1
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Ozcan G. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in stemness and resistance to chemotherapy in gastric cancer: Future directions for therapeutic targeting. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1082057. [PMID: 36846589 PMCID: PMC9945545 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1082057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a crucial mediator of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, tumor progression, and unresponsiveness to therapy in tumors with hypoxia. Gastric tumors, one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic, are highly enriched in hypoxic niches, and the degree of hypoxia is strongly correlated with poor survival in gastric cancer patients. Stemness and chemoresistance in gastric cancer are the two root causes of poor patient outcomes. Based on the pivotal role of HIF-1α in stemness and chemoresistance in gastric cancer, the interest in identifying critical molecular targets and strategies for surpassing the action of HIF-1α is expanding. Despite that, the understanding of HIF-1α induced signaling in gastric cancer is far from complete, and the development of efficacious HIF-1α inhibitors bears various challenges. Hence, here we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIF-1α signaling stimulates stemness and chemoresistance in gastric cancer, with the clinical efforts and challenges to translate anti-HIF-1α strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnihal Ozcan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkiye,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkiye,*Correspondence: Gulnihal Ozcan,
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2
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Development of the Peritoneal Metastasis: A Review of Back-Grounds, Mechanisms, Treatments and Prospects. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010103. [PMID: 36614904 PMCID: PMC9821147 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a malignant disease which originated from several gastrointestinal and gynecological carcinomas and has been leading to a suffering condition in patients for decades. Currently, as people have gradually become more aware of the severity of peritoneal carcinomatosis, new molecular mechanisms for targeting and new treatments have been proposed. However, due to the uncertainty of influencing factors involved and a lack of a standardized procedure for this treatment, as well as a need for more clinical data for specific evaluation, more research is needed, both for preventing and treating. We aim to summarize backgrounds, mechanisms and treatments in this area and conclude limitations or new aspects for treatments.
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3
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Rao X, Zhang C, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Wu X. Targeting Gastric Cancer Stem Cells to Enhance Treatment Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182828. [PMID: 36139403 PMCID: PMC9496718 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) was the fourth deadliest cancer in the world in 2020, and about 770,000 people died from GC that year. The death of patients with GC is mainly caused by the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of GC cells. The cancer stem cell theory defines cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a key factor in the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of cancer. It considers targeting gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) to be an effective method for the treatment of GC. For GCSCs, genes or noncoding RNAs are important regulatory factors. Many experimental studies have found that some drugs can target the stemness of gastric cancer by regulating these genes or noncoding RNAs, which may bring new directions for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review mainly discusses related genes or noncoding RNAs in GCSCs and drugs that target its stemness, thereby providing some information for the treatment of GC.
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4
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HIF in Gastric Cancer: Regulation and Therapeutic Target. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154893. [PMID: 35956843 PMCID: PMC9370240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF means hypoxia-inducible factor gene family, and it could regulate various biological processes, including tumor development. In 2021, the FDA approved the new drug Welireg for targeting HIF-2a, and it is mainly used to treat von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, which demonstrated its good prospects in tumor therapy. As the fourth deadliest cancer worldwide, gastric cancer endangers the health of people all across the world. Currently, there are various treatment methods for patients with gastric cancer, but the five-year survival rate of patients with advanced gastric cancer is still not high. Therefore, here we reviewed the regulatory role and target role of HIF in gastric cancer, and provided some references for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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5
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Kang D, Kim IH. Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Rationale of Immunotherapy in Peritoneal Metastasis of Advanced Gastric Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061376. [PMID: 35740397 PMCID: PMC9220323 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is one of the most frequent metastasis patterns of gastric cancer (GC), and the prognosis of patients with PM is very dismal. According to Paget’s theory, disseminated free cancer cells are seeded and survive in the abdominal cavity, adhere to the peritoneum, invade the subperitoneal tissue, and proliferate through angiogenesis. In these sequential processes, several key molecules are involved. From a therapeutic point of view, immunotherapy with chemotherapy combination has become the standard of care for advanced GC. Several clinical trials of newer immunotherapy agents are ongoing. Understanding of the molecular process of PM and the potential rationale of immunotherapy for PM treatment is necessary. Beyond understanding of the molecular aspect of PM, many studies have been conducted on the modality of treatment of PM. Notably, intraperitoneal approaches, including chemotherapy or immunotherapy, have been conducted, because systemic treatment of PM has limitations. In this study, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and immunologic aspects of PM, and intraperitoneal approaches under investigation for treating PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence:
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6
