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Huang S, Song Y, Liang T, Zhang JR, Zhu JJ. CRISPR System-Linked Self-Assembling Nanoplatforms for Inspection and Screening of Gastric Cancer Stem Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104622. [PMID: 34874610 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess a high degree of plasticity, constituting a formidable challenge to identify and screen CSCs in situ with outstanding specificity and sensitivity. To overcome this limitation, a self-assembled heterodimer consisting of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas12a (named A-CCA) linkage is designed for in situ identification and screening of gastric CSCs (GCSCs) from gastric cancer cells (GCCs). In this system, the editable character of crRNA performs recognition of dual-targets in GCSCs, effectively boosting the specificity of identification, while the enzymatic reaction of Cas12a contributes meaningfully to the sensitivity of sensing, enabling in situ examination and screening of GCSCs. Specifically, the A-CCA nanoplatforms hybridized with ABCG 2 and ABCB 1 overexpress in GCSCs, which can generate heterodimers and simultaneously restore the function of trans-cleavage. At this time, the asymmetry of the heterodimer causes a circular dichroism signal, which together with the recovered fluorescence signal form a dual-signals output system that can further ensure the precision of screening GCSC. Therefore, fluorescence-enhanced GCSCs can be sorted out from GCCs by flow cytometry. Furthermore, GCSCs screened by this assay possess extremely aggressive tumorigenic efficiency, providing a fundamental research object for further developing CSC targeted drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuexin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tingxizi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Nanjing University Jinling College, Nanjing, 210089, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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Szczygieł M, Markiewicz M, Szafraniec MJ, Hojda A, Fiedor L, Urbanska K. Systemic Mobilization of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Response to Oncogenic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020313. [PMID: 35053477 PMCID: PMC8773772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The drug efflux mediated by xenobiotic transporters is one of the best recognized mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cancer that leads to the failure of therapeutic approaches. The aim of our research was to examine the influence of a growing tumor on the activity of xenobiotic transport in the host. Our study reveals a strong correlation between the development of melanoma tumor in mice and the level of breast cancer resistance protein, one of the major xenobiotic transporters, and its transcript in the normal tissues of the hosts distant from the tumor site. The systemic effects of the tumor are confirmed by a drastically enhanced xenobiotic transport, which is correlated with changes in the level of cytokines in blood. Such an unexpected type of tumor–host interaction, which leads to the systemic upregulation of breast cancer resistance protein, and very likely of other xenobiotic transporters too, has broad implications for cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Our findings shed new light on the biology of cancer and the complexity of cancer–host interactions that should be taken into account in the design of new generations of anti-cancer drugs and personalized medicine. Abstract The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP or ABCG2) involved in cancer multidrug resistance (MDR), transports many hydrophobic compounds, including a number of anti-cancer drugs. Our comprehensive study using a mouse model reveals that a subcutaneously growing tumor strongly affects the expression of BCRP in the host’s normal organs on both the transcriptional and translational level. Additionally, the efflux of BCRP substrates is markedly enhanced. The levels of BCRP and its transcript in normal tissues distant from the tumor site correlate with tumor growth and the levels of cytokines in the peripheral blood. Thus, oncogenic stress causes transient systemic upregulation of BCRP in the host’s normal tissues and organs, which is possibly mediated via cytokines. Because BCRP upregulation takes place in many organs as early as the initial stages of tumor development, it reveals a most basic mechanism that may be responsible for the induction of primary MDR. We hypothesize that such effects are not tumor-specific responses, but rather constitute a more universal defense strategy. The xenobiotic transporters are systemically mobilized due to various stresses, seemingly in a pre-emptive manner so that the body can be quickly and efficiently detoxified. Our findings shed new light on the biology of cancer and on the complexity of cancer–host interactions and are highly relevant to cancer therapies as well as to the design of new generations of therapeutics and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Marcin Markiewicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Milena Julia Szafraniec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Hojda
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Krystyna Urbanska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.S.); (A.H.); (K.U.)
