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Du P, Wu J. Hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cell states. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:312-333. [PMID: 38382531 PMCID: PMC10939785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Though totipotency and pluripotency are transient during early embryogenesis, they establish the foundation for the development of all mammals. Studying these in vivo has been challenging due to limited access and ethical constraints, particularly in humans. Recent progress has led to diverse culture adaptations of epiblast cells in vitro in the form of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, which not only deepen our understanding of embryonic development but also serve as invaluable resources for animal reproduction and regenerative medicine. This review delves into the hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, shedding light on their key molecular and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Iwatsuki K, Oikawa M, Kobayashi H, Penfold CA, Sanbo M, Yamamoto T, Hochi S, Kurimoto K, Hirabayashi M, Kobayashi T. Rat post-implantation epiblast-derived pluripotent stem cells produce functional germ cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100542. [PMID: 37671016 PMCID: PMC10475792 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, pluripotent cells transit through a continuum of distinct molecular and functional states en route to initiating lineage specification. Capturing pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) mirroring in vivo pluripotent states provides accessible in vitro models to study the pluripotency program and mechanisms underlying lineage restriction. Here, we develop optimal culture conditions to derive and propagate post-implantation epiblast-derived PSCs (EpiSCs) in rats, a valuable model for biomedical research. We show that rat EpiSCs (rEpiSCs) can be reset toward the naive pluripotent state with exogenous Klf4, albeit not with the other five candidate genes (Nanog, Klf2, Esrrb, Tfcp2l1, and Tbx3) effective in mice. Finally, we demonstrate that rat EpiSCs retain competency to produce authentic primordial germ cell-like cells that undergo functional gametogenesis leading to the birth of viable offspring. Our findings in the rat model uncover principles underpinning pluripotency and germline competency across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyu Iwatsuki
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Mami Oikawa
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Christopher A. Penfold
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Wellcome Trust – Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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3
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Zhang J, Zhi M, Gao D, Zhu Q, Gao J, Zhu G, Cao S, Han J. Research progress and application prospects of stable porcine pluripotent stem cells. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:226-236. [PMID: 35678320 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) harbor the capacity of unlimited self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential which are crucial for basic research and biomedical science. Establishment of PSCs with defined features were previously reported from mice and humans, while generation of stable large animal PSCs has experienced a relatively long trial stage and only recently has made breakthroughs. Pigs are regarded as ideal animal models for their similarities in physiology and anatomy to humans. Generation of porcine PSCs would provide cell resources for basic research, genetic engineering, animal breeding and cultured meat. In this review, we summarize the progress on the derivation of porcine PSCs and reprogrammed cells and elucidate the mechanisms of pluripotency changes during pig embryo development. This will be beneficial for understanding the divergence and conservation between different species involved in embryo development and the pluripotent regulated signaling pathways. Finally, we also discuss the promising future applications of stable porcine PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minglei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Cao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Liu C, Cui Z, Yan Y, Wu NL, Li L, Ying Q, Peng L. An optimized proliferation system of embryonic stem cells for generating the rat model with large fragment modification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:8-13. [PMID: 34298338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rats have long been an ideal model for disease research in the field of biomedicine, but the bottleneck of in vitro culture of rat embryonic stem (ES) cells hindered the wide application as genetic disease models. Here, we optimized a special medium which we named 5N-medium for rat embryonic stem cells, which improved the in vitro cells with better morphology and higher pluripotency. We then established a drug selection schedule harboring a prior selection of 12 h that achieved a higher positive selection ratio. These treatments induced at least 50% increase of homologous recombination efficiency compared with conventional 2i culture condition. Moreover, the ratio of euploid ES clones also increased by 50% with a higher germline transmission rate. Finally, we successfully knocked in a 175 kb human Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) fragment to rat ES genome through recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). Hence, we provide a promising system for generating sophisticated rat models which could be benefit for biomedical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhonglin Cui
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Youzhen Yan
- USC/Norris Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Nancy L Wu
- USC/Norris Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Qilong Ying
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; USC/Norris Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Luying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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5
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Meek S, Wei J, Oh T, Watson T, Olavarrieta J, Sutherland L, Carlson DF, Salzano A, Chandra T, Joshi A, Burdon T. A Stem Cell Reporter for Investigating Pluripotency and Self-Renewal in the Rat. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:154-166. [PMID: 31902707 PMCID: PMC6962659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat embryonic stem cells (rESCs) are capable of contributing to all differentiated tissues, including the germ line in chimeric animals, and represent a unique, authentic alternative to mouse embryonic stem cells for studying stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Here, we describe an EGFP reporter transgene that tracks expression of the benchmark naive pluripotency marker gene Rex1 (Zfp42) in the rat. Insertion of the EGFP reporter gene downstream of the Rex1 promoter disrupted Rex1 expression, but REX1-deficient rESCs and rats were viable and apparently normal, validating this targeted knockin transgene as a neutral reporter. The Rex1-EGFP gene responded to self-renewal/differentiation factors and validated the critical role of β-catenin/LEF1 signaling. The stem cell reporter also allowed the identification of functionally distinct sub-populations of cells within rESC cultures, thus demonstrating its utility in discriminating between cell states in rat stem cell cultures, as well as providing a tool for tracking Rex1 expression in the rat. Rex1-EGFP transgene is a neutral reporter of pluripotency and self-renewal in the rat Rex1-EGFP transgene responds appropriately to self-renewal and differentiation signaling Rex1-EGFP transgene allows the discrimination between rat ESC pluripotent states
