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Lee TY, Lee H, Lee J, Lee Y, Rhee SJ, Park DY, Paek MJ, Kim EY, Kim E, Roh S, Jung HY, Kim M, Kim SH, Ahn YM, Ha K, Kwon JS. The characteristics and clinical outcomes of a pluripotent high-risk group with the potential to develop a diverse range of psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:237-244. [PMID: 38653032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) is highly specific for psychotic disorders other than pluripotential to various serious mental illnesses. However, not all CHR-P develop psychotic disorder only, and psychosis can occur in non-psychotic disorders as well. Our prospective cohort study aims to investigate the characteristics and clinical outcomes of a pluripotent high-risk group with the potential to develop a diverse range of psychiatric disorders. METHODS The SPRIM study is a prospective naturalistic cohort program that focuses on the early detection of those at risk of developing serious mental illness, including psychosis (CHR-P), bipolar (CHR-B), and depressive disorder (CHR-D), as well as undifferentiated risk participants (UCHR). Our study has a longitudinal design with a baseline assessment and eight follow-up evaluations at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 months to determine whether participants have transitioned to psychosis or mood disorders. RESULTS The SPRIM sample consisted of 90 CHR participants. The total cumulative incidence rate of transition was 53.3% (95% CI 32.5-77.2). CHR-P, CHR-B, CHR-D, and UCHR had cumulative incidence rates of 13.7% (95% CI 3.4-46.4), 52.4% (95% CI 28.1-81.1), 66.7% (95% CI 24.6-98.6) and 54.3% (95% CI 20.5-93.1), respectively. The cumulative incidence of psychosis, bipolar, and depressive disorder among all participants was 3.3% (95% CI 0.8-11.5), 45.7% (95% CI 24.4-73.6), and 11.2% (95% CI 3.1-36.2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the concept of pluripotent high-risk for a diverse range of psychiatric disorders is an integrative approach to examining transdiagnostic interactions between illnesses with a high transition rate and minimizing stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jae Paek
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euitae Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Roh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Lions Gate Hospital - Vancouver Coastal Health, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Koch TG, Kuzma-Hunt AG, Russell KA. Overview of Equine Stem Cells: Sources, Practices, and Potential Safety Concerns. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:461-474. [PMID: 37574382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, equine veterinarians are turning increasingly to stem cell therapies to repair damaged tissues or to promote healing through modulation of the immune system. Research is ongoing into optimizing practices associated with stem cell product transport, dosage, and administration. Culture-expanded equine mesenchymal stem cell therapies seem safe, even when used allogeneically, but various safety concerns should be considered. Stem cells and cellular reprogramming tools hold great promise for future equine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Alexander G Kuzma-Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Keith A Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Baral I, Shirude MB, Jothi DL, Mukherjee A, Dutta D. Characterization of a Distinct State in the Continuum of Pluripotency Facilitated by Inhibition of PKCζ in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1098-1115. [PMID: 36781773 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of PKC (PKCi) signaling maintains pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) across different mammalian species. However, the position of PKCi maintained ESCs in the pluripotency continuum is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that mouse ESCs when cultured continuously, with PKCi, for 75 days are retained in naïve state of pluripotency. Gene expression analysis and proteomics studies demonstrated enhanced naïve character of PKCi maintained ESCs in comparison to classical serum/LIF (S/L) supported ESCs. Molecular analysis revealed that activation of PKCζ isoform associate with primed state of pluripotency, present in epiblast-like stem cells generated in vitro while inhibition of PKCζ phosphorylation associated with naïve state of pluripotency in vitro and in vivo. Phosphoproteomics and chromatin modification enzyme array based studies showed loss in DNA methyl transferase 3B (DNMT3B) and its phosphorylation level upon functional inhibition of PKCζ as one of the crucial components of this regulatory pathway. Unlike ground state of pluripotency maintained by MEK/GSK3 inhibitor in addition to LIF (2i/LIF), loss in DNMT3B is a reversible phenomenon in PKCi maintained ESCs. Absence of phosphorylation of c-MYC, RAF1, SPRY4 while presence of ERF, DUSP6, CIC and YAP1 phosphorylation underlined the phosphoproteomics signature of PKCi mediated maintenance of naïve pluripotency. States of pluripotency represent the developmental continuum and the existence of PKCi mediated mouse ESCs in a distinct state in the continuum of pluripotency (DiSCo) might contribute to the establishment of stages of murine embryonic development that were non-permissible till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Baral
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka State, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Mayur Balkrishna Shirude
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka State, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Dhana Lakshmi Jothi
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
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Andrianto A, Mulia EPB, Luke K. Direct cardiac reprogramming: basics and future challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:865-71. [PMID: 36308583 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is characterized by reduced cardiac function. Currently, cardiac transplantation therapy is applied for end-stage heart failure, but it is limited by the number of available donors. METHODS AND RESULTS Following an assessment of available literature, a narrative review was conducted to summarizes the current status and challenges of cardiac reprogramming for clinical application. Scientists have developed different regenerative treatment strategies for curing heart failure, including progenitor cell delivery and pluripotent cell delivery. Recently, a novel strategy has emerged that directly reprograms cardiac fibroblast into a functional cardiomyocyte. In this treatment, transcription factors are first identified to reprogram fibroblast into a cardiomyocyte. After that, microRNA and small molecules show great potential to optimize the reprogramming process. Some challenges regarding cell reprogramming in humans are conversion efficiency, virus utilization, immature and heterogenous induced cardiomyocytes, technical reproducibility issues, and physiological effects of depleted fibroblasts on myocardial tissue. CONCLUSION Several strategies have shown positive results in direct cardiac reprogramming. However, direct cardiac reprogramming still needs improvement if it is used as a mainstay therapy in humans, and challenges need to be overcome before cardiac reprogramming can be considered a viable therapeutic strategy. Further advances in cardiac reprogramming studies are needed in cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Pourjabbar B, Shams F, Moghadam M, Ahani-Nahayati M, Azari A, Sefat F, Keshel SH. Recent Emerging Trend In Stem Cell Therapy Risk Factors. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022:CSCR-EPUB-128410. [PMID: 36567298 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666221223104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Different types of stem cells have remarkable characteristics such as high proliferation rate, multi/pluripotency, self-renewal, and broad differentiation that can effectively treat diseases, cancers, and damages. Despite abundant therapeutic applications of stem cells in medical science, numerous risks threaten stem cell transplantation. Tumor development, immune response, cellular senescence, dosage effects, and administration timing are critical risks that should be considered in stem cell therapy. Hence, an investigation of possible risks is required before utilizing stem cell-based medicinal products in the clinical phase and human trials. This review aims to survey the literature and perspectives on the advantages and risks associated with pluripotent and multipotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Pourjabbar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Shams
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moghadam
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ahani-Nahayati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology [Polymer IRC], University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Choudhery MS, Mahmood R. Insight into generation of induced mesenchymal stem cells from induced pluripotent cells. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:142-145. [PMID: 35126833 PMCID: PMC8788181 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential for use in cell-based regenerative therapies. Currently, hundreds of clinical trials are using MSCs for the treatment of various diseases. However, MSCs are low in number in adult tissues; they show heterogeneity depending upon the cell source and exhibit limited proliferative potential and early senescence in in vitro cultures. These factors negatively impact the regenerative potential of MSCs and therefore restrict their use for clinical applications. As a result, novel methods to generate induced MSCs (iMSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells have been explored. The development and optimization of protocols for generation of iMSCs from induced pluripotent stem cells is necessary to evaluate their regenerative potential in vivo and in vitro. In addition, it is important to compare iMSCs with primary MSCs (isolated from adult tissues) in terms of their safety and efficacy. Careful investigation of the properties of iMSCs in vitro and their long term behavior in animals is important for their translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Choudhery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ruhma Mahmood
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
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Tan WX, Bok CM, Ng NHJ, Teo AKK. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D Organoids to Analyze DNA-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:215-232. [PMID: 35507164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that has been widely used to interrogate DNA-protein interactions in cells. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived 3D organoids have emerged as a powerful model to understand human development and diseases. Performing ChIP in hPSC-derived 3D organoids is a useful approach to dissect the roles of transcription factors or co-factors and to understand the epigenetic landscape in human development and diseases. However, performing ChIP in 3D organoids is more challenging than monolayer cultures, and an optimized protocol is needed for interpretable data. Hence, in this chapter, we describe in detail a protocol for performing ChIP in hPSC-derived islet-like cells as an example, from organoid harvest to ChIP-qPCR data analysis. This chapter also highlights potential pitfalls and provides recommendations for troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan Tan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Mei Bok