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Chae YJ, Chang JE, Lee MK, Lim J, Shin KH, Lee KR. Regulation of drug transporters by microRNA and implications in disease treatment. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yuan X, Ma R, Yang S, Jiang L, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Li H. miR-520g and miR-520h overcome bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma via suppressing APE1. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1660-1669. [PMID: 31204563 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, microRNAs (miRNAs) attract much attention in regulating anticancer drug resistance in cancers including multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib is the first-line choice in MM treatment, and bortezomib resistance caused by aberrant DNA repair leads to the recurrence and therapeutic failure of MM. Objective: Our study aims to identify a miRNA that overcomes bortezomib resistance in MM. Methods: We established bortezomib-resistant MM cell lines, and screened several miRNAs that have aberrant expressions in MM cell lines. The expression of DNA-repair-related proteins were assessed by western blot, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay in bortezomib-resistant cell lines. The binding between miRNAs and 3'-UTR of APE1 mRNA was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. The mouse bortezomib-resistant xenograft was established to verify the therapeutic effect of miRNA overexpression. Results: miR-520g and miR-520h were significantly downregulated in bortezomib-resistant MM cell lines, and overexpression of miR-520g and miR-520h together inhibited expression of homologous recombination-related protein Rad51 and cell viability of bortezomib-resistant MM cells in vitro by binding with 3'-UTR of APE1 mRNA. Combined overexpression of miR-520g and miR-520h inhibited bortezomib-resistant MM tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that combined overexpression of miR-520g and miR-520h overcomes bortezomib resistance in MM through inhibition of DNA repair, offering a promising therapeutic target for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yuan
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Rongjun Ma
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Shiwei Yang
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Li Jiang
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Zhen Wang
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Zunmin Zhu
- a Department of Hematology, Henan Key Laboratory for Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Hongwei Li
- b Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
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Zhou Y, Sun B, Li W, Zhou J, Gao F, Wang X, Cai M, Sun Z. Pancreatic Stellate Cells: A Rising Translational Physiology Star as a Potential Stem Cell Type for Beta Cell Neogenesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:218. [PMID: 30930789 PMCID: PMC6424017 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline and eventual loss of islet β-cell function underlies the pathophysiological mechanism of the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The recovery of functional β-cells is an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Based on similarities in developmental biology and anatomy, in vivo induction of differentiation of other types of pancreatic cells into β-cells is a promising avenue for future diabetes treatment. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which have attracted intense research interest due to their effects on tissue fibrosis over the last decade, express multiple stem cell markers and can differentiate into various cell types. In particular, PSCs can successfully differentiate into insulin- secreting cells in vitro and can contribute to tissue regeneration. In this article, we will brings together the main concepts of the translational physiology potential of PSCs that have emerged from work in the field and discuss possible ways to develop the future renewable source for clinical treatment of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Department of Outpatient, Army Engineering University, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Graduate Innovation Platform of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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UBE2C Induces Cisplatin Resistance via ZEB1/2-Dependent Upregulation of ABCG2 and ERCC1 in NSCLC Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8607859. [PMID: 30693031 PMCID: PMC6333017 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8607859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Cisplatin (DDP) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs for several cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, resistance to DDP eventually develops, limiting its further application. New therapy targets are urgently needed to reverse DDP resistance. Methods The mRNA expression of UBE2C, ZEB1/2, ABCG2, and ERCC1 was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of these molecules were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 and MTT assays. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing assay and Transwell assays. Promoter activities and gene transcription were analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. Results In this study, we examined the effect of UBE2C and ZEB1/2 expression levels in DDP-resistant cells of NSCLC. We confirmed that aberrant expression of UBE2C and ZEB1/2 plays a critical role in repressing the DDP sensitivity to NSCLC cells. Additionally, knockdown of UBE2C significantly sensitized resistant cells to DDP by repressing the expression of ZEB1/2. Mechanistic investigations indicated that UBE2C transcriptionally regulated ZEB1/2 by accelerating promoter activity. This study revealed that ZEB1/2 promotes the epithelial mesenchymal transition and expression of ABCG2 and ERCC1 to participate in UBE2C-mediated NSCLC DDP-resistant cell progression, metastasis, and invasion. Conclusion UBE2C may be a novel therapy target for NSCLC for sensitizing cells to the chemotherapeutic agent DDP.