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK; iRegene Therapeutics, C6-522, 666 Gaoxin Avenue, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taeho Oh
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jaime Olavarrieta
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Daniel F Carlson
- Recombinetics Inc., 1246 University Avenue W, St. Paul, MN 55125, USA
| | - Angela Salzano
- MRC Unit for Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Unit for Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anagha Joshi
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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6
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Wang C, Han X, Zhou Z, Uyunbilig B, Huang X, Li R, Li X. Wnt3a Activates the WNT-YAP/TAZ Pathway to Sustain CDX2 Expression in Bovine Trophoblast Stem Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:410-422. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuejie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Borjigin Uyunbilig
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xianghua Huang
- Department of Urology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratories of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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7
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A novel approach to differentiate rat embryonic stem cells in vitro reveals a role for RNF12 in activation of X chromosome inactivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6068. [PMID: 30988473 PMCID: PMC6465393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a mammalian specific, developmentally regulated process relying on several mechanisms including antisense transcription, non-coding RNA-mediated silencing, and recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes. In vitro modeling of XCI, through differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), provides a powerful tool to study the dynamics of XCI, overcoming the need for embryos, and facilitating genetic modification of key regulatory players. However, to date, robust initiation of XCI in vitro has been mostly limited to mouse pluripotent stem cells. Here, we adapted existing protocols to establish a novel monolayer differentiation protocol for rat ESCs to study XCI. We show that differentiating rat ESCs properly downregulate pluripotency factor genes, and present female specific Xist RNA accumulation and silencing of X-linked genes. We also demonstrate that RNF12 seems to be an important player in regulation of initiation of XCI in rat, acting as an Xist activator. Our work provides the basis to investigate the mechanisms directing the XCI process in a model organism different from the mouse.
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Yoda K, Ohnuki Y, Kurosawa H. Optimization of the treatment conditions with glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor towards enhancing the proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cells while maintaining an undifferentiated state under feeder-free conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:381-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tobias I, Isaac R, Dierolf J, Khazaee R, Cumming R, Betts D. Metabolic plasticity during transition to naïve-like pluripotency in canine embryo-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Spitzer S, Agathou S, Karadottir RT, Smith A. Gene Editing in Rat Embryonic Stem Cells to Produce In Vitro Models and In Vivo Reporters. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:1262-1274. [PMID: 29020614 PMCID: PMC5639479 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer the potential for sophisticated genome engineering in this valuable biomedical model species. However, germline transmission has been rare following conventional homologous recombination and clonal selection. Here, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target genomic mutations and insertions. We first evaluated utility for directed mutagenesis and recovered clones with biallelic deletions in Lef1. Mutant cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition during self-renewal. We then generated a non-disruptive knockin of dsRed at the Sox10 locus. Two clones produced germline chimeras. Comparative expression of dsRed and SOX10 validated the fidelity of the reporter. To illustrate utility, live imaging of dsRed in neonatal brain slices was employed to visualize oligodendrocyte lineage cells for patch-clamp recording. Overall, these results show that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in germline-competent rat ESCs is enabling for in vitro studies and for generating genetically modified rats. Gene mutation and homologous recombination in rat ESCs using CRISPR/Cas9 Lef1 mutants exhibit predicted loss of hypersensitivity to GSK3 inhibition Sox10 knockin rat provides a vital reporter of neural crest and oligodendroglia Sox10::dsRed facilitates patch-clamp recording from oligodendroglial lineage cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Chen
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sonia Spitzer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Sylvia Agathou
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ragnhildur Thora Karadottir
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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Zhong Y, Choi T, Kim M, Jung KH, Chai YG, Binas B. Isolation of primitive mouse extraembryonic endoderm (pXEN) stem cell lines. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:100-112. [PMID: 29843002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse blastocysts contain the committed precursors of the extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn), which express the key transcription factor Oct4, depend on LIF/LIF-like factor-driven Jak/Stat signaling, and initially exhibit lineage plasticity. Previously described rat blastocyst-derived ExEn precursor-like cell lines (XENP cells/HypoSCs) also show these features, but equivalent mouse blastocyst-derived cell lines are lacking. We now present mouse blastocyst-derived cell lines, named primitive XEN (pXEN) cells, which share these and additional characteristics with the XENP cells/HypoSCs, but not with previously known mouse blastocyst-derived XEN cell lines. Otherwise, pXEN cells are highly similar to XEN cells by morphology, lineage-intrinsic differentiation potential, and multi-gene expression profile, although the pXEN cell profile correlates better with the blastocyst stage. Finally, we show that pXEN cells easily convert into XEN-like cells but not vice versa. The findings indicate that (i) pXEN cells are more representative than XEN cells of the blastocyst stage; (ii) mouse pXEN, rather than XEN, cells are homologs of rat XENP cells/HypoSCs, which we propose to call rat pXEN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Zhong
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoong Choi
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea..