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Rathod S. T cells in the peritoneum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 371:15-41. [PMID: 35964999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-packed area that houses most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue with milky patches or groups of leukocytes organized in the same way to those observed in typical lymphoid tissues. A distinct population of leukocytes patrols the peritoneal cavity and travels in and out of the milky spots, facing antigens or pathogens in the peritoneal fluid and responding appropriately. T cells may play a crucial function in regulating adaptive immune responses to antigens in the peritoneal cavity to ensure tissue homeostasis and healing. When peritoneal homeostasis is interrupted by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, the omentum's dedicated fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells control peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and activation in unique ways. T cells, which employ their T cell receptor to target specific antigens, are an important component of the acquired immune response since they are present in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum provides a different environment for T cells to respond to pathogens. This chapter outlines the anatomy relevant to T cell function and biology, such as antigen processing/presentation, T cell activation, and the many T cell subpopulations in the peritoneal cavity, as well as their role in cancer or other infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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7
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The HIF-1α as a Potent Inducer of the Hallmarks in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112711. [PMID: 35681691 PMCID: PMC9179860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic that is resistant to chemotherapy. Gastric tumors are rich in hypoxic niches, and high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, strategies that target hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling may be highly effective in gastric cancer treatment. However, the precise mechanisms by which hypoxia-inducible factor-1α induces tumor hallmarks in gastric cancer are yet unrevealed. Here, we review the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as a potent inducer of the cancer hallmarks in gastric cancer to provide a broad perspective and reveal missing links investigating which may offer new strategies to target hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling in gastric cancer. Abstract Hypoxia is the principal architect of the topographic heterogeneity in tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reinforces all hallmarks of cancer and donates cancer cells with more aggressive characteristics at hypoxic niches. HIF-1α potently induces sustained growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and replicative immortality. Hypoxia leads to the selection of cancer cells that evade growth suppressors or apoptotic triggers and deregulates cellular energetics. HIF-1α is also associated with genetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and escape from immunity. Therefore, HIF-1α may be an important therapeutic target in cancer. Despite that, the drug market lacks safe and efficacious anti-HIF-1α molecules, raising the quest for fully unveiling the complex interactome of HIF-1α in cancer to discover more effective strategies. The knowledge gap is even wider in gastric cancer, where the number of studies on hypoxia is relatively low compared to other well-dissected cancers. A comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which HIF-1α induces gastric cancer hallmarks could provide a broad perspective to the investigators and reveal missing links to explore in future studies. Thus, here we review the impact of HIF-1α on the cancer hallmarks with a specific focus on gastric cancer.
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Liu M, Starenki D, Scharer CD, Silva-Sanchez A, Molina PA, Pollock JS, Cooper SJ, Arend RC, Rosenberg AF, Randall TD, Meza-Perez S. Circulating Tregs accumulate in omental tumors and acquire adipose-resident features. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:641-655. [PMID: 35263766 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors that metastasize in the peritoneal cavity typically end up in the omental adipose tissue, a particularly immune-suppressive environment that includes specialized adipose-resident regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs rapidly accumulate in the omentum after tumor implantation and potently suppress anti-tumor immunity. However, it is unclear whether these Tregs are recruited from the circulation or derived from pre-existing adipose-resident Tregs by clonal expansion. Here we show that Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta predominantly have thymus-derived characteristics. Moreover, naïve tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells fail to differentiate into Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta. In fact, Tregs derived from the pre-tumor repertoire are sufficient to suppress anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor growth. However, tumor implantation in the omentum does not promote Treg clonal expansion, but instead leads to increased clonal diversity. Parabiosis experiments show that despite tissue-resident (non-circulating) characteristics of omental Tregs in naïve mice, tumor implantation promotes a rapid influx of circulating Tregs, many of which come from the spleen. Finally, we show that newly recruited Tregs rapidly acquire characteristics of adipose-resident Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta. These data demonstrate that most Tregs in omental tumors are recruited from the circulation and adapt to their environment by altering their homing, transcriptional and metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Patrick A Molina
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Troy D Randall
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Integrative analysis-based identification and validation of a prognostic immune cell infiltration-based model for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108258. [PMID: 34678693 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Advanced gastric cancer (GC) remains difficult to conduct individualized prognostic evaluations owing to the highly heterogeneous nature and the low level of immune cell infiltration (ICI) within GC tumors. This study thus sought to develop a model capable of classifying GC patients according to the degree of tumor ICI and gauging prognosis. METHODS The degree of ICI in GC patients from the GSE15459, GSE57303, and GSE62254 datasets were estimated, and these values were used to group patients via an unsupervised clustering approach, after which ICI cluster-related genes were identified the association with prognosis through Cox and LASSO regression analyses. The primary risk genes were then verified by immunohistochemical staining of GC tumor tissue samples. RESULTS 570 patients were clustered into three clusters and 289 ICI cluster-related genes were identified. A prognostic model based on the expression of six crucial ICI risk genes (CXCL11, RBPMS2, LOC400043, JCHAIN, CT83, and ORM1) wa constructed. Patients identified as being high risk based upon the model have poorer clinical features and survival outcomes compared to the other patients. Adjuvant intervention was found to be more beneficial for patients expressing high levels of RBPMS2, JCHAIN, or ORM1. Furthermore, patients expressing low levels of JCHAIN or CT83 in GC tumor tissues were verified to exhibit a significantly better prognosis in a CMU cohort. CONCLUSION Advanced GC patients were successfully grouped into clusters based on the degree of intratumoral ICI, and a prognostic evaluation model based on 6 ICI risk genes was developed and validated.
