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Mallah A, Stojkova K, Cohen RN, Abu-Lail N, Brey EM, Gonzalez Porras MA. Atomic force microscopy characterization of white and beige adipocyte differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00925-z. [PMID: 38831186 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an essential role in systemic metabolism with white adipose tissue (WAT) making up most of the tissue and being involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and brown and beige adipose tissue (BAT) exhibiting thermogenic activity. There is promise in the conversion of white adipocytes into beige ones as a therapeutic potential to control and enhance systemic metabolism, but it is difficult to maintain this transformation in vivo because we do not fully understand the mechanism of conversion. In this study, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterize beige or white adipocytes during the process of differentiation for morphology, roughness, adhesion, and elasticity at different time points. As cells differentiated to white and beige adipocytes, they exhibited morphological changes as they lipid loaded, transitioning from flattened elongated cells to a rounded shape indicating adipogenesis. While there was an initial decrease in elasticity for both beige and white adipocytes, white adipocytes exhibited a higher elasticity than beige adipocytes at all time points. Beige and white adipogenesis exhibited a decrease in adhesion energy compared to preadipocytes, yet at day 12, white adipocytes had a significant increase in adhesion energy compared to beige adipocytes. This work shows significant differences in the mechanical properties of white vs. beige adipocytes during differentiation. Results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation of adipocytes which are vital to the therapeutic induction, engineered models, and maintenance of beige adipocytes as a potential approach for enhancing systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mallah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Stojkova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nehal Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria A Gonzalez Porras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, AET 1.3681 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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2
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Ren D, Liu R, Yan X, Zhang Q, Zeng X, Yuan X. Intensive stretch-activated CRT-PMCA1 feedback loop promoted apoptosis of myoblasts through Ca 2+ overloading. Apoptosis 2022; 27:929-945. [PMID: 35976579 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch exerted pro-apoptotic effect on myoblasts, the mechanism of which is currently unknown. Intracellular Ca2+ accumulation has been implicated in stretch-induced apoptosis. calreticulin (CRT) and plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting ATPase 1 (PMCA1) are two critical components of Ca2+ signaling system participating in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In this study, we explored the contribution of CRT and PMCA1 in mediating stretch-induced Ca2+ accumulation and apoptosis of myoblasts. Stretching stimuli elevated level of CRT while inhibited activity of PMCA1. Moreover, there were bidirectional regulations between CRT and PMCA1, which formed the positive feedback loop leading to continuous increment of CRT level and repression of PMCA1 activity, in stretched myoblasts. Specifically, increased CRT level inhibited PMCA1 activity via suppressing Calmodulin (CaM), while reduced PMCA1 activity promoted CRT expression through activating p38MAPK pathway. Thus, the CRT-CaM-PMCA1 and PMCA1-p38MAPK-CRT pathways constituted a close cycle comprising CRT, PMCA1, CaM and p38MAPK. Inhibition of both CaM and p38MAPK affected the other three factors in stretched myoblasts. Circulation of the vicious cycle resulted in escalated Ca2+ overloading in myoblasts under continuous stretching stimuli. CRT knock-down, PMCA1 overexpression, and p38MAPK inhibition all attenuated the raised intracellular Ca2+ level and ameliorated myoblast apoptosis in the stretching environment. Conversely, CRT overexpression, PMCA1 knock-down, and CaM inhibition all aggravated stretch-induced Ca2+ overloading and myoblast apoptosis. A positive feedback loop between CRT and PMCA1 was activated in stretched myoblasts, which contributed to intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and resultant myoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Nair VD, Vasoya M, Nair V, Smith GR, Pincas H, Ge Y, Douglas CM, Esser KA, Sealfon SC. Differential analysis of chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiles identifies cis-regulatory elements in rat adipose and muscle. Genomics 2021; 113:3827-3841. [PMID: 34547403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility is a key factor influencing gene expression. We optimized the Omni-ATAC-seq protocol and used it together with RNA-seq to investigate cis-regulatory elements in rat white adipose and skeletal muscle, two tissues with contrasting metabolic functions. While promoter accessibility correlated with RNA expression, integration of the two datasets identified tissue-specific differentially accessible regions (DARs) that predominantly localized in intergenic and intron regions. DARs were mapped to differentially expressed (DE) genes enriched in distinct biological processes in each tissue. Randomly selected DE genes were validated by qPCR. Top enriched motifs in DARs predicted binding sites for transcription factors (TFs) showing tissue-specific up-regulation. The correlation between differential chromatin accessibility at a given TF binding motif and differential expression of target genes further supported the functional relevance of that motif. Our study identified cis-regulatory regions that likely play a major role in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression in adipose and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan D Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Mital Vasoya
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vishnu Nair