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12
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VE-Cadherin regulates the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells via LIF/Stat3 signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2018; 158:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Rat embryonic stem cells produce fertile offspring through tetraploid complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11974-11979. [PMID: 29078333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708710114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be functionally assessed according to the developmental potency. Tetraploid complementation, through which an entire organism is produced from the pluripotent donor cells, is taken as the most stringent test for pluripotency. It remains unclear whether ESCs of other species besides mice can pass this test. Here we show that the rat ESCs derived under 2i (two small molecule inhibitors) conditions at very early passages are able to produce fertile offspring by tetraploid complementation. However, they lose this capacity rapidly during culture due to a nearly complete loss of genomic imprinting. Our findings support that the naïve ground state pluripotency can be captured in rat ESCs but also point to the species-specific differences in its regulation and maintenance, which have implications for the derivation and application of naïve pluripotent stem cells in other species including human.
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Abstract
Since its domestication over 100 years ago, the laboratory rat has been the preferred experimental animal in many areas of biomedical research (Lindsey and Baker The laboratory rat. Academic, New York, pp 1-52, 2006). Its physiology, size, genetics, reproductive cycle, cognitive and behavioural characteristics have made it a particularly useful animal model for studying many human disorders and diseases. Indeed, through selective breeding programmes numerous strains have been derived that are now the mainstay of research on hypertension, obesity and neurobiology (Okamoto and Aoki Jpn Circ J 27:282-293, 1963; Zucker and Zucker J Hered 52(6):275-278, 1961). Despite this wealth of genetic and phenotypic diversity, the ability to manipulate and interrogate the genetic basis of existing phenotypes in rat strains and the methodology to generate new rat models has lagged significantly behind the advances made with its close cousin, the laboratory mouse. However, recent technical developments in stem cell biology and genetic engineering have again brought the rat to the forefront of biomedical studies and enabled researchers to exploit the increasingly accessible wealth of genome sequence information. In this review, we will describe how a breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of self-renewal of the pluripotent founder cells of the mammalian embryo, embryonic stem (ES) cells, enabled the derivation of rat ES cells and their application in transgenesis. We will also describe the remarkable progress that has been made in the development of gene editing enzymes that enable the generation of transgenic rats directly through targeted genetic modifications in the genomes of zygotes. The simplicity, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system, in particular, mean that the ability to engineer the rat genome is no longer a limiting factor. The selection of suitable targets and gene modifications will now become a priority: a challenge where ES culture and gene editing technologies can play complementary roles in generating accurate bespoke rat models for studying biological processes and modelling human disease.