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10
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Wang H, Cui G, Yu B, Sun M, Yang H. Cancer Stem Cell Niche in Colorectal Cancer and Targeted Therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1979-1993. [PMID: 32268862 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200408102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a sub-population of tumor cells found in many human cancers that are endowed with self-renewal and pluripotency. CSCs may be more resistant to conventional anticancer therapies than average cancer cells, as they can easily escape the cytotoxic effects of standard chemotherapy, thereby resulting in tumor relapse. Despite significant progress in related research, effective elimination of CSCs remains an unmet clinical need. CSCs are localized in a specialized microenvironment termed the niche, which plays a pivotal role in cancer multidrug resistance. The niche components of CSCs, such as the extracellular matrix, also physically shelter CSCs from therapeutic agents. Colorectal cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and presents a relatively transparent process of cancer initiation and development, making it an ideal model for CSC niche research. Here, we review recent advances in the field of CSCs using colorectal cancer as an example to illustrate the potential therapeutic value of targeting the CSC niche. These findings not only provide a novel theoretical basis for in-depth discussions on tumor occurrence, development, and prognosis evaluation, but also offer new strategies for the targeted treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Laboratory medical college, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guihua Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Laboratory medical college, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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11
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Liu M, Silva-Sanchez A, Randall TD, Meza-Perez S. Specialized immune responses in the peritoneal cavity and omentum. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:717-729. [PMID: 32881077 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0720-271rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or clusters of leukocytes that are organized similar to those in conventional lymphoid tissues. A unique assortment of leukocytes patrol the peritoneal cavity and migrate in and out of the milky spots, where they encounter Ags or pathogens from the peritoneal fluid and respond accordingly. The principal role of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity is to preserve tissue homeostasis and secure tissue repair. However, when peritoneal homeostasis is disturbed by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, specialized fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells in the omentum regulate the recruitment of peritoneal leukocytes and steer their activation in unique ways. In this review, the types of cells that reside in the peritoneal cavity, the role of the omentum in their maintenance and activation, and how these processes function in response to pathogens and malignancy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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12
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the USA, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) constitutes 85% of pancreatic cancer diagnoses. PDA frequently metastasizes to the peritoneum, but effective treatment of peritoneal metastasis remains a clinical challenge. Despite this unmet need, understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to development and progression of PDA peritoneal metastasis is sparse. By contrast, a vast number of studies have investigated mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis in ovarian and gastric cancers. Here, we contrast similarities and differences between peritoneal metastasis in PDA as compared with those in gastric and ovarian cancer by outlining molecular mediators involved in each step of the peritoneal metastasis cascade. This review aims to provide mechanistic insights that could be translated into effective targeted therapies for patients with peritoneal metastasis from PDA.