- Department of Computer Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gregory R Smith
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Collin M Douglas
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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4
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Zhao Y, Pan J, Cao C, Liang X, Yang S, Liu L, Tao C, Zhao J, Wang Y. RNF20 affects porcine adipocyte differentiation via regulation of mitotic clonal expansion. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13131. [PMID: 34647359 PMCID: PMC8666272 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives RNF20 is recognized as a main E3 ligase for monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 (H2Bub). The critical role of RNF20 and H2Bub in various molecular events, such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and DNA damage response, has been widely investigated and documented. However, its role in porcine adipogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of RNF20 on porcine preadipocyte differentiation. Materials and Methods Backfat tissues from fat‐type pigs (Bama and Meishan) and lean‐type pigs (Yorkshire and Landrace) were collected to detect the expression level of RNF20. Preadipocytes were isolated from Bama piglets and induced to differentiation. Small interfering RNAs were applied to deplete RNF20. Oil Red O staining, quantitative real‐time PCR, RNA‐seq, Western blot analysis, and EdU assays were performed to study the regulatory mechanism of RNF20 during adipogenesis. Results We found that the expression levels of RNF20 and H2Bub were significantly higher in backfat tissues from fat‐type pigs than in those from lean‐type pigs. Consistently, the significantly induced expression of RNF20 and H2Bub was also observed in porcine differentiated adipocytes. In addition, knockdown of RNF20 greatly inhibited porcine adipogenesis, as evidenced by dramatically decreased lipid droplet formation and lower expression levels of adipogenic transcription masters in RNF20 knockdown cells. Mechanistically, the depletion of RNF20 decreases the cell proliferation and the level of p‐C/EBPβ via the Ras‐Raf‐MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 cascade pathway at the mitotic clonal expansion phase and therefore suppresses cell differentiation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that RNF20 is required for porcine preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Wang L, He T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Qiu K, Jiao N, He L, Yin J. Global transcriptomic analysis reveals Lnc-ADAMTS9 exerting an essential role in myogenesis through modulating the ERK signaling pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:4. [PMID: 33526083 PMCID: PMC7852153 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging key regulators involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell differentiation and development. The balance between myogenesis and adipogenesis is crucial for skeletal muscle homeostasis in humans and meat quality in farm animals. The present study aimed to reveal the global transcriptomic profiles of adipogenic (Adi-) and myogenic (Myo-) precursors derived from porcine skeletal muscle and identify lncRNAs involved in the modulation of myogenesis homeostasis in porcine skeletal muscle. Results In this study, a total of 655 novel individual lncRNAs including differentially expressed 24 lncRNAs, and 755 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified (fold change ≥2 or ≤ 0.5 and adjusted P < 0.05). Integrated results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis accompanied by the variation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration highlighted Lnc-ADAMTS9 involved in the modulation of myogenesis homeostasis in porcine skeletal muscle. Although Lnc-ADAMTS9 knock-down did not alter the mRNA expression of ADAMTS9, we demonstrated that Lnc-ADAMTS9 can promote myogenic proliferation and myogenic differentiation of myogenic precursors through inhibiting the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion We deciphered a comprehensive catalog of mRNAs and lncRNAs that might be involved in the regulation of myogenesis and adipogenesis homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of pigs. The Lnc-ADAMTS9 exerts an essential role in myogenesis through the ERK signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-020-00524-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Type III Collagen is Required for Adipogenesis and Actin Stress Fibre Formation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020156. [PMID: 33504048 PMCID: PMC7911635 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR56 is required for the adipogenesis of preadipocytes, and the role of one of its ligands, type III collagen (ColIII), was investigated here. ColIII expression was examined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and immunostaining, and its function investigated by knockdown and genome editing in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipogenesis was assessed by oil red O staining of neutral cell lipids and production of established marker and regulator proteins. siRNA-mediated knockdown significantly reduced Col3a1 transcripts, ColIII protein and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 differentiating cells. Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 genome-edited cell lines abolished adipogenesis, demonstrated by a dramatic reduction in adipogenic moderators: Pparγ2 (88%) and C/ebpα (96%) as well as markers aP2 (93%) and oil red O staining (80%). Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells displayed reduced cell adhesion, sustained active β-catenin and deregulation of fibronectin (Fn) and collagen (Col4a1, Col6a1) extracellular matrix gene transcripts. Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells also had dramatically reduced actin stress fibres. We conclude that ColIII is required for 3T3-L1 preadipocyte adipogenesis as well as the formation of actin stress fibres. The phenotype of Col3a1−/− 3T3-L1 cells is very similar to that of Gpr56−/− 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting a functional relationship between ColIII and Gpr56 in preadipocytes.