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natasha Hui Jin Ng
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Buecker C, Merkle FT. Science shines in a new virtual SY-Stem. Development 2021; 148:269281. [PMID: 34170290 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The third 'Symposium for the Next Generation of Stem Cell Research' (SY-Stem) was held virtually on 3-5 March 2021, having been cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As in previous years, the meeting highlighted the work of early career researchers, ranging from postgraduate students to young group leaders working in developmental and stem cell biology. Here, we summarize the excellent work presented at the Symposium, which covered topics ranging from pluripotency, species-specific aspects of development and emerging technologies, through to organoids, single-cell technology and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buecker
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr Bohr Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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Cismaru AC, Soritau O, Jurj AM, Raduly LZ, Pop B, Bocean C, Miclea D, Baldasici O, Moldovan C, Urian L, Braicu C, Chira S, Cojocneanu R, Pop LA, Burz C, Berindan Neagoe I. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Improves the Proliferation and Regenerative Potential of Bone Marrow Adherent Stem Cells and the Immune Tolerance of Fetal Microchimeric Stem Cells In Vitro. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:524-540. [PMID: 32020407 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nongonadal tissues express luteinizing hormone-chorionic gonadotropin receptors (LHCG-R) which are essential for their growth during fetal development. Adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to express functional LHCG-R outside pregnancy conditions, making them susceptible to hCG stimulation. In the present study we tested the effect of hCG treatment on bone marrow (BM) derived adherent stem cells in vitro, isolated from a parous women, mother of male sons, in order to evaluate its effect on maternal MSCs and in the same time on fetal microchimeric stem cells (FMSCs), to better understand the outcomes of this safe and affordable treatment on cell proliferation and expression of pluripotency genes. Our study highlights the beneficial effects of hCG exposure on gene regulation in bone marrow adherent stem cells through the upregulation of pluripotency genes and selection of more primitive mesenchymal stem cells with a better differentiation potential. Validation of these effects on MSCs and FMSCs long after parturition in vivo represents a close perspective as it could set the premises of a new mobilization strategy for the stem cell transplantation procedures in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Cosmin Cismaru
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Olga Soritau
- Radiotherapy, Radio-biology and Tumor Biology Laboratory, The Oncology Institute "Prof. dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Maria Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lajos-Zsolt Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Pop
- Pathology Department, The Oncology Institute "Prof. dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmina Bocean
- Pathology Department, The Oncology Institute "Prof. dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Miclea
- Genetics Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Baldasici
- Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, The Oncology Institute "Prof. dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Moldovan
- MedFUTURE, the Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Urian
- Hematology Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Ancuta Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Burz
- Immunology Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kaushik A, Bhartiya D. Additional Evidence to Establish Existence of Two Stem Cell Populations Including VSELs and SSCs in Adult Mouse Testes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:992-1004. [PMID: 32578128 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Present study aims to describe a simple and robust protocol to delineate the presence of pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in addition to spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in adult mouse testes. Testicular seminiferous tubules were subjected to enzymatic dissociation to obtain single cells suspension. Stem cells were enriched by spinning at different speeds wherein majority of somatic cells were pelleted at 1000 rpm (250 g, Pellet A) and putative stem cells by spinning the supernatant (obtained after separating Pellet A) at 3000 rpm (1000 g, Pellet B). Viable (7AAD-ve), 2-6 μm, LIN-CD45-SCA-1+ VSELs were studied after doublets exclusion by flow cytometry in both Pellets A & B. Almost ten-fold enrichment of VSELs was obtained in Pellet B (0.27 + 0.05%) compared to Pellet A (0.03 + 0.003%). SCA-1 expressing SSCs (>6 μm, 0.18 + 0.06%) were clearly distinguished from VSELs (2-6 μm, 0.07 + 0.003%) by flow cytometry studies on total testicular cells suspension collected by spinning at 3000 rpm. Enriched stem cells from Pellet B were used to study expression of OCT-4, NANOG, SCA-1, SSEA-1, LIFR, GFRa, c-KIT, ERα and ERβ. Cells in Pellet B were also subjected to RT-PCR to study pluripotent (Oct-4a, Sox2, Nanog), primordial germ cells (Stella, Fragilis), SSCs (Oct-4) and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) specific transcripts. qRT-PCR analysis showed >2 folds up-regulation of stem cell markers in Pellet B (Oct-4A, Oct-4, Sox2, Nanog) compared to Pellet A. To conclude, spinning at higher speed led to successful enrichment of pluripotent VSELs from testes which have remained ignored till now. Expression of ERα & β on VSELs/SSCs makes them vulnerable to endocrine disruption.
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11
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Mani S, Tlusty T. A comprehensive survey of developmental programs reveals a dearth of tree-like lineage graphs and ubiquitous regeneration. BMC Biol 2021; 19:111. [PMID: 34020630 PMCID: PMC8140435 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multicellular organisms are characterized by a wide diversity of forms and complexity despite a restricted set of key molecules and mechanisms at the base of organismal development. Development combines three basic processes—asymmetric cell division, signaling, and gene regulation—in a multitude of ways to create this overwhelming diversity of multicellular life forms. Here, we use a generative model to test the limits to which such processes can be combined to generate multiple differentiation paths during development, and attempt to chart the diversity of multicellular organisms generated. Results We sample millions of biologically feasible developmental schemes, allowing us to comment on the statistical properties of cell differentiation trajectories they produce. We characterize model-generated “organisms” using the graph topology of their cell type lineage maps. Remarkably, tree-type lineage differentiation maps are the rarest in our data. Additionally, a majority of the “organisms” generated by our model appear to be endowed with the ability to regenerate using pluripotent cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that, in contrast to common views, cell type lineage graphs are unlikely to be tree-like. Instead, they are more likely to be directed acyclic graphs, with multiple lineages converging on the same terminal cell type. Furthermore, the high incidence of pluripotent cells in model-generated organisms stands in line with the long-standing hypothesis that whole body regeneration is an epiphenomenon of development. We discuss experimentally testable predictions of our model and some ways to adapt the generative framework to test additional hypotheses about general features of development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12915-021-01013-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Mani
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea. .,Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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12
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Hu Y, Li YV. Expression of SSEA-4 and Oct-4 from somatic cells in primary mouse gastric cell culture induced by brief strong acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2813-2821. [PMID: 33733429 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental changes can stress and alter biology at the molecular and cellular level. For example, metal-protein interaction is a classic physic and biological property of nature, which is fundamentally influenced by acidity. Here, we report a unique cellular reprogramming phenomenon in that a brief strong acid treatment induced the expression of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) markers. We used strong acid to briefly challenge mix-cultured gastric cells, and then subcultured survived cells in a normal cell culture medium. We found that survival acid-treated cells expressed PSC markers detected by commonly used pluripotent antibodies such as SSEA-4 and Oct4. In addition, we observed that the survived cells from the acid challenge grew faster during the second and third weeks of subculture and had a relative short doubling time (DT) than the controls. PSC marker-labeled 'older' cells also presented immature cell-like morphology with some having marker Oct4 in the nucleus. Finally, the expression of the markers appeared to be sensitive to metal ion chelation. Removal of the metals during a brief acid treatment reduced pluripotent marker-positive cells, suggesting the dissociation of metals from metal-binding proteins may be a factor involved in the induction of stem cell markers. Our findings reveal that somatic cells appear to possess a plasticity feature to express pluripotent marker proteins or to select cell subpopulations that express pluripotent marker proteins when cells are transiently exposed to strong acid. It opens new directions for understanding conserved regulatory mechanisms involved in cellular survival under stressful stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Hu
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yang V Li
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 346 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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13
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Ozolek JA, Tekkesin MS. THE "-OMAS" and "-OPIAS": Targeted and Philosophical Considerations Regarding Hamartomas, Choristomas, Teratomas, Ectopias, and Heterotopias in Pediatric Otorhinolaryngologic Pathology. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:25-40. [PMID: 33723758 PMCID: PMC8010027 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of "developmental" lesions that occur in the head and neck predominantly congenital in origin and arising at birth and/or discovered in childhood is broad and fascinating. These have been grouped into categories such as "ectopias", "heterotopias", "hamartomas", and "choristomas". On a philosophical and consequently systematic level, these lesions, mostly benign tumors seem to lack a true understanding of the pathogenetic foundation on which to base a more unified taxonomic designation. In this review, we will consider some of these select tumors as they represent syndromic associations (nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma and DICER1 syndrome), the lingual choristoma from the perspective of its nomenclature and classification, lesions with ectopic meningothelial elements, and teratomas and the enigmatic "hairy polyp" in reference to a broader discussion of pathogenesis and pluripotent cells in the head and neck. A consistent thread will be how these lesions are designated with some final thoughts on future directions regarding the investigation of their pathogenesis and taxonomic nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ozolek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Merva Soluk Tekkesin