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, Park K, Robey PG, McKay RDG, Gottesman MM, Zheng W. Pluripotent Stem Cell Platforms for Drug Discovery. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:805-820. [PMID: 30006147 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their differentiated derivatives have led to recent proof-of-principle drug discoveries, defining a pathway to the implementation of hPSC-based drug discovery (hPDD). Current hPDD strategies, however, have inevitable conceptual biases and technological limitations, including the dimensionality of cell-culture methods, cell maturity and functionality, experimental variability, and data reproducibility. In this review, we dissect representative hPDD systems via analysis of hPSC-based 2D-monolayers, 3D culture, and organoids. We discuss mechanisms of drug discovery and drug repurposing, and roles of membrane drug transporters in tissue maturation and hPDD using the example of drugs that target various mutations of CFTR, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- The Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Erdei Z, Schamberger A, Török G, Szebényi K, Várady G, Orbán TI, Homolya L, Sarkadi B, Apáti Á. Generation of multidrug resistant human tissues by overexpression of the ABCG2 multidrug transporter in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194925. [PMID: 29649238 PMCID: PMC5896897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABCG2 multidrug transporter provides resistance against various endo- and xenobiotics, and protects the stem cells against toxins and stress conditions. We have shown earlier that a GFP-tagged version of ABCG2 is fully functional and may be used to follow the expression, localization and function of this transporter in living cells. In the present work we have overexpressed GFP-ABCG2, driven by a constitutive (CAG) promoter, in HUES9 human embryonic stem cells. Stem cell clones were generated to express the wild-type and a substrate-mutant (R482G) GFP-ABCG2 variant, by using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. We found that the stable overexpression of these transgenes did not change the pluripotency and growth properties of the stem cells, nor their differentiation capacity to hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes. ABCG2 overexpression provided increased toxin resistance in the stem cells, and protected the derived cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin toxicity. These studies document the potential of a stable ABCG2 expression for engineering toxin-resistant human pluripotent stem cells and selected stem cell derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Erdei
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Schamberger
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Török
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Szebényi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás I. Orbán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Rosen MB, Jeffay SC, Nichols HP, Hoopes MR, Hunter ES. ATP Binding Cassette Sub-family Member 2 (ABCG2) and Xenobiotic Exposure During Early Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:35-47. [PMID: 28990372 PMCID: PMC9831278 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP binding cassette sub-family member 2 (ABCG2) is a well-defined efflux transporter found in a variety of tissues. The role of ABCG2 during early embryonic development, however, is not established. Previous work which compared data from the ToxCast screening program with that from in-house studies suggested an association exists between exposure to xenobiotics that regulate Abcg2 transcription and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), a relationship potentially related to redox homeostasis. METHODS mESC were grown for up to 9 days. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to assess transporter function with and without xenobiotic exposure. Proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using RedDot1 and quantiative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. ABCG2 activity was assessed using a Pheophorbide a-based fluorescent assay. Protein expression was measured by capillary-based immunoassay. RESULTS ABCG2 activity increased in differentiating mESC. Treatment with K0143, an inhibitor of ABCG2, had no effect on proliferation or differentiation. As expected, mitoxantrone and topotecan, two chemotherapeutics, displayed increased toxicity in the presence of K0143. Exposure to K0143 in combination with chemicals predicted by ToxCast to regulate ABCG2 expression did not alter xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Moreover, inhibition of ABCG2 did not shift the toxicity of either tert-Butyl hydroperoxide or paraquat, two oxidative stressors. CONCLUSION As previously reported, ABCG2 serves a protective role in mESC. The role of ABCG2 in regulating redox status, however, was unclear. The hypothesis that ABCG2 plays a fundamental role during mESC differentiation or that regulation of the receptor by xenobiotics may be associated with altered mESC differentiation could not be supported. Birth Defects Research, 110:35-47, 2018. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell B Rosen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Susan C Jeffay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harriette P Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Maria R Hoopes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Cleophas MC, Joosten LA, Stamp LK, Dalbeth N, Woodward OM, Merriman TR. ABCG2 polymorphisms in gout: insights into disease susceptibility and treatment approaches. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2017; 10:129-142. [PMID: 28461764 PMCID: PMC5404803 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the association of a common polymorphism (rs2231142, Q141K) in the ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) transporter with serum urate concentration in a genome-wide association study, it was revealed that ABCG2 is an important uric acid transporter. This review discusses the relevance of ABCG2 polymorphisms in gout, possible etiological mechanisms, and treatment approaches. The 141K ABCG2 urate-increasing variant causes instability in the nucleotide-binding domain, leading to decreased surface expression and function. Trafficking of the protein to the cell membrane is altered, and instead, there is an increased ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of the variant protein as well as sequestration into aggresomes. In humans, this leads to decreased uric acid excretion through both the kidney and the gut with the potential for a subsequent compensatory increase in renal urinary excretion. Not only does the 141K polymorphism in ABCG2 lead to hyperuricemia through renal overload and renal underexcretion, but emerging evidence indicates that it also increases the risk of acute gout in the presence of hyperuricemia, early onset of gout, tophi formation, and a poor response to allopurinol. In addition, there is some evidence that ABCG2 dysfunction may promote renal dysfunction in chronic kidney disease patients, increase systemic inflammatory responses, and decrease cellular autophagic responses to stress. These results suggest multiple benefits in restoring ABCG2 function. It has been shown that decreased ABCG2 141K surface expression and function can be restored with colchicine and other small molecule correctors. However, caution should be exercised in any application of these approaches given the role of surface ABCG2 in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L A Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch