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7
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Alvandi Z, Al-Mansoori LJR, Opas M. Calreticulin regulates Src kinase in osteogenic differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 48:101972. [PMID: 32916637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin, the major Ca2+ buffer of the endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the choice of fate by embryonic stem cells. Using the embryoid body method of organogenesis, we showed impaired osteogenesis in crt-/- cells vis-à-vis calreticulin-containing osteogenic WT cells. In the non-osteogenic crt-/- cells, c-Src- a non-receptor tyrosine kinase- was activated and its inhibition rescued osteogenesis. Most importantly, we demonstrated that calreticulin-containing cells had lower c-Src kinase activity, and this was accomplished via the Ca2+-homeostatic function of calreticulin. Specifically, lowering cytosolic [Ca2+] in calreticulin-containing osteogenic WT cells with BAPTA-AM, activated c-Src and impaired osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, increasing cytosolic [Ca2+] in crt-/- cells with ionomycin deactivated c-Src kinase and restored osteogenesis. The immediate effector of calreticulin, the Ser/Thr phosphatase calcineurin, was less active in crt-/- cells, however, its activity was rescued upon inhibition of c-Src activity by small molecule inhibitors. Finally, we showed that higher activity of calcineurin correlated with increased level of nuclear Runx2, a transcription factor that is the master regulator of osteogenesis. Collectively, our work has identified a novel pathway involving calreticulin regulated Ca2+ signalling via c-Src in osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.
| | - Layla J R Al-Mansoori
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
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8
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Chen G, Kawazoe N. Regulation of Stem Cell Functions by Micro-Patterned Structures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1250:141-155. [PMID: 32601943 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro-patterned surfaces have been broadly used to control the morphology of stem cells for investigation of the influence of physiochemical and biological cues on stem cell functions. Different structures of micro-patterned surfaces can be prepared by photolithography through designing the photomask features. Cell spreading area, geometry, aspect ratio, and alignment can be regulated by the micro-patterned structures. Their influences on adipogenic, osteogenic, and smooth muscle differentiation of the human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are compared and investigated in details. Variation of cell morphology can trigger rearrangement of cytoskeleton, generating cytoskeletal mechanical stimulation and consequently inducing differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into different lineages. This chapter summarizes the latest development of regulation of mesenchymal stem cell morphology by micro-patterns and the influence on the behaviors and differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Suárez-Vega A, Arranz JJ, Pérez V, de la Fuente LF, Mateo J, Gutiérrez-Gil B. Early adipose deposits in sheep: comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptome of Assaf and Churra suckling lambs. Anim Genet 2018; 49:605-617. [PMID: 30311245 DOI: 10.1111/age.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adipose deposits influence the quality of ruminant carcasses, and in suckling lambs, internal types of adipose deposits represent a notable proportion of total fat. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptomes of suckling lambs from two breeds with different growth and carcass characteristics. The perirenal fat tissue from 14 suckling lambs (Assaf, n = 8; Churra, n = 6) was used for the RNA-seq analysis. The functional enrichment analysis of the 670 highly expressed genes (>150 fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped) in the perirenal fat transcriptome of both breeds revealed that the majority of these genes were involved in energy processes. The expression of the UCP1 gene, a classical biomarker of brown fat, and the presence of multilocular adipocytes in the two breeds supported the presence of brown fat at the transition stage towards white fat tissue. The differential expression analysis performed identified 373 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two compared breeds. Brown/white fat gene biomarkers were not included in the list of DEGs. In Assaf lambs, DEGs were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes related to fatty-acid oxidation, whereas in Churra lambs, the majority of the significantly enriched GO terms were related to cholesterol synthesis, which suggests that upregulated DEGs in Assaf lambs are implicated in fat burning, whereas the Churra upregulated DEGs are linked to fat accumulation. These results can help to increase knowledge of the genes controlling early fat deposition in ruminants and shed light on fundamental aspects of adipose tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - J J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - V Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - L F de la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - J Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - B Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
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10