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Capa-Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
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14
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Abstract
Life-long tissue homeostasis of adult tissues is supposedly maintained by the resident stem cells. These stem cells are quiescent in nature and rarely divide to self-renew and give rise to tissue-specific “progenitors” (lineage-restricted and tissue-committed) which divide rapidly and differentiate into tissue-specific cell types. However, it has proved difficult to isolate these quiescent stem cells as a physical entity. Recent single-cell RNAseq studies on several adult tissues including ovary, prostate, and cardiac tissues have not been able to detect stem cells. Thus, it has been postulated that adult cells dedifferentiate to stem-like state to ensure regeneration and can be defined as cells capable to replace lost cells through mitosis. This idea challenges basic paradigm of development biology regarding plasticity that a cell enters point of no return once it initiates differentiation. The underlying reason for this dilemma is that we are putting stem cells and somatic cells together while processing for various studies. Stem cells and adult mature cell types are distinct entities; stem cells are quiescent, small in size, and with minimal organelles whereas the mature cells are metabolically active and have multiple organelles lying in abundant cytoplasm. As a result, they do not pellet down together when centrifuged at 100–350g. At this speed, mature cells get collected but stem cells remain buoyant and can be pelleted by centrifuging at 1000g. Thus, inability to detect stem cells in recently published single-cell RNAseq studies is because the stem cells were unknowingly discarded while processing and were never subjected to RNAseq. This needs to be kept in mind before proposing to redefine adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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15
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Tobias IC, Kao MMC, Parmentier T, Hunter H, LaMarre J, Betts DH. Targeted expression profiling reveals distinct stages of early canine fibroblast reprogramming are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate hydroxylases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:528. [PMID: 33298190 PMCID: PMC7725121 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic expression of a defined set of transcription factors allows the reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells to pluripotency. Despite continuous progress in primate and rodent reprogramming, limited attention has been paid to cell reprogramming in domestic and companion species. Previous studies attempting to reprogram canine cells have mostly assessed a small number of presumptive canine induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines for generic pluripotency attributes. However, why canine cell reprogramming remains extremely inefficient is poorly understood. Methods To better characterize the initial steps of pluripotency induction in canine somatic cells, we optimized an experimental system where canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) are transduced with the Yamanaka reprogramming factors by Sendai virus vectors. We use quantitative PCR arrays to measure the expression of 80 target genes at various stages of canine cell reprogramming. We ask how cFF reprogramming is influenced by small molecules affecting the epigenomic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, specifically L-ascorbic acid and retinoic acid (AA/RA). Results We found that the expression and catalytic output of a class of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2-OG) hydroxylases, known as ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, can be modulated in canine cells treated with AA/RA. We further show that AA/RA treatment induces TET1 expression and facilitates early canine reprogramming, evidenced by upregulation of epithelial and pluripotency markers. Using a chemical inhibitor of 2-OG hydroxylases, we demonstrate that 2-OG hydroxylase activity regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and pluripotency in early canine reprogramming. We identify a set of transcription factors depleted in maturing reprogramming intermediates compared to pluripotent canine embryonic stem cells. Conclusions Our findings highlight 2-OG hydroxylases have evolutionarily conserved and divergent functions regulating the early reprogramming of canine somatic cells and show reprogramming conditions can be rationally optimized for the generation of maturing canine iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Present Affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mian-Mian C Kao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hailey Hunter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jonathan LaMarre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Kurup JT, Han Z, Jin W, Kidder BL. H4K20me3 methyltransferase SUV420H2 shapes the chromatin landscape of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Development 2020; 147:dev.188516. [PMID: 33144397 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin, a densely packed chromatin state that is transcriptionally silent, is a critical regulator of gene expression. However, it is unclear how the repressive histone modification H4K20me3 or the histone methyltransferase SUV420H2 regulates embryonic stem (ES) cell fate by patterning the epigenetic landscape. Here, we report that depletion of SUV420H2 leads to a near-complete loss of H4K20me3 genome wide, dysregulated gene expression and delayed ES cell differentiation. SUV420H2-bound regions are enriched with repetitive DNA elements, which are de-repressed in SUV420H2 knockout ES cells. Moreover, SUV420H2 regulation of H4K20me3-marked heterochromatin controls chromatin architecture, including fine-scale chromatin interactions in pluripotent ES cells. Our results indicate that SUV420H2 plays a crucial role in stabilizing the three-dimensional chromatin landscape of ES cells, as loss of SUV420H2 resulted in A/B compartment switching, perturbed chromatin insulation, and altered chromatin interactions of pericentric heterochromatin and surrounding regions, indicative of localized decondensation. In addition, depletion of SUV420H2 resulted in compromised interactions between H4K20me3 and gene-regulatory regions. Together, these findings describe a new role for SUV420H2 in regulating the chromatin landscape of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji T Kurup
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhijun Han
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenfei Jin
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Benjamin L Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA .,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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Steeg R, Neubauer JC, Müller SC, Ebneth A, Zimmermann H. The EBiSC iPSC bank for disease studies. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102034. [PMID: 33099110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Bank for induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (EBiSC), a non-profit repository for storage, banking, Quality Control (QC) and subsequent distribution of research-grade human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) lines, has centralised iPSC lines generated internationally across >35 disease areas and made them available to users via the EBiSC Catalogue, for research use (cells.ebisc.org/). Comprehensive datasets are accessible prior to purchase detailing the disease background of the original tissue sample, background of iPSC reprogramming and cell line characterisation data. EBiSC also performs robust QC screening to ensure supply of reliable, well-characterised iPSC lines, compliant with ISO9001:2015 principles. Whole Genome Sequencing data for specific iPSC lines can be downloaded from the European Genome Archive, subject to application to the EBiSC Data Access Committee. The EBiSC Access and Use Agreement, required to be completed prior to shipping, can be downloaded from the website along with specific Cell Line Information Packs; together these documents clarify how EBiSC lines can be used for research and detail any specific Third Party Obligations and/or restrictions for use which may apply. A protocol for how to culture and monitor iPSC lines including implementation of routine cell line screening is also available. A second project phase will continue collecting iPSC lines generated internationally, provide iPSC derived differentiated products using improved automation strategies for upscaling and develop the current services provided by EBiSC, including iPSC reprogramming, gene-editing and characterisation.
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18
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Singh P, Bhartiya D. Pluripotent Stem (VSELs) and Progenitor (EnSCs) Cells Exist in Adult Mouse Uterus and Show Cyclic Changes Across Estrus Cycle. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:278-90. [PMID: 32710237 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier reported pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and slightly bigger endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) in adult mouse uterus and their regulation by gonadotropin and steroid hormones. VSELs can differentiate into cells of all three lineages in vitro; however, they neither expand readily in vitro nor compliment a developing embryo. In the present study, a robust protocol is described to enrich uterine stem/progenitor cells along with their characterization and variation across estrus cycle. After enzymatic digestion of adult mouse uterus, single-cell suspension obtained was spun at 1000 rpm (250 g) to pellet majority of cells. Stem cells remain buoyant at this speed and were pelleted by spinning supernatant at 3000 rpm (1000 g). Spherical, darkly stained VSELs (2-6 μm) with high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and EnSCs (> 6 μm) expressed OCT-4, NANOG, SSEA-1, SCA-1, and c-KIT. OCT-4-positive cells co-expressed SSEA-1, ERα, ERβ, PR, and FSHR. Transcripts specific for pluripotent state (Oct-4, Oct-4a, Sox-2, Nanog), primordial germ cells (Stella, Fragilis), and receptors for pituitary and steroid hormones (ERα, ERβ, PR, FSHR 1 and 3) were studied by RT-PCR in 3000 rpm pellet. Cell pellet collected at 3000 rpm showed 10-fold enrichment of VSELs (2-6 μm, viable cells with surface phenotype of LIN-CD45-SCA-1+) by flow cytometry and upregulation of pluripotent transcripts by qRT-PCR compared with 1000 rpm pellet. VSELs were maximal during estrus and metestrus phases of estrus cycle. To conclude, VSELs/EnSCs can be enriched from adult uterus using the strategy described here, vary in numbers across estrus cycle, and are vulnerable to endocrine disruption as they express steroid receptors.
