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Liu Y, Kamran R, Han X, Wang M, Li Q, Lai D, Naruse K, Takahashi K. Human heart-on-a-chip microphysiological system comprising endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18063. [PMID: 39117679 PMCID: PMC11310341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on organ-on-a-chip technology has been flourishing, particularly for drug screening and disease model development. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells engage in crosstalk through paracrine signaling and direct cell-cell contact, which is essential for the normal development and function of the heart. Therefore, to faithfully recapitulate cardiac function, it is imperative to incorporate fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells into a heart-on-a-chip model. Here, we report the development of a human heart-on-a-chip composed of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells cultured on microfluidic channels responded to the flow of culture medium mimicking blood flow by orienting themselves parallel to the flow direction, akin to in vivo vascular alignment in response to blood flow. Furthermore, the flow of culture medium promoted integrity among vascular endothelial cells, as evidenced by CD31 staining and lower apparent permeability. The tri-culture condition of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells resulted in higher expression of the ventricular cardiomyocyte marker IRX4 and increased contractility compared to the bi-culture condition with iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts alone. Such tri-culture-derived cardiac tissues exhibited cardiac responses similar to in vivo hearts, including an increase in heart rate upon noradrenaline administration. In summary, we have achieved the development of a heart-on-a-chip composed of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells that mimics in vivo cardiac behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daoyue Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan.
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2
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Paz-Artigas L, González-Lana S, Polo N, Vicente P, Montero-Calle P, Martínez MA, Rábago G, Serra M, Prósper F, Mazo MM, González A, Ochoa I, Ciriza J. Generation of Self-Induced Myocardial Ischemia in Large-Sized Cardiac Spheroids without Alteration of Environmental Conditions Recreates Fibrotic Remodeling and Tissue Stiffening Revealed by Constriction Assays. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:987-997. [PMID: 38234159 PMCID: PMC10865285 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A combination of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and 3D microtissue culture techniques allows the generation of models that recapitulate the cardiac microenvironment for preclinical research of new treatments. In particular, spheroids represent the simplest approach to culture cells in 3D and generate gradients of cellular access to the media, mimicking the effects of an ischemic event. However, previous models required incubation under low oxygen conditions or deprived nutrient media to recreate ischemia. Here, we describe the generation of large spheroids (i.e., larger than 500 μm diameter) that self-induce an ischemic core. Spheroids were generated by coculture of cardiomyocytes derived from hiPSCs (hiPSC-CMs) and primary human cardiac fibroblast (hCF). In the proper medium, cells formed aggregates that generated an ischemic core 2 days after seeding. Spheroids also showed spontaneous cellular reorganization after 10 days, with hiPSC-CMs located at the center and surrounded by hCFs. This led to an increase in microtissue stiffness, characterized by the implementation of a constriction assay. All in all, these phenomena are hints of the fibrotic tissue remodeling secondary to a cardiac ischemic event, thus demonstrating the suitability of these spheroids for the modeling of human cardiac ischemia and its potential application for new treatments and drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paz-Artigas
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Institute
for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Lana
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- BEONCHIP
S.L., CEMINEM, Campus
Río Ebro, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Nicolás Polo
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Pedro Vicente
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Pilar Montero-Calle
- Cardiology
and Cardiac Surgery Department, Clínica
Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martínez
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
ISCIII, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Gregorio Rábago
- Cardiology
and Cardiac Surgery Department, Clínica
Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - Margarida Serra
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Regenerative
Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra,
and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain
- Hematology
and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad
de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra
(IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Mazo
- Regenerative
Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra,
and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain
- Hematology
and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad
de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra
(IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Arantxa González
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA
Universidad de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria
de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Institute
for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
ISCIII, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Jesús Ciriza
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Institute
for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
ISCIII, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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3
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Mourad O, Mastikhina O, Khan S, Sun X, Hatkar R, Williams K, Nunes SS. Antisenescence Therapy Improves Function in a Human Model of Cardiac Fibrosis-on-a-Chip. ACS MATERIALS AU 2023; 3:360-370. [PMID: 38090129 PMCID: PMC10347691 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a significant contributor to heart failure and is characterized by abnormal ECM deposition and impaired contractile function. We have previously developed a model of cardiac fibrosis via TGF-β treatment of engineered microtissues using heart-on-a-chip technology which incorporates human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Here, we describe that these cardiac fibrotic tissues expressed markers associated with cellular senescence via transcriptomic analysis. Treatment of fibrotic tissues with the senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) led to an improvement of contractile function, reduced passive tension, and downregulated senescence-related gene expression, an outcome we were previously unable to achieve using standard-of-care drugs. The improvement in functional parameters was also associated with a reduction in fibroblast density, though no changes in absolute collagen deposition were observed. This study demonstrates the benefit of senolytic treatment for cardiac fibrosis in a human-relevant model, supporting data in animal models, and will enable the further elucidation of cell-specific effects of senolytics and how they impact cardiac fibrosis and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mourad
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Olya Mastikhina
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Safwat Khan
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Xuetao Sun
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Rupal Hatkar