| | - N Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - O M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Pan X, Yang X, Zang J, Zhang S, Huang N, Guan X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li X, Lei X. Downregulation of eIF4G by microRNA-503 enhances drug sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells through suppressing the expression of ABC transport proteins. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4785-4793. [PMID: 28599480 PMCID: PMC5453003 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transport protein is emerging as a critical contributor to anticancer drug resistance. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4F complex, the key modulator of mRNA translation, is regulated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in anticancer drug-resistant tumors. The present study demonstrated the roles of ABC translation protein alterations in the acquisition of the Adriamycin (ADM)-resistant phenotype of MCF-7 human breast cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were applied to examine the differences in mRNA and protein levels, respectively. It was found that the expression of the ABC sub-family B member 1, ABC sub-family C member 1 and ABC sub-family G member 2 transport proteins were upregulated in MCF-7/ADR cells. An MTT assay was used to detect the cell viability, from the results MCF-7/ADR cells were less sensitive to ADM, tamoxifen (TAM) and taxol (TAX) treatment compared with MCF-7 cells. We predicted that the 3′-untranslated region of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-γ 1 (eIF4G) contains a potential miRNA binding site for microRNA (miR)-503 through using computational programs. These binding sites were confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. eIF4G mRNA degradation was accelerated in cells transfected with miR-503 mimics. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that eIF4G and ABC translation proteins were significantly downregulated in MCF-7/ADR cells after transfection with miR-503. It was found that miR-503 mimics could sensitize the cells to treatment with ADM, TAM and TAX. These findings demonstrated for the first time that eIF4G acted as a key factor in MCF-7/ADR cells, and may be an efficient agent for preventing and reversing multi-drug resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Pan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Zang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Si Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Nan Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Guan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Wu HM, Kim SG. miRNA-324, a potential therapeutic target for paracetamol-induced liver injury. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:67. [PMID: 27868049 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Min Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Wu D, Wang C, Yang J, Wang H, Han H, Zhang A, Yang Y, Li Q. Improving the Intracellular Drug Concentration in Lung Cancer Treatment through the Codelivery of Doxorubicin and miR-519c Mediated by Porous PLGA Microparticle. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3925-3933. [PMID: 27684197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porous PLGA microparticle for the coencapsulation of doxorubicin and miR-519c was successfully constructed through the water-oil-water emulsion solvent evaporation method, using ammonium bicarbonate as a porogen. It has been characterized with high porous surface, adaptive aerodynamic diameter (<10 μm), favorable drug loading, and sustained release profile. The release supernatant exhibited a higher inhibition of cell proliferation than those from porous PLGA microparticles harboring a single component (doxorubicin or miR-519c), attributing to the enhanced induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S phase. Finally, the improved intracellular concentration of doxorubicin was elucidated by flow cytometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, owing to the knockdown of drug transporter ABCG2 by miR-519c. Overall, the porous PLGA microparticle combining chemotherapy and gene therapy could facilitate the antitumor efficacy and reduce the side effects, and thus, it is potential to be used as a sustained release system for lung cancer treatment via pulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
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Hirota T, Tanaka T, Takesue H, Ieiri I. Epigenetic regulation of drug transporter expression in human tissues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:19-30. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1230199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Harada K, Ferdous T, Cui D, Kuramitsu Y, Matsumoto T, Ikeda E, Okano H, Ueyama Y. Induction of artificial cancer stem cells from tongue cancer cells by defined reprogramming factors. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:548. [PMID: 27464948 PMCID: PMC4963932 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of cells in tumor are responsible for the tumor initiation, growth, recurrence and metastasis of cancer, as well as resistance of cancers to drugs or radiotherapy. CSCs are an important target for the development of novel strategies in cancer treatment. However, CSCs-targeted new anti-cancer drug discovery is currently hindered by the lack of easy and reliable methods for isolating, collecting and maintaining sufficient number of CSCs. Here, we examined whether introduction of defined reprogramming factors (Oct4, shp53, Sox2, Klf4, l-Myc and Lin28) into HSC2 tongue cancer cells could transform the HSC2 into HSC2 with CSCs properties. Methods We introduced the defined reprogramming factors into HSC2 tongue cancer cells via episomal vectors by electroporation method to generate transfectant cells. We investigated the malignant properties of the transfectant cells by cell proliferation assay, migration assay, wound healing assay, sphere formation assay, chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity assay in vitro; and also examined the tumorigenic potential of the