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19
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Rao C, Malaguti M, Mason JO, Lowell S. The transcription factor E2A drives neural differentiation in pluripotent cells. Development 2020; 147:dev184093. [PMID: 32487737 PMCID: PMC7328008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanisms that link extracellular signalling to the onset of neural differentiation are not well understood. In pluripotent mouse cells, BMP blocks entry into the neural lineage via transcriptional upregulation of inhibitor of differentiation (Id) factors. We have previously identified the major binding partner of Id proteins in pluripotent cells as the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) E2A. Id1 can prevent E2A from forming heterodimers with bHLH TFs or from forming homodimers. Here, we show that overexpression of a forced E2A homodimer is sufficient to drive robust neural commitment in pluripotent cells, even under non-permissive conditions. Conversely, we find that E2A null cells display a defect in their neural differentiation capacity. E2A acts as an upstream activator of neural lineage genes, including Sox1 and Foxd4, and as a repressor of Nodal signalling. Our results suggest a crucial role for E2A in establishing neural lineage commitment in pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrika Rao
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Mattias Malaguti
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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20
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Dodsworth BT, Hatje K, Meyer CA, Flynn R, Cowley SA. Rates of homology directed repair of CRISPR-Cas9 induced double strand breaks are lower in naïve compared to primed human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 46:101852. [PMID: 32521498 PMCID: PMC7347009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of Cas9-induced double strand break repair in conventional hPSC. Homology directed repair to resolve Cas9-induced double strand breaks is 40% lower in naïve hPSC compared to conventional hPSC. Naïve hPSC (4iLA) have a higher number of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) is a powerful tool for understanding biology, for drug discovery and gene therapy. Naïve hPSC have been suggested to be superior for gene editing compared to conventional ‘primed’ hPSC. Using droplet digital PCR, we uncover the kinetics of Cas9-induced double strand break repair in conventional hPSC. Cut but unrepaired alleles reach their maximum after 12–24 h. Homology directed repair plateaus after 24 h, whereas repair by non-homologous end joining continues until 48 h after Cas9 introduction. Using this method, we demonstrate that the rate of homology directed repair to resolve Cas9-induced double strand breaks is 40% lower in naïve hPSC compared to conventional hPSC, correlating with, and feasibly explained by, a higher number of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle in naïve hPSC. Therefore, naïve hPSC are less efficient for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology directed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Dodsworth
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klas Hatje
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claas Aiko Meyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rowan Flynn
- Censo Biotechnologies, Roslin Innovation Centre Charnock Bradley Building, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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21
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Shimizu Y, Nakamura Y, Horibata Y, Fujimaki M, Hayashi K, Uchida N, Morita H, Arai R, Chibana K, Takemasa A, Sugimoto H. Imaging of lysophosphatidylcholine in an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cell network. Regen Ther 2020; 14:299-305. [PMID: 32462058 PMCID: PMC7240204 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular endothelial cell disorders are closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and pulmonary diseases. Abnormal lipid metabolism in the endothelium leads to changes in cell signalling, and the expression of genes related to immunity and inflammation. It is therefore important to investigate the pathophysiology of vascular endothelial disorders in terms of lipid metabolism, using a disease model of endothelium. Methods Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iECs) were cultured on a matrigel to form an iEC network. Lipids in the iEC network were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) analysis. Ion fragments obtained by mass spectrometry were analysed using an infusion method, involving precursor ion scanning with fragment ion. Results The MALDI TOF IMS analysis revealed co-localized intensity of peaks at m/z 592.1 and 593.1 in the iEC network. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis by MALDI-imaging, in conjunction with precursor ion scanning using an infusion method with lipid extracts, identified that these precursor ions were lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (22:5) and its isotype. Conclusion The MALDI-imaging analysis showed that LPC (22:5) was abundant in an iEC network. As an in vitro test model for disease and potential therapy, present analysis methods using MALDI-imaging combined with, for example, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to a disease derived iEC network may be useful in revealing the changes in the amount and distribution of lipids under various stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Mio Fujimaki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Keitaro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uchida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroko Morita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Arai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Chibana
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takemasa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
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22
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Gökçinar-Yagci B, Karaosmanoglu B, Taskiran EZ, Çelebi-Saltik B. Transcriptome and proteome profiles of human umbilical cord vein CD146+ stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3833-3856. [PMID: 32361895 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we used two different techniques in order to isolate pericytes from the wall of human umbilical cord vein and get two different groups of cells were named as "pellet and primer cells". These groups were compared with each other according to their morphologies and stem cell marker expressions. Also, these two different populations were compared with each other and with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) according to their transcriptomic profiles. Then, pellet cells proteomic profiles were determined. Our results showed that morphologies and cell surface marker expressions of pellet cells and primer cells are similar. On the other hand, according to immunofluorescence staining results, in contrast to primer cells, pellet cells showed positive NG2 and PDGFR-β staining. As a result of gene expression profiling, pellet cells have upregulated genes related with muscle, neural and immune cell differentiation, development and pluripotency. On the other hand, primer cells have upregulated adhesion pathway-related genes. In addition to differences between pellet and primer cells, the gene expression profiles of these cell groups are also different from BM-MSCs. The results of transcriptome and proteome analysis of pellet cells were in consistent with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Gökçinar-Yagci
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beren Karaosmanoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Zihni Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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23
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Thiagalingam S. Epigenetic memory in development and disease: Unraveling the mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188349. [PMID: 31982403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic memory is an essential process of life that governs the inheritance of predestined functional characteristics of normal cells and the newly acquired properties of cells affected by cancer and other diseases from parental to progeny cells. Unraveling the molecular basis of epigenetic memory dictated by protein and RNA factors in conjunction with epigenetic marks that are erased and re-established during embryogenesis/development during the formation of somatic, stem and disease cells will have far reaching implications to our understanding of embryogenesis/development and various diseases including cancer. While there has been enormous progress made, there are still gaps in knowledge which includes, the identity of unique epigenetic memory factors (EMFs) and epigenome coding enzymes/co-factors/scaffolding proteins involved in the assembly of defined "epigenetic memorysomes" and the epigenome marks that constitute collections of gene specific epigenetic memories corresponding to specific cell types and physiological conditions. A better understanding of the molecular basis for epigenetic memory will play a central role in improving diagnostics and prognostics of disease states and aid the development of targeted therapeutics of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section and Cancer Center), Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America.