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13
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Yigit B, Wang N, Ten Hacken E, Chen SS, Bhan AK, Suarez-Fueyo A, Katsuyama E, Tsokos GC, Chiorazzi N, Wu CJ, Burger JA, Herzog RW, Engel P, Terhorst C. SLAMF6 as a Regulator of Exhausted CD8 + T Cells in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1485-1496. [PMID: 31315913 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in leukemia and solid tumors induces a shift of activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to an exhausted state, characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and impaired immunologic synapse formation. Efficient strategies and targets need to be identified to overcome T-cell exhaustion and further improve overall responses in the clinic. Here, we took advantage of the Eμ-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B16 melanoma mouse models to assess the role of the homophilic cell-surface receptor SLAMF6 as an immune-checkpoint regulator. The transfer of SLAMF6+ Eμ-TCL1 cells into SLAMF6-/- recipients, in contrast to wild-type (WT) recipients, significantly induced expansion of a PD-1+ subpopulation among CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells, which had impaired cytotoxic functions. Conversely, administering anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced the leukemic burden in Eμ-TCL1 recipient WT mice concomitantly with a loss of PD-1+CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells with significantly increased effector functions. Anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced leukemic burden in the peritoneal cavity, a niche where antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is impaired, possibly through activation of CD8+ T cells. Targeting of SLAMF6 affected tumor growth not only in B cell-related leukemia and lymphomas but also in nonhematopoietic tumors such as B16 melanoma, where SLAMF6 is not expressed. In vitro exhausted CD8+ T cells showed increased degranulation when anti-human SLAMF6 was added in culture. Taken together, anti-SLAMF6 both effectively corrected CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and had a direct effect on tumor progression. The outcomes of our studies suggest that targeting SLAMF6 is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abel Suarez-Fueyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eri Katsuyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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Yin S, Miao Z, Tan Y, Wang P, Xu X, Zhang C, Hou W, Huang J, Xu H. SPHK1-induced autophagy in peritoneal mesothelial cell enhances gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1731-1743. [PMID: 30791228 PMCID: PMC6488120 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination (GCPD) has been recognized as the most common form of metastasis in advanced gastric cancer (GC), and the survival is pessimistic. The injury of mesothelial cells plays an important role in GCPD. However, its molecular mechanism is not entirely clear. Here, we focused on the sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) which regulates HPMCs autophagy in GCPD progression. Initially, we analyzed SPHK1 expression immunohistochemically in 120 GC peritoneal tissues, and found high SPHK1 expression to be significantly associated with LC3B expression and peritoneal recurrence, leading to poor prognosis. Using a coculture system, we observed that GC cells promoted HPMCs autophagy and this process was inhibited by blocking TGF-β1 secreted from GC cells. Autophagic HPMCs induced adhesion and invasion of GC cells. We also confirmed that knockdown of SPHK1 expression in HPMCs inhibited TGF-β1-induced autophagy. In addition, SPHK1-driven autophagy of HPMCs accelerated GC cells occurrence of GCPD in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we explored the relationship between autophagy and fibrosis in HPMCs, observing that overexpression of SPHK1 induced HPMCs fibrosis, while the inhibition of autophagy weakened HPMCs fibrosis. Taken together, our results provided new insights for understanding the mechanisms of GCPD and established SPHK1 as a novel target for GCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcheng Yin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifeng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuen Tan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengliang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenbin Hou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Huimian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastric Cancer Molecular Pathology of Liaoning Province, Heping District, Shenyang, China
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15
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Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy and its effect on gastric-cancer-derived peritoneal metastases: an overview. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:1-14. [PMID: 30715654 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript aspires to portray a review of the current literature focusing on manifest peritoneal metastasis (PM) derived from gastric cancer and its treatment options. Despite the development of chemotherapy and multimodal treatment options during the last decades, mortality remains high worldwide. After refreshing important epidemiological considerations, the molecular mechanisms currently accepted through which PM occurs are revised. Palliative chemotherapy is the only recommended treatment option for patients with PM of gastric cancer according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, although cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy demonstrated promising results in selected patients with regional PM and localized intraabdominal tumor spread. A novel treatment named pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy may have a promising future in improving overall survival with an acceptable postoperative complication rate and stabilizing quality of life during treatment. Additionally, the procedure has been proved to be safe for the patient and medical personnel and a feasible, repeatable method to deter metastatic proliferation. This overview comprehensively addresses this novel and promising treatment in the context of a scientifically and clinically challenging disease.
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16
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Qian J, Rankin EB. Hypoxia-Induced Phenotypes that Mediate Tumor Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1136:43-55. [PMID: 31201715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12734-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is an important factor contributing to metastasis and therapy resistance. The phenotypic diversity of cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment is strongly influenced by microenvironmental factors such as hypoxia. Clinically, hypoxia and the hypoxia inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 are associated with cancer stem cells, metastasis and drug resistance in multiple tumor types. Experimental models have demonstrated an important functional role for HIF signaling in driving CSC, metastatic and drug resistant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Here we will review recent studies that highlight novel mechanisms by which hypoxia promotes cancer stem cell, metastatic and drug resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Fu Y, Du P, Zhao J, Hu C, Qin Y, Huang G. Gastric Cancer Stem Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Yonsei Med J 2018; 59:1150-1158. [PMID: 30450848 PMCID: PMC6240570 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.10.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. GC stem-like cells (GCSCs), with unlimited self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor-regenerating capacities, contribute significantly to the refractory features of GC and have gained increasing attention for their role in GC drug resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Therapies targeting GCSCs seem to be one of the most promising methods to improve the outcomes of GC patients. Extensive investigations have attempted to outline the regulatory mechanisms in GCSCs and to develop GCSCs-targeting therapies with which to diminish GC drug resistance, metastasis and relapse. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of reviews summarizing these studies. In this review, we systematically recapitulated findings regarding the regulatory mechanisms of GCSCs, as well as therapies that target GCSCs, hoping to support the development of prognostic biomarkers and GCSCs-targeting anticancer therapies in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhun Du
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng'en Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Targeting cancer stem cells and their niche: perspectives for future therapeutic targets and strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:139-155. [PMID: 30081228 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A small subpopulation of cells within the bulk of tumors share features with somatic stem cells, in that, they are capable of self-renewal, they differentiate, and are highly resistant to conventional therapy. These cells have been referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent reports support the central importance of a cancer stem cell-like niche that appears to help foster the generation and maintenance of CSCs. In response to signals provided by this microenvironment, CSCs express the tumorigenic characteristics that can drive tumor metastasis by the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) that in turn fosters the migration and recolonization of the cells as secondary tumors within metastatic niches. We summarize here recent advances in cancer stem cell research including the characterization of their genetic and epigenetic features, metabolic specialities, and crosstalk with aging-associated processes. Potential strategies for targeting CSCs, and their niche, by regulating CSCs plasticity, or therapeutic sensitivity is discussed. Finally, it is hoped that new strategies and related therapeutic approaches as outlined here may help prevent the formation of the metastatic niche, as well as counter tumor progression and metastatic growth.