transfectants in vivo. Results The transfectant cells (HSC2/hOCT3/4-shp53-F, HSC2/hSK, HSC2/hUL, HSC2/hOCT3/4-shp53-F + hSK, HSC2/hOCT3/4-shp53-F + hUL, HSC2/hSK + hUL, HSC2/hOCT3/4-shp53-F + hSK + hUL) displayed a malignant phenotype in culture and form tumors on the back of nude mice more efficiently than parental HSC2 and control HSC2/EGFP transfectant cells. They exhibited increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents; 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, docetaxel, trifluorothymidine, zoledronic acid, cetuximab, bortezomib and radiation when compared with HSC2 and HSC2/EGFP. Among all the transfected cells, HSC2/hOCT3/4-shp53-F + hSK + hUL cell containing all of the reprogramming factors showed the most aggressive and malignant properties and presented the highest number of spheres in the culture medium containing human recombinant fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) and epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Conclusion These findings suggest that artificial cancer stem cells obtained by the induction of cellular reprogramming may be useful for investigating the acquisition of potential malignancy as well as screening the CSCs-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Tarannum Ferdous
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Dan Cui
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ueyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
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The C421A (Q141K) polymorphism enhances the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR)-dependent regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:139-47. [PMID: 26903388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the gout-causing C421A (Q141K) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on ABC transporter ABCG2 expression and function has been extensively characterized. However, the influence of the C421A SNP on 3'-UTR-dependent ABCG2 regulation has not been analysed so far. To elucidate this matter, we generated vectors for expression of either the ABCG2 coding sequence (ORF) or the ABCG2 ORF fused to its 3'-UTR, inserted the C421A mutation via site-directed mutagenesis and expressed wild-type and C421A-mutated ABCG2 transcripts in HEK293-Tet-On cells. As shown previously, the C421A SNP significantly reduced ABCG2 protein levels in ABCG2 ORF-transfected HEK293-Tet-On cells. Interestingly, the presence of the 3'-UTR in the ABCG2 transcript dramatically reduced ABCG2 protein content in cells transfected with the C421A variant but not significantly in those transfected with ABCG2 wild-type sequence, whereas ABCG2 mRNA levels were similar. siRNA-mediated DICER1 knockdown to reduce cellular microRNA biogenesis and selective mutation of putative microRNA binding sites within the ABCG2 3'-UTR partially antagonized C421A-associated reduction of ABCG2 protein content but did not significantly affect wild-type ABCG2 protein levels. In addition, antagomir-mediated inhibition of two microRNAs (hsa-miR-519c and hsa-miR-328) again partially reversed C421A-associated ABCG2 translational repression, thereby indicating that the C421A SNP may facilitate microRNA-dependent repression of ABCG2 protein translation. We conclude from our results that the C421A SNP may lead to reduced ABCG2 protein levels not only by affecting cellular protein stability but also via enhanced microRNA-dependent ABCG2 repression. Moreover, tissue-specific variation in ABCG2 3'-UTR processing may profoundly affect ABCG2 expression levels in individuals carrying the C421A mutation.
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17
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Apáti Á, Szebényi K, Erdei Z, Várady G, Orbán TI, Sarkadi B. The importance of drug transporters in human pluripotent stem cells and in early tissue differentiation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 12:77-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1121382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Chen RJ, Zhang G, Garfield SH, Shi YJ, Chen KG, Robey PG, Leapman RD. Variations in Glycogen Synthesis in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with Altered Pluripotent States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142554. [PMID: 26565809 PMCID: PMC4643957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent very promising resources for cell-based regenerative medicine. It is essential to determine the biological implications of some fundamental physiological processes (such as glycogen metabolism) in these stem cells. In this report, we employ electron, immunofluorescence microscopy, and biochemical methods to study glycogen synthesis in hPSCs. Our results indicate that there is a high level of glycogen synthesis (0.28 to 0.62 μg/μg proteins) in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) compared with the glycogen levels (0 to 0.25 μg/μg proteins) reported in human cancer cell lines. Moreover, we found that glycogen synthesis was regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) pathway. Our observation of glycogen bodies and sustained expression of the pluripotent factor Oct-4 mediated by the potent GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR-99021 reveals an altered pluripotent state in hPSC culture. We further confirmed glycogen variations under different naïve pluripotent cell growth conditions based on the addition of the GSK-3 inhibitor BIO. Our data suggest that primed hPSCs treated with naïve growth conditions acquire altered pluripotent states, similar to those naïve-like hPSCs, with increased glycogen synthesis. Furthermore, we found that suppression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase was an underlying mechanism responsible for altered glycogen synthesis. Thus, our novel findings regarding the dynamic changes in glycogen metabolism provide new markers to assess the energetic and various pluripotent states in hPSCs. The components of glycogen metabolic pathways offer new assays to delineate previously unrecognized properties of hPSCs under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Garfield
- Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jun Shi