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Kidder BL. Simultaneous Derivation of Embryonic and Trophoblast Stem Cells from Mouse Blastocysts. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2117:235-241. [PMID: 31960383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0301-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the blastocyst during mammalian development involves the segregation of two populations of cells with unequal potential: pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) and multipotent cells of the trophectoderm (TE). ICM cells maintain the capacity to give rise to all cells represented in the organism, while TE cells, which represent the first lineage to emerge during development, are capable of differentiating into trophoblast lineages of the placenta. The ICM and TE are both essential for development. The ICM is genetically programmed to generate all cells of the embryo proper, while the TE forms extraembryonic trophoblast lineages and is required for implantation of the embryo and maternal-fetal exchange of nutrients and waste. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, which can be derived from the ICM of blastocysts in the presence of external signals such as LIF, can self-renewal indefinitely, and because they can differentiate into all cells of the organism, ES cells are a widely used in vitro model to study genetics and development. Trophoblast stem (TS) cells can be derived from the TE of blastocyst stage embryos in the presence of FGF4, and like ES cells, TS cells are also able to self-renew indefinitely. Because TS cells can differentiate into epithelial lineages of the trophoblast, TS cells are an ideal in vitro model to study the biology of the trophoblast. In this chapter, we describe protocols for simultaneous derivation of ES cells and TS cells from mouse blastocysts and culture conditions that promote self-renewal of hybrid ESC/TSC colonies. These protocols are sufficient for efficient derivation of hybrid ESC/TSC colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Kidder
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Kidder BL. Derivation of LIF-Independent Embryonic Stem Cells Using Inducible OCT4 Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2117:229-234. [PMID: 31960382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0301-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of preimplantation stage embryos, are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in the presence of the external signal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), activation of Wnt signaling through inhibition of GSK3, and inhibition of MAP kinase/ERK kinase signaling. The OCT4 transcription factor is expressed highly in pluripotent cells and is a central transcriptional regulator of the pluripotent state. Here, we describe a protocol to culture ES cells in LIF-independent and serum-free media using an inducible OCT4 (iOCT4) ES cell model system. This protocol is sufficient to sustain ES cell self-renewal in vitro in defined conditions in the absence of external signals. LIF-independent iOCT4 ES cells are fully capable of differentiating following deactivation of the inducible OCT4 transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Kidder
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Allen NM, Weckhuysen S, Gorman K, King MD, Lerche H. Genetic potassium channel-associated epilepsies: Clinical review of the K v family. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:105-116. [PMID: 31932120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has enhanced discovery of many disease-associated genes in previously unexplained epilepsies, mainly in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and familial epilepsies. We now classify these disorders according to the underlying molecular pathways, which encompass a diverse array of cellular and sub-cellular compartments/signalling processes including voltage-gated ion-channel defects. With the aim to develop and increase the use of precision medicine therapies, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and consequences of disease-causing variants has gained major relevance in clinical care. The super-family of voltage-gated potassium channels is the largest and most diverse family among the ion channels, encompassing approximately 80 genes. Key potassium channelopathies include those affecting the KV, KCa and Kir families, a significant proportion of which have been implicated in neurological disease. As for other ion channel disorders, different pathogenic variants within any individual voltage-gated potassium channel gene tend to affect channel protein function differently, causing heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. The focus of this review is to summarise recent clinical developments regarding the key voltage-gated potassium (KV) family-related epilepsies, which now encompasses approximately 12 established disease-associated genes, from the KCNA-, KCNB-, KCNC-, KCND-, KCNV-, KCNQ- and KCNH-subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Allen
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Paediatrics (Neurology), Galway University Hospital, Ireland; Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB-University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Gorman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland; University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary D King
- Department of Paediatric Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland; University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
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Punovuori K, Migueles RP, Malaguti M, Blin G, Macleod KG, Carragher NO, Pieters T, van Roy F, Stemmler MP, Lowell S. N-cadherin stabilises neural identity by dampening anti-neural signals. Development 2019; 146:dev.183269. [PMID: 31601548 PMCID: PMC6857587 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A switch from E- to N-cadherin regulates the transition from pluripotency to neural identity, but the mechanism by which cadherins regulate differentiation was previously unknown. Here, we show that the acquisition of N-cadherin stabilises neural identity by dampening anti-neural signals. We use quantitative image analysis to show that N-cadherin promotes neural differentiation independently of its effects on cell cohesiveness. We reveal that cadherin switching diminishes the level of nuclear β-catenin, and that N-cadherin also dampens FGF activity and consequently stabilises neural fate. Finally, we compare the timing of cadherin switching and differentiation in vivo and in vitro, and find that this process becomes dysregulated during in vitro differentiation. We propose that N-cadherin helps to propagate a stable neural identity throughout the emerging neuroepithelium, and that dysregulation of this process contributes to asynchronous differentiation in culture. Summary: As pluripotent cells undergo neural differentiation they swap E-cadherin for N-cadherin. This switch in adhesion molecules modulates signalling in order to facilitate the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Punovuori
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rosa P Migueles
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Mattias Malaguti
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Kurup JT, Campeanu IJ, Kidder BL. Contribution of H3K4 demethylase KDM5B to nucleosome organization in embryonic stem cells revealed by micrococcal nuclease sequencing. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:20. [PMID: 30940185 PMCID: PMC6444878 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positioning of nucleosomes along DNA is an integral regulator of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in diverse cell types. However, the precise nature of how histone demethylases including the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase, KDM5B, impacts nucleosome positioning around transcriptional start sites (TSS) of active genes is poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we report that KDM5B is a critical regulator of nucleosome positioning in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Micrococcal nuclease sequencing (MNase-Seq) revealed increased enrichment of nucleosomes around TSS regions and DNase I hypersensitive sites in KDM5B-depleted ES cells. Moreover, depletion of KDM5B resulted in a widespread redistribution and disorganization of nucleosomes in a sequence-dependent manner. Dysregulated nucleosome phasing was also evident in KDM5B-depleted ES cells, including asynchronous nucleosome spacing surrounding TSS regions, where nucleosome variance was positively correlated with the degree of asynchronous phasing. The redistribution of nucleosomes around TSS regions in KDM5B-depleted ES cells is correlated with dysregulated gene expression, and altered H3K4me3 and RNA polymerase II occupancy. In addition, we found that DNA shape features varied significantly at regions with shifted nucleosomes. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data support a role for KDM5B in regulating nucleosome positioning in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji T. Kurup
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Ion J. Campeanu
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Benjamin L. Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received a great deal of attention over the past 20 years mainly because of the results that showed regeneration potential and plasticity that were much stronger than expected in prior decades. Recent findings in this field have contributed to progress in the establishment of cell differentiation methods, which have made stem cell therapy more clinically attractive. In addition, MSCs are easy to isolate and have anti-inflammatory and angiogenic capabilities. The use of stem cell therapy is currently supported by scientific literature in the treatment of several animal health conditions. MSC may be administered for autologous or allogenic therapy following either a fresh isolation or a thawing of a previously frozen culture. Despite the fact that MSCs have been widely used for the treatment of companion and sport animals, little is known about their clinical and biotechnological potential in the economically relevant livestock industry. This review focuses on describing the key characteristics of potential applications of MSC therapy in livestock production and explores the themes such as the concept, culture, and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells; bovine mesenchymal stem cell isolation; applications and perspectives on commercial interests and farm relevance of MSC in bovine species; and applications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Baracho Trindade Hill
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane - Vila Industrial, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil. .,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Campus Fernando Costa, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Zona Rural, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Joaquim Mansano Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane - Vila Industrial, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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Kaushik A, Bhartiya D. Pluripotent Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells in Adult Testes - An Alternate Premise to Explain Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 14:793-800. [PMID: 30238242 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors has resulted in the increased incidence of infertility and testicular germ cell tumors (T2GCT) in young men residing in developed countries. Unlike T1GCT (infants and young children) and T3GCT (aged men), T2GCT arise from CIS/GCNIS that develops from pre-CIS. Pre-CIS represents undifferentiated, growth-arrested gonocytes that persist in fetal testes due to endocrine disruption. However, whether pre-CIS truly exist, do CIS develop into T2GCT, why no CIS in T1GCT/T3GCT, why germ cell tumors (GCT) also occur along midline at extra-gonadal sites, why T1GCT show partial erasure and T2GCT show complete erasure of genomic imprints are open questions that are awaiting answers. We propose that rather than pre-CIS, pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) get affected by exposure to endocrine disruption. Since VSELs are developmentally equivalent to primordial germ cells (PGCs), T2GCT cells show complete erasure of genomic imprints and CIS represents growth-arrested clonally expanding stem/progenitor cells. PGCs/VSELs migrate along the midline to various organs and this explains why GCT occur along the midline, T1GCT show partial erasure of imprints as they develop from migrating PGCs. T3GCT possibly reflects effects of aging due to compromised differentiation and expansion of pre-meiotic spermatocytes. Absent spermatogenesis in pre-pubertal and aged testes explains absence of CIS in T1GCT and T3GCT. Endocrine disruptors possibly alter epigenetic state of VSELs and thus rather than maintaining normal tissue homeostasis, VSELs undergo increased proliferation and compromised differentiation resulting in reduced sperm count, infertility and TGCT. This newly emerging understanding offers alternate premise to explain TGCT and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kaushik
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
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Abstract