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19
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Machlowska J, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. The Pattern of Signatures in Gastric Cancer Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1658. [PMID: 29867026 PMCID: PMC6032410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and it is a fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Carcinogenesis is a multistage disease process specified by the gradual procurement of mutations and epigenetic alterations in the expression of different genes, which finally lead to the occurrence of a malignancy. These genes have diversified roles regarding cancer development. Intracellular pathways are assigned to the expression of different genes, signal transduction, cell-cycle supervision, genomic stability, DNA repair, and cell-fate destination, like apoptosis, senescence. Extracellular pathways embrace tumour invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis. Altered expression patterns, leading the different clinical responses. This review highlights the list of molecular biomarkers that can be used for prognostic purposes and provide information on the likely outcome of the cancer disease in an untreated individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Machlowska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Surgery, St. John's Cancer Center, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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20
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Yuan CL, Liang R, Liu ZH, Li YQ, Luo XL, Ye JZ, Lin Y. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor overexpression inhibits gastric tumor cell invasion via the transforming growth factor-β/epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5422-5430. [PMID: 29805551 PMCID: PMC5958702 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common human malignancies and remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Gastric carcinoma is characterized by early-stage metastasis and is typically diagnosed in the advanced stage. Previous results have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) overexpression has been demonstrated to inhibit growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of the BAMBI-mediated signaling pathway in the progression of gastric cancer are poorly understood. In the present study, to assess whether BAMBI overexpression inhibited the growth and aggressiveness of gastric carcinoma cells through regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway, the growth and metastasis of gastric carcinoma cells were analyzed following BAMBI overexpression and knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Molecular changes in the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway were studied in gastric carcinoma cells following BAMBI overexpression and knockdown. DNA methylation of the gene regions encoding the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway was investigated in gastric carcinoma cells. Tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice was analyzed after mice were subjected to endogenous overexpression of BAMBI. Results indicated that BAMBI overexpression significantly inhibited gastric carcinoma cell growth and aggressiveness, whereas knockdown of BAMBI significantly promoted its growth and metastasis compared with the control (P<0.01). The TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway was downregulated in BAMBI-overexpressed gastric carcinoma cells; however, signaling was promoted following BAMBI knockdown. In addition, it was observed that BAMBI overexpression significantly downregulated the DNA methylation of the gene regions encoding the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway (P<0.01). Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated BAMBI overexpression also promoted apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and significantly inhibited growth of gastric tumors in murine xenografts (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that BAMBI overexpression inhibited the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway and suppressed the invasiveness of gastric tumors, suggesting BAMBI may be a potential target for the treatment of gastric carcinoma via regulation of the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Yuan
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Luo
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhou Ye
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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21
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Chen KB, Chen J, Jin XL, Huang Y, Su QM, Chen L. Exosome-mediated peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer and its clinical applications. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:503-509. [PMID: 29774141 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with peritoneal dissemination from gastric cancer is poor, and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Exosomes, as macromolecular phospholipid bilayer vesicles comprising of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, serve as mediators of cell-cell communication. Gastric cancer tumor-derived exosomes may be involved in the pathological process of peritoneal dissemination by mediating crosstalk between cancer cells and mesothelial cells, to result in the induction of enhanced tumor growth, migratory, adhesive and invasive abilities, peritoneal fibrosis and apoptosis, mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The present review focuses on previous studies addressing the exosome-dependent molecular transfer in peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer and the potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ming Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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22