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Burnstock G, Dale N. Purinergic signalling during development and ageing. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:277-305. [PMID: 25989750 PMCID: PMC4529855 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular purines and pyrimidines play major roles during embryogenesis, organogenesis, postnatal development and ageing in vertebrates, including humans. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into three primary germ layers of the embryo but may also be involved in plasticity and repair of the adult brain. These cells express the molecular components necessary for purinergic signalling, and their developmental fates can be manipulated via this signalling pathway. Functional P1, P2Y and P2X receptor subtypes and ectonucleotidases are involved in the development of different organ systems, including heart, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, urinary bladder, central and peripheral neurons, retina, inner ear, gut, lung and vas deferens. The importance of purinergic signalling in the ageing process is suggested by changes in expression of A1 and A2 receptors in old rat brains and reduction of P2X receptor expression in ageing mouse brain. By contrast, in the periphery, increases in expression of P2X3 and P2X4 receptors are seen in bladder and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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20
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Lee YJD, Kim V, Muth DC, Witwer KW. Validated MicroRNA Target Databases: An Evaluation. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:389-96. [PMID: 26286669 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Positive findings from preclinical and clinical studies involving depletion or supplementation of microRNA (miRNA) engender optimism about miRNA-based therapeutics. However, off-target effects must be considered. Predicting these effects is complicated. Each miRNA may target many gene transcripts, and the rules governing imperfectly complementary miRNA: target interactions are incompletely understood. Several databases provide lists of the relatively small number of experimentally confirmed miRNA: target pairs. Although incomplete, this information might allow assessment of at least some of the off-target effects. We evaluated the performance of four databases of experimentally validated miRNA: target interactions (miRWalk 2.0, miRTarBase, miRecords, and TarBase 7.0) using a list of 50 alphabetically consecutive genes. We examined the provided citations to determine the degree to which each interaction was experimentally supported. To assess stability, we tested at the beginning and end of a five-month period. Results varied widely by database. Two of the databases changed significantly over the course of 5 months. Most reported evidence for miRNA: target interactions were indirect or otherwise weak, and relatively few interactions were supported by more than one publication. Some returned results appear to arise from simplistic text searches that offer no insight into the relationship of the search terms, may not even include the reported gene or miRNA, and may thus, be invalid. We conclude that validation databases provide important information, but not all information in all extant databases is up-to-date or accurate. Nevertheless, the more comprehensive validation databases may provide useful starting points for investigation of off-target effects of proposed small RNA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji Diana Lee
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Veronica Kim
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dillon C Muth
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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He Y, Chevillet JR, Liu G, Kim TK, Wang K. The effects of microRNA on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2733-47. [PMID: 25296724 PMCID: PMC4439871 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of genetic factors (e.g. sequence variation) in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and overall efficacy of therapeutic agents is well established. Our ability to identify, interpret and utilize these factors is the subject of much clinical investigation and therapeutic development. However, drug ADME and efficacy are also heavily influenced by epigenetic factors such as DNA/histone methylation and non-coding RNAs [especially microRNAs (miRNAs)]. Results from studies using tools, such as in silico miRNA target prediction, in vitro functional assays, nucleic acid profiling/sequencing and high-throughput proteomics, are rapidly expanding our knowledge of these factors and their effects on drug metabolism. Although these studies reveal a complex regulation of drug ADME, an increased understanding of the molecular interplay between the genome, epigenome and transcriptome has the potential to provide practically useful strategies to facilitate drug development, optimize therapeutic efficacy, circumvent adverse effects, yield novel diagnostics and ultimately become an integral component of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Guangdong Medical CollegeDongguan, Guangdong, China
| | | | - G Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
| | - T K Kim
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattle, WA, USA
| | - K Wang
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattle, WA, USA
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Expression of Tight Junction Components in Hepatocyte-Like Cells Differentiated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1059-70. [PMID: 25845432 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated in vitro into a wide variety of progeny cells by addition of different morphogens and growth factors. Our aim was to monitor the expression pattern of tight junction (TJ) components and various cellular markers during differentiation of stem cell lines toward the hepatic lineage. Human embryonic stem cell lines (HUES1, HUES9) were differentiated into endoderm-like cells, and further differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells. Gene expressions of Oct3/4, Nanog, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, cytokeratins (CK-7, CK-8, CK-18, CK-19), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (ABCC2, ABCC7, ABCG2), and various TJ components, including claudin-1, claudin-4, claudin-5, claudin-7, and tricellulin, as well as an extracellular matrix component, agrin were monitored during hepatic differentiation by real-time quantitative PCR. The differentiated cells exhibit epithelial morphology and functional assessments similar to that of hepatocytes. The expression level of stem cell marker genes (Oct3/4 and Nanog) significantly and gradually decreased, while liver-associated genes (alpha-fetoprotein, albumin) reached their highest expression at the end of the differentiation. The endoderm-like cells expressed claudin-1, which declined eventually. The expression levels of cholangiocyte markers including claudin-4, CK-7, CK-19, and agrin gradually increased and reached their highest level at the final stage of differentiation. In contrast, these cells did not express notable level of claudin-7, CK-8 and tricellulin. The marker set used for monitoring differentiation revealed both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte characteristics of the differentiated cells at the final stage. This is the first report describing the expression level changes of various TJ components, and underlining their importance in hepatic differentiation.