We have previously shown that human parthenogenetic stem cells (hpSC) can be chemically directed to differentiate into a homogeneous population of multipotent neural stem cells (hpNSC) that are scalable, cryopreservable, express all the appropriate neural markers, and can be further differentiated into functional dopaminergic neurons. Differentiation of hpSC into hpNSC provides a platform to study the molecular basis of human neural differentiation, to develop cell culture models of neural disease, and to provide neural stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the hpNSC that are generated could serve as a platform for drug discovery and the determination of pharmaceutical-induced neural toxicity. Here, we describe in detail the stepwise protocol that was developed in our laboratory that facilitates the highly efficient and reproducible differentiation of hpSC into hpNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russell Kern
- International Stem Cell Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Xhabija B, Kidder BL. KDM5B is a master regulator of the H3K4-methylome in stem cells, development and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 57:79-85. [PMID: 30448242 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of chromatin plays a critical role in controlling stem cell function and tumorigenesis. The histone lysine demethylase, KDM5B, which catalyzes the demethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4), is important for embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, and is a critical regulator of the H3K4-methylome during early mouse embryonic pre-implantation stage development. KDM5B is also overexpressed, amplified, or mutated in many cancer types. In cancer cells, KDM5B regulates expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors by modulating H3K4 methylation levels. In this review, we examine how KDM5B regulates gene expression and cellular fates of stem cells and cancer cells by temporally and spatially controlling H3K4 methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besa Xhabija
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin L Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Abstract
The hair follicle has been known, since 1990, to contain stem cells located in the bulge area. In 2003, we reported a new type of stem cell in the hair follicle that expresses the brain stem-cell marker nestin. We have termed these cells as hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. HAP stem cells can differentiate into neuronal and glial cells, beating cardiac-muscle cells, and other cell types in culture. HAP stem cells can be used for nerve and spinal-cord repair such that locomotor activity is recovered. A major function in situ of the HAP stem cells is for growth of the hair follicle sensory nerve. HAP stem cells have critical advantages over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells for regenerative medicine in that they are highly accessible, require no genetic manipulation, are nontumorigenic, and do not present ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Yasuyuki Amoh
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Hoffman RM, Amoh Y. Beating Heart Cells from Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent (HAP) Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1842:241-54. [PMID: 30196415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8697-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The neural stem-cell marker nestin is expressed in hair follicle stem cells located in the bulge area which are termed hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. HAP stem cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, and melanocytes in vitro. Subsequently, we demonstrated that HAP stem cells could affect nerve and spinal cord regeneration in mouse models. We subsequently demonstrated that HAP stem cells differentiated into beating cardiac muscle cells. The differentiation potential to cardiac muscle is greatest in the upper part of the mouse whisker follicle. The beat rate of the cardiac muscle cells differentiated from HAP stem cells was stimulated by isoproterenol and inhibited by propanolol. The addition of activin A, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and basic fibroblast growth factor, along with isoproternal, induced the cardiac muscle cells to form tissue sheets of beating heart muscle cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HAP stem cells differentiated into troponin-positive cardiac-muscle cells at a higher rate that under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia did not influence the differentiation to other cell types. This method is appropriate for future use with human hair follicles to produce hHAP stem cells in sufficient quantities for future heart, nerve, and spinal cord regeneration in the clinic.
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Warghat AR, Thakur K, Sood A. Plant stem cells: what we know and what is anticipated. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2897-905. [PMID: 30196455 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cell research is of interest due to stem cells ability of unlimited division, therapeutic potential and steady supply to provide precursor cells. Their isolation and culture provides the important source for the production of homogenous lines of active constituents that allow large-scale production of various metabolites. The process of dedifferentiation and reversal to pluripotent cells involves the various pathways genes related to the stem cells and are associated to each other for maintaining a specific niche. Domains such as niche dynamics and maintenance signaling can be used for the identification of genes for stem cell niche. Significant findings have been achieved in the past on plant stem cells however our understanding towards mechanisms underlying some specific phenomenon like dedifferentiation, regulation, niche dynamics is still in infancy. The present review is based on the past research efforts and also pave a way forward for the future anticipation in the field of development of cell cultures for the production of active metabolites on large scale and undertanding transcriptional regulation of stem cell genes involved in niche signaling.
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Silva PGC, Moura MT, Silva RLO, Nascimento PS, Silva JB, Ferreira-Silva JC, Cantanhêde LF, Chaves MS, Benko-Iseppon AM, Oliveira MAL. Temporal expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors in sheep and cattle preimplantation embryos. ZYGOTE 2018; 26:270-8. [PMID: 30033902 DOI: 10.1017/S0967199418000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPluripotency-associated transcription factors (PATFs) modulate gene expression during early mammalian embryogenesis. Despite a strong understanding of PATFs during mouse embryogenesis, limited progress has been made in ruminants. This work aimed to describe the temporal expression of eight PATFs during both sheep and cattle preimplantation development. Transcript availability of PATFs was evaluated by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in eggs, cleavage-stage embryos, morulae, and blastocysts. Transcripts of five genes were detected in all developmental stages of both species (KLF5, OCT4, RONIN, ZFP281, and ZFX). Furthermore, CMYC was detected in all cattle samples but was found from cleavage-stage onwards in sheep. In contrast, NR0B1 was detected in all sheep samples but was not detected in cattle morulae. GLIS1 displayed the most significant variation in temporal expression between species, as this PATF was only detected in cattle eggs and sheep cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts. In silico analysis suggested that cattle and sheep PATFs share similar size, isometric point and molecular weight. A phenetic analysis showed two patterns of PATF clustering between cattle and sheep, among several mammalian species. In conclusion, the temporal expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors differs between sheep and cattle, suggesting species-specific regulation during preimplantation development.
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37
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Potocka I, Godel K, Dobrowolska I, Kurczyńska EU. Spatio-temporal localization of selected pectic and arabinogalactan protein epitopes and the ultrastructural characteristics of explant cells that accompany the changes in the cell fate during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 127:573-589. [PMID: 29727861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During somatic embryogenesis (SE), explant cells undergo changes in the direction of their differentiation, which lead to diverse cell phenotypes. Although the genetic bases of the SE have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, little is known about the chemical characteristics of the wall of the explant cells, which undergo changes in the direction of differentiation. Thus, we examined the occurrence of selected pectic and AGP epitopes in explant cells that display different phenotypes during SE. Explants examinations have been supplemented with an analysis of the ultrastructure. The deposition of selected pectic and AGP epitopes in somatic embryos was determined. Compared to an explant at the initial stage, a/embryogenic/totipotent and meristematic/pluripotent cells were characterized by a decrease in the presence of AGP epitopes, b/the presence of AGP epitopes in differentiated cells was similar, and c/an increase of analyzed epitopes was detected in the callus cells. Totipotent cells could be distinguished from pluripotent cells by: 1/the presence of the LM2 epitope in the latest one, 2/the appearance of the JIM16 epitope in totipotent cells, and 3/the more abundant presence of the JIM7 epitope in the totipotent cells. The LM5 epitope characterized the wall of the cells that were localized within the mass of embryogenic domain. The JIM8, JIM13 and JIM16 AGP epitopes appeared to be the most specific for the callus cells. The results indicate a relationship between the developmental state of the explant cells and the chemical composition of the cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Potocka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Godel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Dobrowolska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa U Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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38
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Heeley N, Kirwan P, Darwish T, Arnaud M, Evans ML, Merkle FT, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Blouet C. Rapid sensing of l-leucine by human and murine hypothalamic neurons: Neurochemical and mechanistic insights. Mol Metab 2018; 10:14-27. [PMID: 29439854 PMCID: PMC5985239 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dietary proteins are sensed by hypothalamic neurons and strongly influence multiple aspects of metabolic health, including appetite, weight gain, and adiposity. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which hypothalamic neural circuits controlling behavior and metabolism sense protein availability. The aim of this study is to characterize how neurons from the mediobasal hypothalamus respond to a signal of protein availability: the amino acid l-leucine. Methods We used primary cultures of post-weaning murine mediobasal hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and calcium imaging to characterize rapid neuronal responses to physiological changes in extracellular l-Leucine concentration. Results A neurochemically diverse subset of both mouse and human hypothalamic neurons responded rapidly to l-leucine. Consistent with l-leucine's anorexigenic role, we found that 25% of mouse MBH POMC neurons were activated by l-leucine. 10% of MBH NPY neurons were inhibited by l-leucine, and leucine rapidly reduced AGRP secretion, providing a mechanism for the rapid leucine-induced inhibition of foraging behavior in rodents. Surprisingly, none of the candidate mechanisms previously implicated in hypothalamic leucine sensing (KATP channels, mTORC1 signaling, amino-acid decarboxylation) were involved in the acute activity changes produced by l-leucine. Instead, our data indicate that leucine-induced neuronal activation involves a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, whereas leucine-induced neuronal inhibition is mediated by inhibition of a store-operated Ca2+ current. Conclusions A subset of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus rapidly respond to physiological changes in extracellular leucine concentration. Leucine can produce both increases and decreases in neuronal Ca2+ concentrations in a neurochemically-diverse group of neurons, including some POMC and NPY/AGRP neurons. Our data reveal that leucine can signal through novel mechanisms to rapidly affect neuronal activity. A neurochemically diverse group of mouse and human hypothalamic neurons rapidly sense and respond to l-leucine. Leucine can produce neuronal activation or neuronal inhibition via distinct and novel Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. Leucine activates 25% ARH POMC neurons. Leucine inhibits 10% ARH NPY/AGRP neurons and reduces AGRP secretion from fasted mediobasal hypothalamic slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heeley
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Peter Kirwan
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Tamana Darwish
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Marion Arnaud
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Mark L Evans
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Florian T Merkle
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.