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Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Zambidis ET. Capturing Human Naïve Pluripotency in the Embryo and in the Dish. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1141-1161. [PMID: 28537488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were first derived almost 20 years ago, it was only recently acknowledged that they share closer molecular and functional identity to postimplantation lineage-primed murine epiblast stem cells than to naïve preimplantation inner cell mass-derived mouse ESCs (mESCs). A myriad of transcriptional, epigenetic, biochemical, and metabolic attributes have now been described that distinguish naïve and primed pluripotent states in both rodents and humans. Conventional hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) appear to lack many of the defining hallmarks of naïve mESCs. These include important features of the naïve ground state murine epiblast, such as an open epigenetic architecture, reduced lineage-primed gene expression, and chimera and germline competence following injection into a recipient blastocyst-stage embryo. Several transgenic and chemical methods were recently reported that appear to revert conventional human PSCs to mESC-like ground states. However, it remains unclear if subtle deviations in global transcription, cell signaling dependencies, and extent of epigenetic/metabolic shifts in these various human naïve-reverted pluripotent states represent true functional differences or alternatively the existence of distinct human pluripotent states along a spectrum. In this study, we review the current understanding and developmental features of various human pluripotency-associated phenotypes and discuss potential biological mechanisms that may support stable maintenance of an authentic epiblast-like ground state of human pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tea Soon Park
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Sherstyuk VV, Medvedev SP, Elisaphenko EA, Vaskova EA, Ri MT, Vyatkin YV, Saik OV, Shtokalo DN, Pokushalov EA, Zakian SM. Genome-wide profiling and differential expression of microRNA in rat pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2787. [PMID: 28584262 PMCID: PMC5459850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small noncoding RNAs that plays an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Much evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in regulating the human and mouse pluripotency. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, miRNAs in the pluripotent stem cells of one of the most commonly used model organisms - the Rattus norvegicus have not been studied. In the present study, we performed deep sequencing of small RNA molecules in the embryonic fibroblasts, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells of laboratory rats. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 674 known miRNAs and 394 novel miRNA candidates in all of the samples. Expression of known pluripotency-associated miRNAs, such as the miR-290-295 and miR-183-96-182 clusters as well as members of the miR-200 family, was detected in rat pluripotent stem cells. Analysis of the targets of differentially expressed known and novel miRNAs showed their involvement in the regulation of pluripotency and the reprogramming process in rats. Bioinformatics and systems biology approaches identified potential pathways that are regulated by these miRNAs. This study contributes to our understanding of miRNAs in the regulation of pluripotency and cell reprogramming in the laboratory rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Sherstyuk
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey P Medvedev
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Elisaphenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Vaskova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim T Ri
- AcademGene LLC, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Yuri V Vyatkin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,AcademGene LLC, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Olga V Saik
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Shtokalo
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,AcademGene LLC, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Woburn, MA, 01801, USA.,A.P.Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Pokushalov
- Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia
| | - Suren M Zakian
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630055, Russia. .,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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17
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Wang D, Sang H, Zhang K, Nie Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, He N, Wang Y, Xu Y, Xie X, Li Z, Liu N. Stat3 phosphorylation is required for embryonic stem cells ground state maintenance in 2i culture media. Oncotarget 2017; 8:31227-31237. [PMID: 28415722 PMCID: PMC5458203 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) can be maintained its undifferentiated state with feeder cells or LIF, which can activate Jak/Stat3 pathway. Recently, it has been reported a new culture condition comprising serum-free medium with ERK and GSK3β inhibitors (2i) could drive ES cells into a state of pluripotency more like inner cell mass (ICM) in mouse blastocysts called ground state. However, although 2i could sustain ES cells self-renewal, LIF is routinely added. The roles of Stat3 activation are still unclear now. Here we investigated whether Jak/Stat3 might also contribute to the induction of ground state pluripotency. We introduced a lentiviral construct with 7-repeat Stat3-binding sequence to drive Renilla luciferase into ES cells, which can be used as a reporter to detect Stat3 activation by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Using this ES cells, we investigated the role of Stat3 activation in ground state maintenance. The results showed that Stat3 could be activated by 2i. Stattic, a chemical inhibitor of Stat3 phosphorylation, could effectively inhibit Stat3 activation in ES cells. When Stat3 activation was suppressed, ground state related genes were down regulated, and ES cells could not be maintained the ground state pluripotency even in 2i medium. All of these results indicate Stat3 activation is required in ground state maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Nie
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningning He
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuebing Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Ware CB. Concise Review: Lessons from Naïve Human Pluripotent Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:35-41. [PMID: 27663171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The naïve state of pluripotency is actively being explored by a number of labs. There is some controversy in the field as to the true identity of naïve human pluripotent cells as they are not exact mirrors of the mouse. The various reports published, although in basic agreement, present discrepancies in the characterization of the various lines, which likely reflect the etiology of these lines. The primary lesson learned from these contributions is that a human naïve state reflecting the preimplantation human is likely to exist. The essential factors that will universally maintain the naïve state in human cells in vitro are not yet fully understood. These first need to be identified in order to describe the definitive characteristics of this state. Comparisons of naïve and primed human pluripotent cells have also highlighted consistencies between states and broadened our understanding of embryonic metabolism, epigenetic change required for development, embryonic DNA repair strategies and embryonic expression dynamics. Stem Cells 2017;35:35-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Li