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23
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Preliminary analysis of stem cell-like cells in human neuroblastoma. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:54-60. [PMID: 25431041 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-014-0529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is an embryonic neoplasm originating from the neural crest with cellular heterogeneity as one of its oncobiological characteristics. This study was undertaken to determine whether human neuroblastoma contains stem cell-like cells. METHODS Twenty patients with neuroblastoma who have been treated in our hospital since January 2005 were divided into pre-operative chemotherapy (10 patients) and non-chemotherapy (10) groups. Tumor specimens of the patients were taken and paraffin sections were made. The expressions of stem cell markers CD133, ABCG2, CD117 and nestin were immunohistochemically detected in the specimens. Neuroblastoma cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 and PI. The side population (SP) cells were analyzed by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The disparity drug resistance to cisplatin (DDP) of SP and non-SP cells was measured with MTT colorimetric assay. The oncogenicity of SP and non-SP cells was identified in nude mice. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the expression intensity of CD117 and nestin between the two groups of specimens (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the expression intensity of CD133 and ABCG2 (P<0.05). The SP cells accounted for 0.2%-1.3% of the total human neuroblastoma cells and were decreased to 0.1%-0.5% after verapamil treatment. The SP and non-SP cells showed disparity in cell growth experiment and drug resistance to DDP. Oncogenicity experiment revealed that nude mice could erupt tumor by an injection of l×10(6) SHSY5Y and WIV SP cells. However, the nude mice could not form tumor by an injection of l×10(6) non-SP cells. CONCLUSION Neuroblastoma might contain cancer stem cell-like cells.
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Reemann P, Reimann E, Ilmjärv S, Porosaar O, Silm H, Jaks V, Vasar E, Kingo K, Kõks S. Melanocytes in the skin--comparative whole transcriptome analysis of main skin cell types. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115717. [PMID: 25545474 PMCID: PMC4278762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes possess several functions besides a role in pigment synthesis, but detailed characteristics of the cells are still unclear. We used whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to assess differential gene expression of cultivated normal human melanocytes with respect to keratinocytes, fibroblasts and whole skin. The present results reveal cultivated melanocytes as highly proliferative cells with possible stem cell-like properties. The enhanced readiness to regenerate makes melanocytes the most vulnerable cells in the skin and explains their high risk of developing into malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ene Reimann
- Core Facility of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Quretec Ltd (private limited company), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Orm Porosaar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helgi Silm
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Szakács G, Hall MD, Gottesman MM, Boumendjel A, Kachadourian R, Day BJ, Baubichon-Cortay H, Di Pietro A. Targeting the Achilles heel of multidrug-resistant cancer by exploiting the fitness cost of resistance. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5753-74. [PMID: 24758331 PMCID: PMC4059772 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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Erdei Z, Lőrincz R, Szebényi K, Péntek A, Varga N, Likó I, Várady G, Szakács G, Orbán TI, Sarkadi B, Apáti A. Expression pattern of the human ABC transporters in pluripotent embryonic stem cells and in their derivatives. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2014; 86:299-310. [PMID: 24729538 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have key roles in various physiological functions as well as providing chemical defense and stress tolerance in human tissues. In this study, we have examined the expression pattern of all ABC proteins in pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and in their differentiated progenies. We paid special attention to the cellular expression and localization of multidrug transporter ABC proteins. METHODS Stem cell differentiation was carried out without chemical induction or cell sorting, and specialized cell types were separated mechanically. Cellular features regarding pluripotency and tissue identity, as well as ABC transporter expression were studied by flow cytomtery, immuno-microscopy, and qPCR-based low-density arrays. RESULTS Pluripotent hESCs and differentiated cell types (cardiomyocytes, neuronal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells) were distinguished by morphology, immunostaining markers, and selected mRNA expression patterns. We found that the mRNA expression levels of the 48 human ABC proteins also clearly distinguished the pluripotent and the respective differentiated cell types. When multidrug and lipid transporter ABC protein expression was examined by using well characterized specific antibodies by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, the protein expression data corresponded well to the mRNA expression results. Moreover, the cellular localization of these important human ABC transporter proteins could be established in the pluripotent and differentiated hESC derived samples. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide valuable information regarding ABC protein expression in human stem cells and their differentiated offspring. The results may also help to obtain further information concerning the specialized cellular functions of selected ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Erdei