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Kajiura S, Mii S, Aki R, Hamada Y, Arakawa N, Kawahara K, Li L, Katsuoka K, Hoffman RM, Amoh Y. Protocols for Cryopreservation of Intact Hair Follicle That Maintain Pluripotency of Nestin-Expressing Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent (HAP) Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1453:173-8. [PMID: 27431257 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3786-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles contain nestin-expressing pluripotent stem cells, the origin of which is above the bulge area, below the sebaceous gland. We have termed these cells hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. Cryopreservation methods of the hair follicle that maintain the pluripotency of HAP stem cells are described in this chapter. Intact hair follicles from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice were cryopreserved by slow-rate cooling in TC-Protector medium and storage in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, the upper part of the hair follicle was isolated and cultured in DMEM with fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 4 weeks culture, cells from the upper part of the hair follicles grew out. The growing cells were transferred to DMEM/F12 without FBS. After 1 week culture, the growing cells formed hair spheres, each containing approximately 1 × 10(2) HAP stem cells. The hair spheres contained cells which could differentiate to neurons, glial cells, and other cell types. The formation of hair spheres by the thawed and cultured upper part of the hair follicle produced almost as many pluripotent hair spheres as fresh follicles. The hair spheres derived from cryopreserved hair follicles were as pluripotent as hair spheres from fresh hair follicles. These results suggest that the cryopreservation of the whole hair follicle is an effective way to store HAP stem cells for personalized regenerative medicine, enabling any individual to maintain a bank of pluripotent stem cells for future clinical use.
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Mii S, Duong J, Tome Y, Uchugonova A, Liu F, Amoh Y, Saito N, Katsuoka K, Hoffman RM. Nestin-Expressing Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent (HAP) Stem Cells Promote Whisker Sensory-Nerve Growth in Long-Term 3D-Gelfoam® Histoculture. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1453:39-47. [PMID: 27431245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3786-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse whiskers containing hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells, from nestin-driven green fluorescent protein (ND-GFP) transgenic mice, were placed in 3D histoculture supported by Gelfoam(®). β-III tubulin-positive fibers, consisting of ND-GFP-expressing HAP stem cells, extended up to 500 mm from the whisker nerve stump in histoculture. The growing fibers had growth cones on their tips expressing F-actin indicating they were growing axons. The growing whisker sensory nerve was highly enriched in ND-GFP HAP stem cells which appeared to play a major role in its elongation and interaction with other nerves placed in 3D culture, including the sciatic nerve, the trigeminal nerve, and the trigeminal nerve ganglion. The results suggested that a major function of HAP stem cells in the hair follicle is for growth of the hair follicle sensory nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyuki Mii
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | - Yasunori Tome
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aisada Uchugonova
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Fang Liu
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasuyuki Amoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensei Katsuoka
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Amoh Y, Katsuoka K, Hoffman RM. Peripheral-Nerve and Spinal-Cord Regeneration in Mice Using Hair-Follicle-Associated Pluripotent (HAP) Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1453:21-32. [PMID: 27431243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3786-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Nestin, a neural stem cell marker protein, is expressed in hair follicle cells above the bulge area. These nestin-positive hair follicle-associated-pluripotent (HAP) stem cells are negative for the keratinocyte marker K15 and can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and melanocytes in vitro. HAP stem cells are positive for the stem cell marker CD34, as well as K15-negative, suggesting their relatively undifferentiated state. HAP stem cells promoted the functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves and the spinal cord. HAP stem cells differentiated into glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive Schwann cells when implanted in severed sciatic nerves and spinal cords in mice. These results suggest that HAP stem cells provide an important accessible, autologous source of adult stem cells for regenerative medicine, that have critical advantages over ES and iPS stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Amoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami Ward, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.,AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Kensei Katsuoka
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami Ward, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
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Abstract
Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, identified as cells positive for the pluripotent marker stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-3+), were discovered as stress-tolerant pluripotent stem cells from among mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts, as well as from the adult human bone marrow mononucleated fraction. MSCs are a crude population of cells that differentiate into multiple cell types covering all three germ layers in low proportion and were thus deduced to contain a genuine pluripotent stem cell subpopulation. Muse cells constitute several percent of MSCs and 1 of ~3000 bone marrow mononucleated cells. They exhibit pluripotent gene expression as well as trilineage differentiation and self-renewal capabilities at the single-cell level, while, in contrast, MSC cells other than Muse cells do not exhibit these characteristics. These characteristics indicate that Muse cells correspond to the subpopulation of MSC cells responsible for the pluripotent aspect of MSCs. In addition to their pluripotency, Muse cells play an important role in vivo as endogenous stem cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis through daily reparative maintenance and to tissue reconstruction through their unique reparative functions following serious tissue damage. This chapter describes how my research team discovered Muse cells.
