1
|
Li X, Chen K, Wang Z, Li J, Wang X, Xie C, Tong J, Shen Y. The mTOR signalling in corneal diseases: A recent update. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115620. [PMID: 37217140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Corneal diseases affect 4.2 million people worldwide and are a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness. Current treatments for corneal diseases, such as antibiotics, steroids, and surgical interventions, have numerous disadvantages and challenges. Thus, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies. Although the pathogenesis of corneal diseases is not fully understood, it is known that injury caused by various stresses and postinjury healing, such as epithelial renewal, inflammation, stromal fibrosis, and neovascularization, are highly involved. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and the immune response. Recent studies have revealed that activation of mTOR signalling extensively contributes to the pathogenesis of various corneal diseases, and inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin achieves promising outcomes, supporting the potential of mTOR as a therapeutic target. In this review, we detail the function of mTOR in corneal diseases and how these characteristics contribute to disease treatment using mTOR-targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiawei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Han J, Shi Y, Liu M. Rapamycin inhibits corneal inflammatory response and neovascularization in a mouse model of corneal alkali burn. Exp Eye Res 2023:109539. [PMID: 37315833 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkali burn-induced corneal injury often causes inflammation and neovascularization and leads to compromised vision. We previously reported that rapamycin ameliorated corneal injury after alkali burns by methylation modification. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rapamycin-medicated mechanism against corneal inflammation and neovascularization. Our data showed that alkali burn could induce a range of different inflammatory response, including a stark upregulation of pro-inflammatory factor expression and an increase in the infiltration of myeloperoxidase- and F4/80-positive cells from the corneal limbus to the central stroma. Rapamycin effectively downregulated the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), and Caspase-1, and suppressed the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Inflammation-related angiogenesis mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and rapamycin restrained this process by inhibiting the TNF-α upregulation in burned corneas of mice. Rapamycin also restrained corneal alkali burn-induced inflammation by regulating HIF-1α/VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and the serum cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The findings of this study indicated rapamycin may reduce inflammation-associated infiltration of inflammatory cells, shape the expression of cytokines, and balance the regulation of MMP-2 and HIF-1α-mediated inflammation and angiogenesis by suppressing mTOR activation in corneal wound healing induced by an alkali injury. It offered novel insights relevant for a potent drug for treating corneal alkali burn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Jiangyuan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Minrui Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lasagni Vitar R, Triani F, Barbariga M, Fonteyne P, Rama P, Ferrari G. Substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor pathway blockade ameliorates limbal stem cell deficiency by modulating mTOR pathway and preventing cell senescence. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:849-863. [PMID: 35334220 PMCID: PMC9023781 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe ocular surface diseases can lead to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), which is accompanied by defective healing. We aimed to evaluate the role of the substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) pathway in corneal epithelium wound healing in a pre-clinical model of LSCD. SP ablation or NK1R blockade significantly increased epithelial wound healing (p < 0.001) and corneal transparency (p < 0.001), compared with wild type (WT). In addition, a reduced number of infiltrating goblet and conjunctival cells (p < 0.05) and increased number of epithelial stem cells (p < 0.01), which also expressed NK1R, was observed. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) and expression of γH2AX was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after SP ablation. These results suggest that excessive expression of SP is associated with LSCD and results in accelerated senescence and exhaustion of residual stem cells. Topical treatment with NK1R antagonist ameliorates clinical signs associated with LSCD and could be used as an adjuvant treatment in LSCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Triani
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Barbariga
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Fonteyne
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Volatier T, Schumacher B, Cursiefen C, Notara M. UV Protection in the Cornea: Failure and Rescue. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020278. [PMID: 35205145 PMCID: PMC8868636 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The sun is a deadly laser, and its damaging rays harm exposed tissues such as our skin and eyes. The skin’s protection and repair mechanisms are well understood and utilized in therapeutic approaches while the eye lacks such complete understanding of its defenses and therefore often lacks therapeutic support in most cases. The aim here was to document the similarities and differences between the two tissues as well as understand where current research stands on ocular, particularly corneal, ultraviolet protection. The objective is to identify what mechanisms may be best suited for future investigation and valuable therapeutic approaches. Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces DNA lesions in all directly exposed tissues. In the human body, two tissues are chronically exposed to UV: the skin and the cornea. The most frequent UV-induced DNA lesions are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) that can lead to apoptosis or induce tumorigenesis. Lacking the protective pigmentation of the skin, the transparent cornea is particularly dependent on nucleotide excision repair (NER) to remove UV-induced DNA lesions. The DNA damage response also triggers intracellular autophagy mechanisms to remove damaged material in the cornea; these mechanisms are poorly understood despite their noted involvement in UV-related diseases. Therapeutic solutions involving xenogenic DNA-repair enzymes such as T4 endonuclease V or photolyases exist and are widely distributed for dermatological use. The corneal field lacks a similar set of tools to address DNA-lesions in photovulnerable patients, such as those with genetic disorders or recently transplanted tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.C.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses, Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.C.); (M.N.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.C.); (M.N.)