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Sawaki K, Kanda M, Miwa T, Umeda S, Tanaka H, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Suenaga M, Hattori N, Hayashi M, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. Troponin I2 as a Specific Biomarker for Prediction of Peritoneal Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2083-2090. [PMID: 29663169 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although peritoneal metastasis is a serious concern in patients with gastric cancer, no acceptable and specific biomarker is available. We aimed to identify a candidate biomarker to predict peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. METHODS Metastatic pathway-specific transcriptome analysis was conducted by comparison of patient groups with no recurrence and with peritoneal, hepatic, and nodal recurrence. Fifteen cell lines and 262 pairs of surgically resected gastric tissues were subjected to messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis. Polymerase chain reaction array analysis was performed to explore coordinately expressed cancer-related genes. To evaluate the in situ protein localization and expression patterns, immunohistochemical staining was performed. RESULTS From transcriptome data, troponin I2 (TNNI2) was identified as a candidate molecule specifically overexpressed in gastric cancer prone to peritoneal metastasis. TNNI2 mRNA was expressed at differential levels, independent of differentiated phenotype of cell lines. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related genes, tumor inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), and vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog A (VPS13A) were expressed with TNNI2 at correlation coefficient > 0.7. The optimal cutoff of TNNI2 expression was determined as 0.00017. High TNNI2 expression was significantly and specifically associated with peritoneal metastasis and served as an independent risk marker for peritoneal recurrence after curative gastrectomy. Prevalence of peritoneal recurrence increased in parallel with staining intensity of TNNI2. CONCLUSIONS TNNI2 expression in gastric tissues may serve as a specific biomarker for prediction of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer and contribute to improvement of patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaya Suenaga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norifumi Hattori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michitaka Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Li J, Wang X, Lu W, Xiao Y, Yu Y, Wang X, Xu C, Shen B. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in gastric cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1022-1035. [PMID: 29636891 PMCID: PMC5883142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia commonly occurs in solid cancers, especially in gastric cancer due to its rapid growth. The ability of gastric cancer cells to survive and progress under hypoxic conditions has been known for decades, but the mechanisms underlying this characteristic remain poorly understood. As cancer cells undergo changes in their genetic profile under certain conditions, we investigated the expression profile of non-coding RNAs (circRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs) and mRNAs in gastric cancer MKN-28 cells under hypoxic conditions via sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analyses. In addition, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the results. We identified a number of significantly differentially expressed circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in hypoxia-exposed MKN-28 cells relative to the normoxia control, and results of qRT-PCR were consistent with sequencing data. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed the principal functions of the significantly deregulated genes. Furthermore, examination of co-expression and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNAs) networks illustrated the complex regulatory pathways among non-coding RNAs and mRNAs, implicating these pathways in gastric cancer. In conclusion, our findings provide a novel perspective on non-coding RNAs and mRNAs and lay the foundation for future research on the potential roles of non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Pancreatic Disease Centre, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xinqiong Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Pancreatic Disease Centre, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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24
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Zeng R, Li B, Huang J, Zhong M, Li L, Duan C, Zeng S, Huang J, Liu W, Lu J, Tang Y, Zhou L, Liu Y, Li J, He Z, Wang Q, Dai Y. Lysophosphatidic Acid is a Biomarker for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Gastric Cancer and Correlates with Poor Prognosis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:641-648. [PMID: 28910191 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junhui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meizuo Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youhong Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingming Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhuang Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengxi He
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youyi Dai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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25
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Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6991-6998. [PMID: 29344127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is the most frequent metastatic pattern of gastric cancer, but the mechanisms underlying peritoneal dissemination are yet to be elucidated. Paget's 'seed and soil' hypothesis is recognized as the fundamental theory of metastasis. The 'seeding' theory proposes that the formation of peritoneal dissemination is a multistep process, including detachment from the primary tumour, transmigration and attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into subperitoneal tissue and proliferation with blood vascular neogenesis. In the present review, the progress of each step is discussed. Milky spots, as a lymphatic apparatus, are indicative of lymphatic orifices on the surface of the peritoneum. These stomata are open gates for peritoneal-free cancer cells to migrate into the submesothelial space. Therefore, milky spots provide suitable 'soil' for cancer cells to implant. Other theories have also been proposed to clarify the peritoneal dissemination process, including the transvessel metastasis theory, which suggests that the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer develops via a vascular network mediated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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26
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Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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27