X, Cui XL, Wang JQ, Wang YK, Li YF, Wang LY, Wan HF, Li TD, Feng GH, Shuai L, Li ZK, Gu Q, Hao J, Wang L, Zhao XY, Liu ZH, Wang XJ, Li W, Zhou Q. Generation and Application of Mouse-Rat Allodiploid Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell 2016; 164:279-292. [PMID: 26771496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian interspecific hybrids provide unique advantages for mechanistic studies of speciation, gene expression regulation, and X chromosome inactivation (XCI) but are constrained by their limited natural resources. Previous artificially generated mammalian interspecific hybrid cells are usually tetraploids with unstable genomes and limited developmental abilities. Here, we report the generation of mouse-rat allodiploid embryonic stem cells (AdESCs) by fusing haploid ESCs of the two species. The AdESCs have a stable allodiploid genome and are capable of differentiating into all three germ layers and early-stage germ cells. Both the mouse and rat alleles have comparable contributions to the expression of most genes. We have proven AdESCs as a powerful tool to study the mechanisms regulating X chromosome inactivation and to identify X inactivation-escaping genes, as well as to efficiently identify genes regulating phenotypic differences between species. A similar method could be used to create hybrid AdESCs of other distantly related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Long Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu-Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Le-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tian-Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Hai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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20
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Meek S, Thomson AJ, Sutherland L, Sharp MGF, Thomson J, Bishop V, Meddle SL, Gloaguen Y, Weidt S, Singh-Dolt K, Buehr M, Brown HK, Gill AC, Burdon T. Reduced levels of dopamine and altered metabolism in brains of HPRT knock-out rats: a new rodent model of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25592. [PMID: 27185277 PMCID: PMC4869022 DOI: 10.1038/srep25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a severe neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), an enzyme required for efficient recycling of purine nucleotides. Although this biochemical defect reconfigures purine metabolism and leads to elevated levels of the breakdown product urea, it remains unclear exactly how loss of HPRT activity disrupts brain function. As the rat is the preferred rodent experimental model for studying neurobiology and diseases of the brain, we used genetically-modified embryonic stem cells to generate an HPRT knock-out rat. Male HPRT-deficient rats were viable, fertile and displayed normal caged behaviour. However, metabolomic analysis revealed changes in brain biochemistry consistent with disruption of purine recycling and nucleotide metabolism. Broader changes in brain biochemistry were also indicated by increased levels of the core metabolite citrate and reduced levels of lipids and fatty acids. Targeted MS/MS analysis identified reduced levels of dopamine in the brains of HPRT-deficient animals, consistent with deficits noted previously in human LND patients and HPRT knock-out mice. The HPRT-deficient rat therefore provides a new experimental platform for future investigation of how HPRT activity and disruption of purine metabolism affects neural function and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Alison J. Thomson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Matthew G. F. Sharp
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Julie Thomson
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Valerie Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Simone L. Meddle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Yoann Gloaguen
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Karamjit Singh-Dolt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Mia Buehr
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Helen K. Brown
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Gill
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
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21
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Dynamic stem cell states: naive to primed pluripotency in rodents and humans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:155-69. [PMID: 26860365 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the in vitro preservation of distinct pluripotent stem cell configurations, and their induction in somatic cells by direct reprogramming, constitute a highly exciting area of research. In this Review, we integrate recent discoveries related to isolating unique naive and primed pluripotent stem cell states with altered functional and molecular characteristics, and from different species. We provide an overview of the pathways underlying pluripotent state transitions and interconversion in vitro and in vivo. We conclude by highlighting unresolved key questions, future directions and potential novel applications of such dynamic pluripotent cell states.
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22
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Wang J, Singh M, Sun C, Besser D, Prigione A, Ivics Z, Hurst LD, Izsvák Z. Isolation and cultivation of naive-like human pluripotent stem cells based on HERVH expression. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:327-46. [PMID: 26797457 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to derive and stably maintain ground-state human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that resemble the cells seen in vivo in the inner cell mass has the potential to be an invaluable tool for researchers developing stem cell-based therapies. To date, derivation of human naive-like pluripotent stem cell lines has been limited to a small number of lineages, and their long-term culturing remains problematic. We describe a protocol for genetic and phenotypic tagging, selecting and maintaining naive-like hPSCs. We tag hPSCs by GFP, expressed by the long terminal repeat (LTR7) of HERVH endogenous retrovirus. This simple and efficient protocol has been reproduced with multiple hPSC lines, including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, and it takes ∼6 weeks. By using the reporter, homogeneous hPSC cultures can be derived, characterized and maintained for the long term by repeated re-sorting and re-plating steps. The HERVH-expressing cells have a similar, but nonidentical, expression pattern to other naive-like cells, suggesting that alternative pluripotent states might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Wang
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Besser
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Langen, Germany
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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23
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Vaskova EA, Medvedev SP, Sorokina AE, Nemudryy AA, Elisaphenko EA, Zakharova IS, Shevchenko AI, Kizilova EA, Zhelezova AI, Evshin IS, Sharipov RN, Minina JM, Zhdanova NS, Khegay II, Kolpakov FA, Sukhikh GT, Pokushalov EA, Karaskov AM, Vlasov VV, Ivanova LN, Zakian SM. Transcriptome Characteristics and X-Chromosome Inactivation Status in Cultured Rat Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2912-24. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A. Vaskova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Medvedev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiya E. Sorokina
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem A. Nemudryy