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Kenneth Williams
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Laboratory
of Medicine and Pathobiology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Sara S. Nunes
- Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G9
- Ajmera
Transplant Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4
- Laboratory
of Medicine and Pathobiology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
- Heart
& Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3H2
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4
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Abstract
Heart disease is a significant burden on global health care systems and is a leading cause of death each year. To improve our understanding of heart disease, high quality disease models are needed. These will facilitate the discovery and development of new treatments for heart disease. Traditionally, researchers have relied on 2D monolayer systems or animal models of heart disease to elucidate pathophysiology and drug responses. Heart-on-a-chip (HOC) technology is an emerging field where cardiomyocytes among other cell types in the heart can be used to generate functional, beating cardiac microtissues that recapitulate many features of the human heart. HOC models are showing great promise as disease modeling platforms and are poised to serve as important tools in the drug development pipeline. By leveraging advances in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte biology and microfabrication technology, diseased HOCs are highly tuneable and can be generated via different approaches such as: using cells with defined genetic backgrounds (patient-derived cells), adding small molecules, modifying the cells' environment, altering cell ratio/composition of microtissues, among others. HOCs have been used to faithfully model aspects of arrhythmia, fibrosis, infection, cardiomyopathies, and ischemia, to name a few. In this review, we highlight recent advances in disease modeling using HOC systems, describing instances where these models outperformed other models in terms of reproducing disease phenotypes and/or led to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mourad
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan Yee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Center (S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada.,Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence (S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
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5
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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6
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Basara G, Bahcecioglu G, Ozcebe SG, Ellis BW, Ronan G, Zorlutuna P. Myocardial infarction from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine point of view: A comprehensive review on models and treatments. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031305. [PMID: 36091931 PMCID: PMC9447372 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, myocardial infarction is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, which are responsible for around 18 million deaths every year or almost 32% of all deaths. Due to the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, this rate is expected to increase in the coming years. Although there has been some progress in myocardial infarction treatment, translating pre-clinical findings to the clinic remains a major challenge. One reason for this is the lack of reliable and human representative healthy and fibrotic cardiac tissue models that can be used to understand the fundamentals of ischemic/reperfusion injury caused by myocardial infarction and to test new drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we first present an overview of the anatomy of the heart and the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, and then discuss the recent developments on pre-clinical infarct models, focusing mainly on the engineered three-dimensional cardiac ischemic/reperfusion injury and fibrosis models developed using different engineering methods such as organoids, microfluidic devices, and bioprinted constructs. We also present the benefits and limitations of emerging and promising regenerative therapy treatments for myocardial infarction such as cell therapies, extracellular vesicles, and cardiac patches. This review aims to overview recent advances in three-dimensional engineered infarct models and current regenerative therapeutic options, which can be used as a guide for developing new models and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Basara
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - S. Gulberk Ozcebe
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - George Ronan
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Present address: 143 Multidisciplinary Research Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 574 631 8543. Fax: +1 574 631 8341
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7
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Mohr E, Thum T, Bär C. Accelerating Cardiovascular Research: Recent Advances in Translational 2D and 3D Heart Models. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1778-1791. [PMID: 35867781 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro modelling the complex (patho-) physiological conditions of the heart is a major challenge in cardiovascular research. In recent years, methods based on three-dimensional (3D) cultivation approaches have steadily evolved to overcome the major limitations of conventional adherent monolayer cultivation (2D). These 3D approaches aim to study, reproduce or modify fundamental native features of the heart such as tissue organization and cardiovascular microenvironment. Therefore, these systems have great potential for (patient-specific) disease research, for the development of new drug screening platforms, and for the use in regenerative and replacement therapy applications. Consequently, continuous improvement and adaptation is required with respect to fundamental limitations such as cardiomyocyte maturation, scalability, heterogeneity, vascularization, and reproduction of native properties. In this review, 2D monolayer culturing and the 3D in vitro systems of cardiac spheroids, organoids, engineered cardiac microtissue and bioprinting as well as the ex vivo technique of myocardial slicing are introduced with their basic concepts, advantages, and limitations. Furthermore, recent advances of various new approaches aiming to extend as well as to optimize these in vitro and ex vivo systems are presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mohr
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bär
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
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8
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Soon K, Mourad O, Nunes SS. Engineered human cardiac microtissues: The state-of-the-(he)art. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1008-1016. [PMID: 33786918 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the integration of recent advances in stem cell biology, materials science, and engineering, the field of cardiac tissue engineering has been rapidly progressing toward developing more accurate functional 3D cardiac microtissues from human cell sources. These engineered tissues enable screening of cardiotoxic drugs, disease modeling (eg, by using cells from specific genetic backgrounds or modifying environmental conditions) and can serve as novel drug development platforms. This concise review presents the most recent advances and improvements in cardiac tissue formation, including cardiomyocyte maturation and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Soon
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar Mourad
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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