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Fu Y, Li H, Hao X. The self-renewal signaling pathways utilized by gastric cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317697577. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Cancer stem cells are the source of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Self-renewal is a marker of cancer stem cells and also the basis of long-lasting survival and tumor progression. Although the mechanism of gastric cancer stem cell self-renewal is not clear, there are several signaling pathways and environmental factors known to be involved. This mini review describes recent developments in the self-renewal signaling pathway of gastric cancer stem cell research. Advancements made in this field of research will likely support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xishan Hao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
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28
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Otsuka H, Yagi H, Endo Y, Soeta S, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate induces a newly discovered hematopoietic structure in the omentum of an anemic mouse model by stimulating G-CSF production. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:297-309. [PMID: 27817114 PMCID: PMC5269465 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the injection of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (NBP) induced the site of erythropoiesis to shift from the bone marrow (BM) to the spleen. Our previous study established a severely anemic mouse model that was treated with a combination of NBP with phenylhydrazine (PHZ), which induced newly discovered hematopoietic organs in the omentum. No reports have shown that new hematopoietic organs form under any condition. We characterized the structures and factors related to the formation of these new organs. Splenectomized mice were treated with NBP to inhibit erythropoiesis in the BM and then injected with PHZ to induce hemolytic anemia. The mice showed severe anemia and wine-colored structures appeared in the omentum. Some hematopoietic cells, including megakaryocytes, and well-developed sinuses were observed in these structures. Numerous TER119-positive erythroblasts were located with cells positive for PCNA, a cell proliferation marker. C-kit-positive cells were detected and mRNAs related to hematopoiesis were expressed in these structures. Moreover, TER119-positive erythroblasts emerged and formed clusters and hematopoiesis-related factors were detected in the omentum of mice treated with NBP and PHZ. The levels of G-CSF in the serum and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the peripheral blood were increased upon treatment with both NBP and PHZ. These results suggest that the induced hematopoietic structures act as the sites of erythropoiesis and that NBP-induced G-CSF production causes HPC mobilization, homing and colonization in the omentum because they constitutively express some factors, including SDF-1; thus, the newly discovered hematopoietic structure in this study might be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanamaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8501 Japan
| | - Yasuo Endo
- Division of Molecular Regulation, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7–1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
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Lv ZD, Zhao WJ, Jin LY, Wang WJ, Dong Q, Li N, Xu HM, Wang HB. Blocking TGF-β1 by P17 peptides attenuates gastric cancer cell induced peritoneal fibrosis and prevents peritoneal dissemination in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:27-33. [PMID: 28092842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that the peritoneal stroma environment favors proliferation of tumor cells by serving as a rich source of growth factors and chemokines known to be involved in tumor metastasis. In this study, we investigated the interaction between gastric cancer cells and peritoneal mesothelial cells, and determined the effects of TGF-β1 in this processing. Human peritoneal tissues and peritoneal wash fluid were obtained, which examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining or ELISA for measurements of TGF-β1 levels. The peritoneal mesothelial cells were co-incubated with the supernatants of gastric cancer, the expression of TGF-β1, collagen and fibronectin was observed by ELISA and western blot. We then investigated the effects of serum-free conditioned media from HSC-39 gastric cancer cells on the peritoneum of nude mice, and the effects of peritoneal fibrosis on the development of peritoneal metastasis in vivo. The peritoneum from gastric patients were thickened and contained extensive fibrosis. After co-culture both gastric tumor cells and mesothelial cells, we found that TGF-β1 expression was greatly increased in the co-culture system compared to individual culture condition. Serum-free Conditioned Media from HSC-39 was able to induce extracellular matrix expression in vitro and in vivo, and tumorigenicity in mice with peritoneal fibrosis was greater than in mice with normal peritoneum, while blocking TGF-β1 by peptide P17 can partially inhibit these effects. In conclusion, these results indicated that the interaction of gastric cancer with peritoneal fibrosis and determined that TGF-β1 plays a key role in induction of peritoneal fibrosis, which in turn affected dissemination of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Jin
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute and (e)Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Qian Dong
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Miao ZF, Xu H, Xu HM, Wang ZN, Zhao TT, Song YX, Xu YY. DLL4 overexpression increases gastric cancer stem/progenitor cell self-renewal ability and correlates with poor clinical outcome via Notch-1 signaling pathway activation. Cancer Med 2016; 6:245-257. [PMID: 27891816 PMCID: PMC5269703 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases, and poses a serious threat to the quality of human life. Gastric cancer stem/progenitor cells (GCSPCs) have critical effects on tumor formation, affecting specific features of self‐renewal and differentiation and playing a critical role in metastasis. The Notch‐1 pathway is crucially important to GCSPCs and is regulated by DLL4. In this study, DLL4 and Nestin levels were measured in 383 gastric cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry, and the clinico‐pathological features of patients assessed. After DLL4 silencing in selected gastric cancer cell lines, the expression of GCSPC markers and colony formation ability were analyzed and the self‐renewal and differentiation capacities of the cells were evaluated. The relationship between DLL4 levels and Notch‐1 signaling pathway effector amounts was assessed via Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Finally, the tumor formation ability of the gastric cancer cells was evaluated with different levels of DLL4 and multiple cell densities in vivo. Our results indicate that DLL4 expression is associated with TNM stage and cancer metastasis, with high amounts of DLL4 leading to poor outcome. DLL4 silencing inhibited the self‐renewal ability of GCSPCs and increased their multidifferentiation capacity, resulting in reduced GCSPC ratios. DLL4 knockdown also blocked the Notch‐1 pathway, weakening invasion ability and resistance to 5‐FU chemotherapy. In vivo, DLL4 silencing inhibited the tumor formation ability of GCSPCs. In conclusion, DLL4 affects GCSPC stemness, altering their pathological behavior. DLL4 silencing inhibits GCSPC metastatic potential both in vitro and in vivo by impeding Notch‐1 signaling pathway activation, indicating that DLL4 may be a new potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong-Xi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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31