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A. Elisaphenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina S. Zakharova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Shevchenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kizilova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Antonina I. Zhelezova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan S. Evshin
- Institute of Systems Biology, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Design Technological Institute of Digital Techniques, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ruslan N. Sharipov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Systems Biology, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Design Technological Institute of Digital Techniques, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia M. Minina
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Zhdanova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor I. Khegay
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Kolpakov
- Institute of Systems Biology, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Design Technological Institute of Digital Techniques, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennadiy T. Sukhikh
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A. Pokushalov
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Karaskov
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlasov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila N. Ivanova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M. Zakian
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ohtsuka S, Nakai-Futatsugi Y, Niwa H. LIF signal in mouse embryonic stem cells. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1086520. [PMID: 27127728 PMCID: PMC4802755 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1086520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in the 1980s, a number of important notions on the self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells in vitro have been found. In serum containing conventional culture, an exogenous cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is absolutely essential for the maintenance of pluripotency. In contrast, in serum-free culture with simultaneous inhibition of Map-kinase and Gsk3 (so called 2i-culture), LIF is no longer required. However, recent findings also suggest that LIF may have a role not covered by the 2i for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency. These suggest that LIF functions for the maintenance of naïve pluripotency in a context dependent manner. We summarize how LIF-signal pathway is converged to maintain the naïve state of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakai-Futatsugi
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN ; Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies; Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN; Kobe, Japan; Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG); Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
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25
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Long Noncoding RNA CUDR Regulates HULC and β-Catenin to Govern Human Liver Stem Cell Malignant Differentiation. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1843-53. [PMID: 26347501 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA cancer upregulated drug resistant (CUDR) is overexpressed in many tumors and promotes tumorigenesis. Herein, we demonstrate CUDR could enhance the human embryonic stem cells (ESC) differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells by reducing trimethylation on histone H3 twenty-seventh lysine (H3K27me3). On the other hand, excessive CUDR triggers hepatocyte-like cells malignant transformation. Mechanistically, we identify CUDR causes highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) and β-catenin abnormal expression by inhibiting HULC promoter methylation and promoting β-catenin promoter-enhancer chromatin looping formation mediated by CUDR-ccctc-binding factor (CTCF) complex, which recruits more RNA polII and P300. Strikingly, HULC and β-catenin activity are crucial for CUDR oncogenic function. These findings provide the first demonstration that CUDR plays a positive potential role in liver cancer stem cell through the cascade of CUDR-HULC/CUDR-β-catenin signaling, and offer insights into a novel link between long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and the epigenetic modification in cancer stem cells.
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26
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Muñoz-Descalzo S, Hadjantonakis AK, Arias AM. Wnt/ß-catenin signalling and the dynamics of fate decisions in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 47-48:101-9. [PMID: 26321498 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/ß-catenin signalling is a widespread cell signalling pathway with multiple roles during vertebrate development. In mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, there is a dual role for ß-catenin: it promotes differentiation when activated as part of the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway, and promotes stable pluripotency independently of signalling. Although mES cells resemble the preimplantation epiblast progenitors, the first requirement for Wnt/ß-catenin signalling during mouse development has been reported at implantation [1,2]. The relationship between ß-catenin and pluripotency and that of mES cells with epiblast progenitors suggests that ß-catenin might have a functional role during preimplantation development. Here we summarize the expression and function of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling elements during the early stages of mouse development and consider the reasons why the requirement in ES cells do not reflect the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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27
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Huynh TT, Lin CM, Lee WH, Wu AT, Lin YK, Lin YF, Yeh CT, Wang LS. Pterostilbene suppressed irradiation-resistant glioma stem cells by modulating GRP78/miR-205 axis. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:466-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Fonseca SAS, Costas RM, Pereira LV. Searching for naïve human pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:649-656. [PMID: 25914771 PMCID: PMC4404399 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal mouse pluripotent stem cells were originally derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts and shown to be the in vitro equivalent of those pre-implantation embryonic cells, and thus were called embryonic stem cells (ESCs). More than a decade later, pluripotent cells were isolated from the ICM of human blastocysts. Despite being called human ESCs, these cells differ significantly from mouse ESCs, including different morphology and mechanisms of control of pluripotency, suggesting distinct embryonic origins of ESCs from the two species. Subsequently, mouse pluripotent stem cells were established from the ICM-derived epiblast of post-implantation embryos. These mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are morphological and epigenetically more similar to human ESCs. This raised the question of whether cells from the human ICM are in a more advanced differentiation stage than their murine counterpart, or whether the available culture conditions were not adequate to maintain those human cells in their in vivo state, leading to a transition into EpiSC-like cells in vitro. More recently, novel culture conditions allowed the conversion of human ESCs into mouse ESC-like cells called naïve (or ground state) human ESCs, and the derivation of naïve human ESCs from blastocysts. Here we will review the characteristics of each type of pluripotent stem cells, how (and whether) these relate to different stages of embryonic development, and discuss the potential implications of naïve human ESCs in research and therapy.