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses, Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ko JH, Kim HJ, Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Oh JY. Mesenchymal Stem and Stromal Cells Harness Macrophage-Derived Amphiregulin to Maintain Tissue Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3806-3820.e6. [PMID: 32187551 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs) and macrophages is critical for the restoration of tissue homeostasis after injury. Here, we demonstrate a pathway through which MSCs instruct macrophages to resolve inflammation and preserve tissue-specific stem cells, leading to homeostasis in mice with autoimmune uveoretinitis and sterile-injury-induced corneal epithelial stem cell deficiency. Distinct from their conventional role in macrophage reprogramming to anti-inflammatory phenotype by a PGE2-dependent mechanism, MSCs enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages, which partly depends on the uptake of MSC mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles. The MSC-primed macrophages increase the secretion of amphiregulin (AREG) in a phagocytosis-dependent manner. AREG is essential for MSC-primed macrophages to suppress immune responses through regulatory T (Treg) cells and to protect corneal epithelial stem cells via apoptosis inhibition and proliferation promotion. Hence, the data reveal that MSCs harness macrophage-derived AREG to maintain tissue homeostasis after injury and provide a therapeutic target in immune-mediated disease and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Ko
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang JL, Ding HR, Pan CY, Shi XL, Ren HZ. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate lipid metabolism through reducing mitochondrial damage of hepatocytes in the treatment of post-hepatectomy liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:111. [PMID: 33479191 PMCID: PMC7820227 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatectomy is an effective therapeutic strategy for many benign and malignant liver diseases, while the complexity of liver anatomy and the difficulty of operation lead to complications after hepatectomy. Among them, post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is the main factor threatening the life of patients. At present, liver transplantation is an effective approach for PHLF. However, the application of liver transplantation has been largely limited due to the shortage of donors and the high cost of such operation. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop a new treatment for PHLF. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a new treatment regimen for liver diseases because of their easy access and low immunogenicity. Our study found that there were some subtle connections between MSCs and liver lipid metabolism in the PHLF model. We used MSC transplantation to treat PHLF induced by 90% hepatectomy. MSC transplantation could restore the mitochondrial function, promote the β-oxidation of fatty acid (FA), and reduce the lipid accumulation of hepatocytes. In addition, interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine with immunoregulatory function, had an important role in lipid metabolism. We also found that MSCs transplantation activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Therefore, we explored the relationship between mitochondrial damage and lipid metabolism abnormality or PHLF. MSCs improved mitochondrial function and corrected abnormal lipid metabolism by affecting the mTOR pathway in the treatment of PHLF. Collectively, MSC transplantation could be used as a potential treatment for PHLF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Ran Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen-Yan Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hao-Zhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ao N, Ma Z, Yang J, Jin S, Zhang K, Luo E, Du J. Liraglutide ameliorates lipotoxicity-induced inflammation through the mTORC1 signalling pathway. Peptides 2020; 133:170375. [PMID: 32771373 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity has been implicated in many disease processes, and prolonged exposure to high lipid levels often leads to the activation of a variety of abnormal signals, which in turn leads to the induction of inflammation. The aim of our study was to explore the correlation between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and inflammation by studying high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats and palmitate (PA)-induced inflammation (lipotoxicity) in HepG2 cells. In addition, we investigated whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue liraglutide can protect rats and HepG2 cells from lipotoxicity. Our results showed that an HFD and PA significantly increased inflammation by activating the mTORC1 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) inhibited some effects of PA on inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that liraglutide inhibited PA-induced inflammation by inactivating mTORC1 signalling molecules. Overall, our findings demonstrated that mTORC1 signalling pathways were involved primarily in high lipid level-induced inflammation. Importantly, liraglutide may protect against lipotoxicity-induced inflammation by regulating mTORC1-dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuoqi Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poe AJ, Kulkarni M, Leszczynska A, Tang J, Shah R, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wang J, Kramerov AA, Wohlschlegel J, Punj V, Ljubimov AV, Saghizadeh M. Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Role of miR-146a in Human Limbal Epithelium via Notch Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102175. [PMID: 32993109 PMCID: PMC7650592 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-146a is upregulated in the stem cell-enriched limbal region vs. central human cornea and can mediate corneal epithelial wound healing. The aim of this study was to identify miR-146a targets in human primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) using genomic and proteomic analyses. RNA-seq combined with quantitative proteomics based on multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling was performed in LECs transfected with miR-146a mimic vs. mimic control. Western blot and immunostaining were used to confirm the expression of some targeted genes/proteins. A total of 251 differentially expressed mRNAs and 163 proteins were identified. We found that miR-146a regulates the expression of multiple genes in different pathways, such as the Notch system. In LECs and organ-cultured corneas, miR-146a increased Notch-1 expression possibly by downregulating its inhibitor Numb, but decreased Notch-2. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed the regulatory role of miR-146a in several other processes, including anchoring junctions, TNF-α, Hedgehog signaling, adherens junctions, TGF-β, mTORC2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which mediate wound healing, inflammation, and stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Our results provide insights into the regulatory network of miR-146a and its role in fine-tuning of Notch-1 and Notch-2 expressions in limbal epithelium, which could be a balancing factor in stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Poe
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mangesh Kulkarni
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aleksandra Leszczynska
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Ruchi Shah
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.J.-A.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrei A. Kramerov
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.J.-A.); (J.W.)
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Alexander V. Ljubimov
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (A.J.P.); (M.K.); (A.L.); (R.S.); (J.W.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-248-8696
| |
Collapse
|