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Mao Y, Xiong L, Li L. Comparison of the proteomes of mouse Skin Derived Precursors (SKPs) and SKP‐derived fibroblasts (SFBs) by iTRAQ. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1134-1140. [PMID: 28745444 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Science & Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and TechnologyChengduChina
- Department of DermatologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Department of DermatologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of DermatologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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11
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Ferlin KM, Kaplan DS, Fisher JP. Separation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through a Strategic Centrifugation Protocol. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:348-59. [PMID: 26797048 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great promise surrounding mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), their implementation for tissue engineering strategies remains in the development phases. Many of the concerns regarding the clinical use of MSCs originate from population heterogeneity, during both isolation and differentiation. In this study, we utilize our previously developed centrifugation cell adhesion protocol for the separation of MSCs. Our findings reveal that MSCs can be isolated from whole bone marrow using a 200 g (700 pN) centrifugal force after 24 h of culture on polystyrene with cell surface marker expression equivalent to positive controls. During differentiation, a centrifugation protocol with identical force parameters could be applied 14 days into chondrogenic differentiation to isolate differentiated chondrocytes, which exhibited increased expression of chondrogenic markers compared to controls. In summary, the use of our developed centrifugation cell adhesion protocol has proven to be an effective means to separate MSC populations, decreasing the heterogeneity of subsequent cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Ferlin
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - David S Kaplan
- 2 Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA, CDRH) , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - John P Fisher
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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12
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Yu Y, Pilquil C, Opas M. Osteogenic Differentiation from Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1341:425-35. [PMID: 25417061 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been widely studied due to their pluripotency and their potential of self-renewal. Murine ES cells are useful in investigating the molecular pathways underlying their differentiation to various mature cell types in the body. This chapter describes the maintenance of murine ES cells in culture and a routine ES cell osteogenic differentiation protocol utilized in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Carlos Pilquil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6326, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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Bhagwat SR, Redij T, Phalnikar K, Nayak S, Iyer S, Gadkar S, Chaudhari U, Kholkute SD, Sachdeva G. Cell surfactomes of two endometrial epithelial cell lines that differ in their adhesiveness to embryonic cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:326-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali R. Bhagwat
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Tejashree Redij
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Kruttika Phalnikar
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Swati Iyer
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sushama Gadkar
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Uddhav Chaudhari
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sanjeeva D. Kholkute
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
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14
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Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Micropatterned Surfaces for Manipulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functions. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 119:17-33. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416742-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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15
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Zhao H, Wu G, Cao X. EGFR dependent subcellular communication was responsible for morphine mediated AC superactivation. Cell Signal 2012; 25:417-28. [PMID: 23142605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory adenylyl cyclase (AC) superactivation has been postulated to be responsible for the development of morphine tolerance and dependence, the underlying mechanism was demonstrated to comprise c-Src-dependent upregulation of AC5 within the lipid rafts. In the present study, we demonstrated that chronic morphine treatment sensitized EGFR signaling by augmenting EGFR phosphorylation and translocation into ER, which was essential for CRT-MOR tethering within the lipid rafts and AC5 superactivation. Intriguingly, synaptic clustering of CRT-MOR was dependent on EGFR phosphorylation and presumed to implicate in alignment and organization of synaptic compartments. Taken together, our data raised the possibility that an adaptive change in MOR and EGFR signal systems might establish CRT related subcellular communication, the signaling network within brain synaptic zone was proposed to implicate in morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, National Key lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PR China.