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29
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Shoni M, Lui KO, Vavvas DG, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Vlahos N, Ng SW. Protein kinases and associated pathways in pluripotent state and lineage differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 9:366-87. [PMID: 24998240 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140616130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) mediate the reversible conversion of substrate proteins to phosphorylated forms, a key process in controlling intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Pluripotency is, among others, characterized by specifically expressed PKs forming a highly interconnected regulatory network that culminates in a finely-balanced molecular switch. Current high-throughput phosphoproteomic approaches have shed light on the specific regulatory PKs and their function in controlling pluripotent states. Pluripotent cell-derived endothelial and hematopoietic developments represent an example of the importance of pluripotency in cancer therapeutics and organ regeneration. This review attempts to provide the hitherto known kinome profile and the individual characterization of PK-related pathways that regulate pluripotency. Elucidating the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic signals may improve our understanding of the different pluripotent states, the maintenance or induction of pluripotency, and the ability to tailor lineage differentiation, with a particular focus on endothelial cell differentiation for anti-cancer treatment, cell-based tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu-Wing Ng
- 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI- 449A, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Huang G, Ye S, Zhou X, Liu D, Ying QL. Molecular basis of embryonic stem cell self-renewal: from signaling pathways to pluripotency network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1741-57. [PMID: 25595304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in culture indefinitely while retaining the capacity to generate any type of cell in the body, and therefore not only hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but also provide a powerful tool for modeling human disease and understanding biological development. In order to fulfill the full potential of ESCs, it is critical to understand how ESC fate, whether to self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells, is regulated. On the molecular level, ESC fate is controlled by the intracellular transcriptional regulatory networks that respond to various extrinsic signaling stimuli. In this review, we discuss and compare important signaling pathways in the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse, rat, and human ESCs with an emphasis on how these pathways integrate into ESC-specific transcription circuitries. This will be beneficial for understanding the common and conserved mechanisms that govern self-renewal, and for developing novel culture conditions that support ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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31
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Takashima Y, Guo G, Loos R, Nichols J, Ficz G, Krueger F, Oxley D, Santos F, Clarke J, Mansfield W, Reik W, Bertone P, Smith A. Resetting transcription factor control circuitry toward ground-state pluripotency in human. Cell 2014; 158:1254-1269. [PMID: 25215486 PMCID: PMC4162745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current human pluripotent stem cells lack the transcription factor circuitry that governs the ground state of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, we report that short-term expression of two components, NANOG and KLF2, is sufficient to ignite other elements of the network and reset the human pluripotent state. Inhibition of ERK and protein kinase C sustains a transgene-independent rewired state. Reset cells self-renew continuously without ERK signaling, are phenotypically stable, and are karyotypically intact. They differentiate in vitro and form teratomas in vivo. Metabolism is reprogrammed with activation of mitochondrial respiration as in ESC. DNA methylation is dramatically reduced and transcriptome state is globally realigned across multiple cell lines. Depletion of ground-state transcription factors, TFCP2L1 or KLF4, has marginal impact on conventional human pluripotent stem cells but collapses the reset state. These findings demonstrate feasibility of installing and propagating functional control circuitry for ground-state pluripotency in human cells. Transcription factor circuitry is rewired in human pluripotent stem cells Transcriptome and metabolism are similar to mouse ground-state embryonic stem cells Genome-wide hypomethylation in reset cells indicates global epigenetic erasure Reset human cells can incorporate into mouse preimplantation epiblast
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takashima
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ge Guo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Remco Loos
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Clarke
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - William Mansfield
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Babraham Institute, Babraham, CB22 3AT, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK; Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraβe 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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32
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Theunissen TW, Powell BE, Wang H, Mitalipova M, Faddah DA, Reddy J, Fan ZP, Maetzel D, Ganz K, Shi L, Lungjangwa T, Imsoonthornruksa S, Stelzer Y, Rangarajan S, D'Alessio A, Zhang J, Gao Q, Dawlaty MM, Young RA, Gray NS, Jaenisch R. Systematic identification of culture conditions for induction and maintenance of naive human pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:471-487. [PMID: 25090446 PMCID: PMC4184977 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) of mice and humans have distinct molecular and biological characteristics, raising the question of whether an earlier, "naive" state of pluripotency may exist in humans. Here we took a systematic approach to identify small molecules that support self-renewal of naive human ESCs based on maintenance of endogenous OCT4 distal enhancer activity, a molecular signature of ground state pluripotency. Iterative chemical screening identified a combination of five kinase inhibitors that induces and maintains OCT4 distal enhancer activity when applied directly to conventional human ESCs. These inhibitors generate human pluripotent cells in which transcription factors associated with the ground state of pluripotency are highly upregulated and bivalent chromatin domains are depleted. Comparison with previously reported naive human ESCs indicates that our conditions capture a distinct pluripotent state in humans that closely resembles that of mouse ESCs. This study presents a framework for defining the culture requirements of naive human pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin E Powell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maya Mitalipova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dina A Faddah