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Abstract
A recent review on ovarian stem cells by Horan and Williams entitled "Oocyte Stem Cells: Fact or Fantasy?" suggests that the debate on ovarian stem cells (OSCs) is still not over. They did not even discuss the presence of two distinct populations of stem cells in the ovary in their review. OSCs are located in the ovary surface epithelium and Tilly's group reported them in the size range of 5-8 μm whereas Virant-Klun's group has reported pluripotent, 2-4 μm OSCs. Our group reported OSCs of two distinct sizes including pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) which are smaller in size than RBCs (similar to those reported by Virant-Klun's group) and slightly bigger (similar to those reported by Tilly's group) tissue committed progenitors (OSCs) that presumably differentiate from VSELs. These stem/progenitor cells express receptors for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and are activated by FSH. Our opinion article provides explanation to several open-ended questions raised in the review on OSCs by Horan and Williams. VSELs survive chemotherapy; maintain life-long homeostasis; loss of their function due to a compromised niche results in age-related senescence and presence of overlapping pluripotent markers suggest that they may also be implicated in epithelial ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Hiren Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
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JOULAI VEIJOUYE S, YARI A, HEIDARI F, SAJEDI N, GHOROGHI MOGHANI F, NOBAKHT M. Bulge Region as a Putative Hair Follicle Stem Cells Niche: A Brief Review. Iran J Public Health 2017; 46:1167-1175. [PMID: 29026781 PMCID: PMC5632317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair follicle stem cells exist in different sites. Most of the hair follicle stem cells are reside in niche called bulge. Bulge region is located between the opening of sebaceous gland and the attachment site of the arrector pili muscle. METHODS Data were collected using databases and resources of PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, MEDLINE and their references from the earliest available published to identify English observational studies on hair follicle bulge region. RESULTS Bulge stem cells are pluripotent with high proliferative capacity. Specific markers allow the bulge cells to be isolated from mouse or human hair follicle. Stem cells isolated from bulge region are label retaining and slow cycling hence these cells are defined as label-retaining cells. Bulge cell populations, due to their plasticity nature are able to differentiate into distinct linage and could contribute in tissue regeneration. CONCLUSION The current review discuss about bulge stem cells characteristics and biology including their cycle, location, plasticity, specific markers and regenerative nature. Also the differences between mouse and human hair follicles are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz JOULAI VEIJOUYE
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Dept. of Biology, University Campus 2, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abazar YARI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh HEIDARI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Nayereh SAJEDI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maliheh NOBAKHT
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Anti-Microbial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Shen Q, Shi H, Tian C, Ghai V, Liu J. The C. elegans Spalt-like protein SEM-4 functions through the SoxC transcription factor SEM-2 to promote a proliferative blast cell fate in the postembryonic mesoderm. Dev Biol 2017; 429:335-342. [PMID: 28614700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of a multicellular organism relies on well-coordinated regulation of cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The C. elegans postembryonic mesoderm provides a useful system for uncovering factors involved in these processes and for further dissecting their regulatory relationships. The single Spalt-like zinc finger containing protein SEM-4/SALL is known to be involved in specifying the proliferative sex myoblast (SM) fate. We have found that SEM-4/SALL is sufficient to promote the SM fate and that it does so in a cell autonomous manner. We further showed that SEM-4/SALL acts through the SoxC transcription factor SEM-2 to promote the SM fate. SEM-2 is known to promote the SM fate by inhibiting the expression of two BWM-specifying transcription factors. In light of recent findings in mammals showing that Sall4, one of the mammalian homologs of SEM-4, contributes to pluripotency regulation by inhibiting differentiation, our work suggests that the function of SEM-4/SALL proteins in regulating pluripotency versus differentiation appears to be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Herong Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Chenxi Tian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Vikas Ghai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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de la Rosa-Prieto C, Laterza C, Gonzalez-Ramos A, Wattananit S, Ge R, Lindvall O, Tornero D, Kokaia Z. Stroke alters behavior of human skin-derived neural progenitors after transplantation adjacent to neurogenic area in rat brain. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:59. [PMID: 28279192 PMCID: PMC5345149 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can ameliorate behavioral deficits in animal models of stroke. How the ischemic lesion affects the survival of the transplanted cells, their proliferation, migration, differentiation, and function is only partly understood. Methods Here we have assessed the influence of the stroke-induced injury on grafts of human skin iPSCs-derived long-term neuroepithelial-like stem cells using transplantation into the rostral migratory stream (RMS), adjacent to the neurogenic subventricular zone, in adult rats as a model system. Results We show that the occurrence of an ischemic lesion, induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, in the striatum close to the transplant does not alter the survival, proliferation, or generation of neuroblasts or mature neurons or astrocytes from the grafted progenitors. In contrast, the migration and axonal projection patterns of the transplanted cells are markedly influenced. In the intact brain, the grafted cells send many fibers to the main olfactory bulb through the RMS and a few of them migrate in the same direction, reaching the first one third of this pathway. In the stroke-injured brain, on the other hand, the grafted cells only migrate toward the ischemic lesion and virtually no axonal outgrowth is observed in the RMS. Conclusions Our findings indicate that signals released from the stroke-injured area regulate the migration of and fiber outgrowth from grafted human skin-derived neural progenitors and overcome the influence on these cellular properties exerted by the neurogenic area/RMS in the intact brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Present address: Laboratory of Human Neuroanatomy, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Ramos
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Somsak Wattananit
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Hamid AA, Joharry MK, Mun-Fun H, Hamzah SN, Rejali Z, Yazid MN, Thilakavathy K, Nordin N. Highly potent stem cells from full-term amniotic fluid: A realistic perspective. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:9-18. [PMID: 28262444 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid (AF) is now known to harbor highly potent stem cells, making it an excellent source for cell therapy. However, most of the stem cells isolated are from AF of mid-term pregnancies in which the collection procedure involves an invasive technique termed amniocentesis. This has limited the access in getting the fluid as the technique imposes certain level of risks to the mother as well as to the fetus. Alternatively, getting AF from full-term pregnancies or during deliveries would be a better resolution. Unfortunately, very few studies have isolated stem cells from AF at this stage of gestation, the fluid that is merely discarded. The question remains whether full-term AF harbors stem cells of similar potency as of the stem cells of mid-term AF. Here, we aim to review the prospect of having this type of stem cells by first looking at the origin and contents of AF particularly during different gestation period. We will then discuss the possibility that the AF, at full term, contains a population of highly potent stem cells. These stem cells are distinct from, and probably more potent than the AF mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) isolated from full-term AF. By comparing the studies on stem cells isolated from mid-term versus full-term AF from various species, we intend to address the prospect of having highly potent amniotic fluid stem cells from AF of full-term pregnancies in human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila A Hamid
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Khair Joharry
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Hoo Mun-Fun
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nurusaadah Hamzah
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Zulida Rejali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Nazri Yazid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Karuppiah Thilakavathy
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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Kidder BL, Hu G, Cui K, Zhao K. SMYD5 regulates H4K20me3-marked heterochromatin to safeguard ES cell self-renewal and prevent spurious differentiation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:8. [PMID: 28250819 PMCID: PMC5324308 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic regulation of chromatin states is thought to control the self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the roles of repressive histone modifications such as trimethylated histone 4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3) in pluripotency and development are largely unknown. Results Here, we show that the histone lysine methyltransferase SMYD5 mediates H4K20me3 at heterochromatin regions. Depletion of SMYD5 leads to compromised self-renewal, including dysregulated expression of OCT4 targets, and perturbed differentiation. SMYD5-bound regions are enriched with repetitive DNA elements. Knockdown of SMYD5 results in a global decrease of H4K20me3 levels, a redistribution of heterochromatin constituents including H3K9me3/2, G9a, and HP1α, and de-repression of endogenous retroelements. A loss of SMYD5-dependent silencing of heterochromatin nearby genic regions leads to upregulated expression of lineage-specific genes, thus contributing to the decreased self-renewal and perturbed differentiation of SMYD5-depleted ES cells. Conclusions Altogether, these findings implicate a role for SMYD5 in regulating ES cell self-renewal and H4K20me3-marked heterochromatin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-017-0115-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA.,Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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Seshadri M, Banerjee D, Viswanath B, Ramakrishnan K, Purushottam M, Venkatasubramanian G, Jain S. Cellular models to study schizophrenia: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 25:46-53. [PMID: 28262173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advancements in cellular reprogramming techniques have made it possible to directly study brain cells from patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. We have systematically reviewed the applications of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) and their neural derivatives in understanding the biological basis of schizophrenia. METHOD We searched the scientific literature published in MEDLINE with the following search strategy: (Pluripotent) AND (Schizophrenia OR Antipsychotic OR Psychosis). Studies written in English that used IPSCs derived from patients with schizophrenia were included. RESULTS Out of 23 articles, which had used IPSCs from patients with schizophrenia, neurons or neural stem cells had been derived from them in a majority. Several parameters had been studied; the key cellular phenotypes identified included those of synaptic pathology, neural migration/proliferation deficits, and abnormal oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Cellular modelling using IPSCs could improve the biological understanding of schizophrenia. Emerging findings are consistent with those of other study designs (post-mortem brain expression, animal studies, genome-wide association, brain imaging). Future studies should focus on refined study designs (family-based, pharmacogenomics, gene editing) and a combination of cellular studies with deep clinical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Seshadri
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Debanjan Banerjee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.
| | - K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
The naïve state of pluripotency is actively being explored by a number of labs. There is some controversy in the field as to the true identity of naïve human pluripotent cells as they are not exact mirrors of the mouse. The various reports published, although in basic agreement, present discrepancies in the characterization of the various lines, which likely reflect the etiology of these lines. The primary lesson learned from these contributions is that a human naïve state reflecting the preimplantation human is likely to exist. The essential factors that will universally maintain the naïve state in human cells in vitro are not yet fully understood. These first need to be identified in order to describe the definitive characteristics of this state. Comparisons of naïve and primed human pluripotent cells have also highlighted consistencies between states and broadened our understanding of embryonic metabolism, epigenetic change required for development, embryonic DNA repair strategies and embryonic expression dynamics. Stem Cells 2017;35:35-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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