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16
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Chang J, Oikawa S, Ichihara G, Nanpei Y, Hotta Y, Yamada Y, Tada-Oikawa S, Iwahashi H, Kitagawa E, Takeuchi I, Yuda M, Ichihara S. Altered gene and protein expression in liver of the obese spontaneously hypertensive/NDmcr-cp rat. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:87. [PMID: 22998770 PMCID: PMC3565951 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND It is difficult to study the mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome in humans due to the heterogeneous genetic background and lifestyle. The present study investigated changes in the gene and protein profiles in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome to identify the molecular targets associated with the pathogenesis and progression of obesity related to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS We extracted mRNAs and proteins from the liver tissues of 6- and 25-week-old spontaneously hypertensive/NIH -corpulent rat SHR/NDmcr-cp (CP), SHR/Lean (Lean) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and performed microarray analysis and two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) linked to a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). RESULTS The microarray analysis identified 25 significantly up-regulated genes (P < 0.01; log10 > 1) and 31 significantly down-regulated genes (P < 0.01; log10 < -1) in 6- and 25-week-old CP compared with WKY and Lean. Several of these genes are known to be involved in important biological processes such as electron transporter activity, electron transport, lipid metabolism, ion transport, transferase, and ion channel activity. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS identified 31 proteins with ±1.2 fold change (P < 0.05) in 6- and 25-week-old CP, compared with age-matched WKY and Lean. The up-regulated proteins are involved in metabolic processes, biological regulation, catalytic activity, and binding, while the down-regulated proteins are involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related unfolded protein response. CONCLUSION Genes with significant changes in their expression in transcriptomic analysis matched very few of the proteins identified in proteomics analysis. However, annotated functional classifications might provide an important reference resource to understand the pathogenesis of obesity associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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17
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Han R, Kitlinska JB, Munday WR, Gallicano GI, Zukowska Z. Stress hormone epinephrine enhances adipogenesis in murine embryonic stem cells by up-regulating the neuropeptide Y system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36609. [PMID: 22570731 PMCID: PMC3343033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress, psychologically and metabolically, increases the risk of obesity and diabetes in the progeny. However, the mechanisms of the pathogenesis remain unknown. In adult mice, stress activates NPY and its Y2R in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner in the abdominal fat. This increased adipogenesis and angiogenesis, leading to abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome which were inhibited by intra-fat Y2R inactivation. To determine whether stress elevates NPY system and accelerates adipogenic potential of embryo, here we "stressed" murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in vitro with epinephrine (EPI) during their adipogenic differentiation. EPI was added during the commitment stage together with insulin, and followed by dexamethasone in the standard adipogenic differentiation medium. Undifferentiated embryonic bodies (EBs) showed no detectable expression of NPY. EPI markedly up-regulated the expression NPY and the Y1R at the commitment stage, followed by increased Y2R mRNA at the late of the commitment stage and the differentiation stage. EPI significantly increased EB cells proliferation and expression of the preadipocyte marker Pref-1 at the commitment stage. EPI also accelerated and amplified adipogenic differentiation detected by increasing the adipocyte markers FABP4 and PPARγ mRNAs and Oil-red O-staining at the end of the differentiation stage. EPI-induced adipogenesis was completely prevented by antagonists of the NPY receptors (Y1R+Y2R+Y5R), indicating that it was mediated by the NPY system in mESC's. Taken together, these data suggest that stress may play an important role in programming ESCs for accelerated adipogenesis by altering the stress induced hormonal regulation of the NPY system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Han
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Stress Physiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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18
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Altered osteogenic commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells by ERM protein-dependent modulation of cellular biomechanics. J Biomech 2011; 44:2692-8. [PMID: 21864840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics is known to play an important role in many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) demonstrate unique mechanical properties distinct from fully differentiated cells. This observation suggests that the stem cell mechanics may be modulated to regulate the hMSCs' lineage commitment. Specifically, ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins are known to mediate the membrane-cytoskeleton adhesion, cell elasticity, actin cytoskeleton organization, and therefore could serve as potential targets for modulation of the cellular mechanics. Combining silencing RNA, atomic force microscopy, and laser optical tweezers, the role of the ERM proteins involved in the regulation of stem cell biomechanics and osteogenic differentiation was quantitatively determined. Transient ERM knockdown by RNAi causes disassembly of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, a decrease in the cell stiffness, and membrane separation from the cytoskeleton. The silencing RNA treatment not only induced mechanical changes in stem cells but impaired biochemically-directed osteogenic differentiation. The intact actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions of hMSCs appear critical for the osteogenic induction. Thus, ERM knockdown modulates the dynamics of cell mechanical changes during hMSC differentiation and regulates the expression of tissue specific molecular markers. These findings are of particular interest for modulation of the cellular biomechanics to control hMSCs' activities and fate in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and other stem cell-based therapeutic applications.