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Kathawala RJ, Chen JJ, Zhang YK, Wang YJ, Patel A, Wang DS, Talele TT, Ashby CR, Chen ZS. Masitinib antagonizes ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2-mediated multidrug resistance. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1634-42. [PMID: 24626598 PMCID: PMC4027943 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this in vitro study, we determined whether masitinib could reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) in cells overexpressing the ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) transporter. Masitinib (1.25 and 2.5 μM) significantly decreases the resistance to mitoxantrone (MX), SN38 and doxorubicin in HEK293 and H460 cells overexpressing the ABCG2 transporter. In addition, masitinib (2.5 μM) significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of [3H]-MX, a substrate for ABCG2, by inhibiting the function of ABCG2 and significantly decreased the efflux of [3H]-MX. However, masitinib (2.5 μM) did not significantly alter the expression of the ABCG2 protein. In addition, a docking model suggested that masitinib binds within the transmembrane region of a homology-modeled human ABCG2 transporter. Overall, our in vitro findings suggest that masitinib reverses MDR to various anti-neoplastic drugs in HEK293 and H460 cells overexpressing ABCG2 by inhibiting their transport activity as opposed to altering their levels of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishil J Kathawala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Jiang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Atish Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - De-Shen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
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28
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, Johnson KR, Hamilton RS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Developmental insights from early mammalian embryos and core signaling pathways that influence human pluripotent cell growth and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:610-21. [PMID: 24603366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have two potentially attractive applications: cell replacement-based therapies and drug discovery. Both require the efficient generation of large quantities of clinical-grade stem cells that are free from harmful genomic alterations. The currently employed colony-type culture methods often result in low cell yields, unavoidably heterogeneous cell populations, and substantial chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we shed light on the structural relationship between hPSC colonies/embryoid bodies and early-stage embryos in order to optimize current culture methods based on the insights from developmental biology. We further highlight core signaling pathways that underlie multiple epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), cellular heterogeneity, and chromosomal instability in hPSCs. We also analyze emerging methods such as non-colony type monolayer (NCM) and suspension culture, which provide alternative growth models for hPSC expansion and differentiation. Furthermore, based on the influence of cell-cell interactions and signaling pathways, we propose concepts, strategies, and solutions for production of clinical-grade hPSCs, stem cell precursors, and miniorganoids, which are pivotal steps needed for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hamilton
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Human pluripotent stem cell culture: considerations for maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:13-26. [PMID: 24388173 PMCID: PMC3915741 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful resources for application in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods have been developed for large-scale hPSC culture that rely on combined use of multiple growth components, including media containing various growth factors, extracellular matrices, 3D environmental cues, and modes of multicellular association. In this Protocol Review, we dissect these growth components by comparing cell culture methods and identifying the benefits and pitfalls associated with each one. We further provide criteria, considerations, and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for hPSC expansion, differentiation, and use in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Padmanabhan R, Chen KG, Gottesman MM. Lost in Translation: Regulation of ABCG2 Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 25405071 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The expression and function of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG2 have been studied for two decades in both adult and cancer stem cells. However, this important ABC transporter has not been well characterized in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Studies designed to understand the role of ABCG2 in hESCs are still in their initial stages. Several recent reports on expression patterns of the ABCG2 gene in hESCs contain contradictory results at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this review, we provide possible explanations for these discrepancies in ABCG2 expression patterns. We discuss micro-RNA-mediated regulatory roles in controlling ABCG2 mRNA stability and translation, which are associated with hESC pluripotency and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Padmanabhan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Castro-Muñozledo F. Review: corneal epithelial stem cells, their niche and wound healing. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1600-13. [PMID: 23901244 PMCID: PMC3724956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells emerged as a concept during the second half of 19(th) century, first as a theoretical entity, but then became one of the most promising research fields in cell biology. This work describes the most important characteristics of adult stem cells, including the experimental criteria used to identify them, and discusses current knowledge that led to the proposal that stem cells existed in different parts of the eye, such as the retina, lens, conjunctiva, corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane, and the subject of this review: the corneal epithelium. Evidence includes results that support the presence of corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus, as well as the major obstacles to isolating them as pure cell populations. Part of this review describes the variation in the basement membrane composition between the limbus and the central cornea, to show the importance of the corneal stem cell niche, its structure, and the participation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in regulating corneal stem cell compartment. Results obtained by various laboratories suggest that the extracellular matrix plays a central role in regulating stem cell commitment, corneal differentiation, and participation in corneal wound healing, in addition to other environmental signals such as cytokines and growth factors. The niche could define cell division patterns in corneal stem cell populations, establishing whether stem cells divide asymmetrically or symmetrically. Characterization and understanding of the factors that regulate corneal epithelial stem cells should open up new paths for developing new therapies and strategies for accelerating and improving corneal wound healing.
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