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Reddy
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zi Peng Fan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dorothea Maetzel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kibibi Ganz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Linyu Shi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tenzin Lungjangwa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Yonatan Stelzer
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ana D'Alessio
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Gao
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Meelad M Dawlaty
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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33
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Abstract
The naïve pluripotent state has been shown in mice to lead to broad and more robust developmental potential relative to primed mouse epiblast cells. The human naïve ES cell state has eluded derivation without the use of transgenes, and forced expression of OCT4, KLF4, and KLF2 allows maintenance of human cells in a naïve state [Hanna J, et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(20):9222-9227]. We describe two routes to generate nontransgenic naïve human ES cells (hESCs). The first is by reverse toggling of preexisting primed hESC lines by preculture in the histone deacetylase inhibitors butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, followed by culture in MEK/ERK and GSK3 inhibitors (2i) with FGF2. The second route is by direct derivation from a human embryo in 2i with FGF2. We show that human naïve cells meet mouse criteria for the naïve state by growth characteristics, antibody labeling profile, gene expression, X-inactivation profile, mitochondrial morphology, microRNA profile and development in the context of teratomas. hESCs can exist in a naïve state without the need for transgenes. Direct derivation is an elusive, but attainable, process, leading to cells at the earliest stage of in vitro pluripotency described for humans. Reverse toggling of primed cells to naïve is efficient and reproducible.
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34
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Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency. Nature 2014; 505:676-80. [PMID: 24476891 DOI: 10.1038/nature12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered an unexpected phenomenon of somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent cells by exposure to sublethal stimuli, which we call stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP). This reprogramming does not require nuclear transfer or genetic manipulation. Here we report that reprogrammed STAP cells, unlike embryonic stem (ES) cells, can contribute to both embryonic and placental tissues, as seen in a blastocyst injection assay. Mouse STAP cells lose the ability to contribute to the placenta as well as trophoblast marker expression on converting into ES-like stem cells by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In contrast, when cultured with Fgf4, STAP cells give rise to proliferative stem cells with enhanced trophoblastic characteristics. Notably, unlike conventional trophoblast stem cells, the Fgf4-induced stem cells from STAP cells contribute to both embryonic and placental tissues in vivo and transform into ES-like cells when cultured with LIF-containing medium. Taken together, the developmental potential of STAP cells, shown by chimaera formation and in vitro cell conversion, indicates that they represent a unique state of pluripotency.
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35
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Bock AS, Leigh ND, Bryda EC. Effect of Gsk3 inhibitor CHIR99021 on aneuploidy levels in rat embryonic stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:572-9. [PMID: 24519175 PMCID: PMC4062835 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Germline competent embryonic stem (ES) cells can serve as a tool to create genetically engineered rat strains used to elucidate gene function or provide disease models. In optimum culture conditions, ES cells are able to retain their pluripotent state. The type of components present and their concentration in ES cell culture media greatly influences characteristics of ES cells including the ability to maintain the cells in a pluripotent state. We routinely use 2i media containing inhibitors CHIR99021 and PD0325901 to culture rat ES cells. CHIR99021 specifically inhibits the Gsk3β pathway. We have found that the vendor source of CHIR99021 has a measurable influence on the level of aneuploidy seen over time as rat ES cells are passaged. Karyotyping of three different rat ES cell lines passaged multiple times showed increased aneuploidy when CHIR99021 from source B was used. Mass spectrometry analysis of this inhibitor showed the presence of unexpected synthetic small molecules, which might directly or indirectly cause increases in chromosome instability. Identifying these molecules could further understanding of their influence on chromosome stability and indicate how to improve synthesis of this media component to prevent deleterious effects in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha S Bock
- Rat Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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36
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37
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Meek S, Sutherland L, Burdon T. Tuning differentiation signals for efficient propagation and in vitro validation of rat embryonic stem cell cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1212:73-85. [PMID: 25224161 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The rat is one of the most commonly used laboratory animals in biomedical research and the recent isolation of genuine pluripotent rat embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has provided new opportunities for applying contemporary genetic engineering techniques to the rat and enhancing the use of this rodent in scientific research. Technical refinements that improve the stability of the rat ES cell cultures will undoubtedly further strengthen and broaden the use of these stem cells in biomedical research. Here, we describe a relatively simple and robust protocol that supports the propagation of germ line competent rat ES cells, and outline how tuning stem cell signaling using small molecule inhibitors can be used to both stabilize self-renewal of rat ES cell cultures and aid evaluation of their differentiation potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,
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