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Lu YC, Chen CN, Wang B, Hsu WM, Chen ST, Chang KJ, Chang CC, Lee H. Changes in tumor growth and metastatic capacities of J82 human bladder cancer cells suppressed by down-regulation of calreticulin expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1425-33. [PMID: 21723245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common urothelial cancer. Through proteomic approaches, calreticulin (CRT) was identified and proposed as a urinary marker for bladder cancer. CRT is a multifunctional molecular chaperone that regulates various cellular functions such as Ca(2+) homeostasis and cell adhesion. CRT is overexpressed in various cancers, but its mechanism of action in the development of bladder tumors remains unclear. We generated J82 bladder cancer cells lines that either stably overexpressed or knocked down CRT to investigate the physiological effects of CRT on bladder tumors. Compared with the transfected control vector cells, the knockdown of CRT suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and attachment, whereas overexpression of CRT enhanced cell migration and attachment. We further demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, important regulators of the focal adhesion complex, was also regulated in these cells. In contrast, phosphorylation of Src, a protein tyrosine kinase reported to be affected by CRT, was not significantly different between the control and CRT-RNAi groups. Most importantly, we observed that tumors derived from J82 CRT-RNAi cells were significantly smaller and had fewer metastatic sites in the lung and liver in vivo than did transfected control vector cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that alteration of CRT expression levels might affect bladder cancer progression in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Lu
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hammerick KE, Huang Z, Sun N, Lam MT, Prinz FB, Wu JC, Commons GW, Longaker MT. Elastic properties of induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:495-502. [PMID: 20807017 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent technique of transducing key transcription factors into unipotent cells (fibroblasts) to generate pluripotent stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs]) has significantly changed the stem cell field. These cells have great promise for many clinical applications, including that of regenerative medicine. Our findings show that iPSCs can be derived from human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs), a notable advancement in the clinical applicability of these cells. To investigate differences between two iPS cell lines (fibroblast-iPSC and hASC-iPSC), and also the gold standard human embryonic stem cell, we looked at cell stiffness as a possible indicator of cell differentiation-potential differences. We used atomic force microscopy as a tool to determine stem cell stiffness, and hence differences in material properties between cells. Human fibroblast and hASC stiffness was also ascertained for comparison. Interestingly, cells exhibited a noticeable difference in stiffness. From least to most stiff, the order of cell stiffness was as follows: hASC-iPSC, human embryonic stem cell, fibroblast-iPSC, fibroblasts, and, lastly, as the stiffest cell, hASC. In comparing hASC-iPSCs to their origin cell, the hASC, the reprogrammed cell is significantly less stiff, indicating that greater differentiation potentials may correlate with a lower cellular modulus. The stiffness differences are not dependent on cell culture density; hence, material differences between cells cannot be attributed solely to cell-cell constraints. The change in mechanical properties of the cells in response to reprogramming offers insight into how the cell interacts with its environment and might lend clues to how to efficiently reprogram cell populations as well as how to maintain their pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Hammerick
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
Biomechanical signals such as cell shape and spreading play an important role in controlling stem cell commitment. Cell shape, adhesion and spreading are also affected by calreticulin, a multifunctional calcium-binding protein, which influences several cellular processes, including adipogenesis. Here we show that cytoskeletal disruption in mouse embryonic stem cells using cytochalasin D or nocodazole promotes adipogenesis. While cytochalasin D disrupts stress fibres and inhibits focal adhesion formation, nocodazole depolymerises microtubules and promotes focal adhesion formation. Furthermore, cytochalasin D increases the levels of both total and activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, whereas nocodazole decreases it. Nevertheless, both treatments significantly increase the adipogenic potential of embryonic stem cells in vitro. Both cytochalasin D and nocodazole exposure caused cell rounding suggesting that it is cell shape that causes the switch towards the adipogenic programme. Calreticulin-containing embryonic stem cells, under baseline conditions, show low adipogenic potential, have low activity of signalling via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and display normal adhesive properties and cellular spreading in comparison to the highly adipogenic but poorly spread calreticulin-deficient ES cells. We conclude that forced cell rounding via cytoskeletal disruption overrides the effects of calreticulin, an ER chaperone, thus negatively regulating adipogenesis via focal adhesion-mediated cell spreading.
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