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Kanda M, Kodera Y. Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6829-6840. [PMID: 27570420 PMCID: PMC4974582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer (GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal dissemination is 2%, even including patients with only microscopic free cancer cells without macroscopic peritoneal nodules. The mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of GC involves several steps: detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor, survival in the free abdominal cavity, attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into the subperitoneal space and proliferation with angiogenesis. These steps are not mutually exclusive, and combinations of different molecular mechanisms can occur in each process of peritoneal dissemination. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in peritoneal dissemination is important and should be systematically pursued. It is crucial to identify novel strategies for the prevention of this condition and for identification of markers of prognosis and the development of molecular-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination of GC to provide an update on what is currently known in this field and to propose novel promising candidates for use in diagnosis and as therapeutic targets.
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Liu J, Geng X, Li Y. Milky spots: omental functional units and hotbeds for peritoneal cancer metastasis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:5715-26. [PMID: 26831659 PMCID: PMC4875158 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common metastatic disease of abdomen pelvic cavity cancer, peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) renders significant negative impact on patient survival and quality of life. Invasive peritoneal exfoliated cancer cells (PECCs) preferentially select the omentum as a predominant target site for cancer cell colonization and proliferation compared with other tissues in the abdominal cavity. The precise pathogenic mechanism remains to be determined. As omental milky spots (MSs) are the major implantation site for malignant cells in peritoneal dissemination, researches on mechanisms of PC have been mainly focused on MS, primitive lymphoid tissues with unique structural features, and functional characteristics. To date, extensive biophysical and biochemical methods have been manipulated to investigate the MS exact function in the peritoneal cavity. This review summarized MS as hotbeds for PECC. The anatomical distribution was briefly described first. Then, MS histology was systematically reviewed, including morphological features, cellular constituents, and histological staining methods. At last, the roles of MS in PC pathological process were summarized with special emphasis on the distinct roles of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Geng
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China.
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Endoglin overexpression mediates gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination by inducing mesothelial cell senescence. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:114-23. [PMID: 27067789 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination (PD), which is highly frequent in gastric cancer (GC) patients, is the main cause of death in advanced GC. Senescence of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) may contribute to GC peritoneal dissemination (GCPD). In this study of 126 patients, we investigated the association between Endoglin expression in GC peritoneum and the clinicopathological features. The prognosis of patients was evaluated according to Endoglin and ID1 expression. In vitro, GC cell (GCC)-HPMC coculture was established. Endoglin and ID1 expression was evaluated by Western blot. Cell cycle and HPMC senescence were analyzed after harvesting HPMC from the coculture. GCC adhesion and invasion to HPMC were also assayed. Our results showed that positive staining of Endoglin (38%) was associated with a higher TNM stage and higher incidence of GCPD (both P < .05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the patients who were Endoglin positive had a shorter survival time compared with Endoglin-negative patients (P = .02). Using the HPMC and GCC adherence and invasion assay, we demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β)1-induced HPMC senescence was attenuated by silencing the Endoglin expression, which also prevented GCC attachment and invasion. Our study indicated a positive correlation between Endoglin overexpression and GCPD. Up-regulated Endoglin expression induced HPMC senescence via TGF-β1 pathway. The findings suggest that Endoglin-induced HPMC senescence may contribute to peritoneal dissemination of GCCs.
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Li ZR, Li DJ, Jie ZG. Diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3653-3662. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i23.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main reason of death in patients with gastric cancer, peritoneal metastasis is still a major problem to be solved. As we all know, peritoneal metastasis is the main form of advanced gastric cancer and gastric cancer recurrence, which involves a complex, multi-stage, multifactorial pathological process. The diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer are particularly difficult. The good news is that through active exploration and clinical research, several important achievements have been made and gradually bring the gospel to clinical patients. This paper will review the recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
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