application in several conditions in which an immune response is present (i.e., autoimmune conditions) or feared (i.e., solid organ or reconstructive transplantation). Although allogeneic ASCs have been shown to prevent acute GvHD in both preclinical and clinical studies, their potential warrants further investigation. Well-designed and standardized clinical trials are necessary to prove the role of ASCs in the treatment of immune disorders or prevention of tissue rejection. In this paper we analyze the current literature on the role of ASCs in immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo and discuss their potential in regulating the immune system in the context of transplantation.
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Bai Q, Desprat R, Klein B, Lemaitre JM, De Vos J. Embryonic Stem Cells or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? A DNA Integrity Perspective. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:93-8. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523211313020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Research into mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been particularly exciting in the past five years. Our understanding of mechanisms of MSC-mediated tissue regeneration has undergone considerable evolution. Recent investigation of the primary in situ counterpart of cultured MSCs has led to fresh insights into MSC physiology and its role in the immune system. At the same time, the clinical application of MSCs continues to increase markedly. Taken together, a reappraisal of the definition of MSCs, a review of current research directions, and a reassessment of the approach to clinical investigation are timely and prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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