1
|
Anas M, Ward AK, McCarthy KL, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Caton JS, Dahlen CR, Diniz WJS. lncRNA-gene network analysis reveals the effects of early maternal nutrition on mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in the fetal liver transcriptome of beef heifers. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 132:109691. [PMID: 38879136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy influences fetal development; however, the regulatory markers of fetal programming across different gestational phases remain underexplored in livestock models. Herein, we investigated the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on fetal liver gene expression, the impacts of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation, and the rate of maternal body weight gain during the periconceptual period. To this end, crossbred Angus heifers (n=31) were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial design to evaluate the main effects of the rate of weight gain (low gain [LG, avg. daily gain of 0.28 kg/day] vs. moderate gain [MG, avg. daily gain of 0.79 kg/day]) and vitamins and minerals supplementation (VTM vs. NoVTM). On day 83±0.27 of gestation, fetuses were collected for morphometric measurements, and fetal liver was collected for transcriptomic and mineral analyses. The maternal diet significantly affected fetal liver development and mineral reserves. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we identified 320 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across all six comparisons (FDR <0.05). Furthermore, lncRNAs were predicted through the FEELnc pipeline, revealing 99 unique differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs). The over-represented pathways and biological processes (BPs) were associated with energy metabolism, Wnt signaling, CoA carboxylase activity, and fatty acid metabolism. The DEL-regulated BPs were associated with metal ion transport, pyrimidine metabolism, and classical energy metabolism-related glycolytic, gluconeogenic, and TCA cycle pathways. Our findings suggest that lncRNAs regulate mineral homeostasis- and energy metabolism-related gene networks in the fetal liver in response to early maternal nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anas
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kacie L McCarthy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Pawel P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al Sammarraie SHA, Aprile D, Meloni I, Alessio N, Mari F, Manata M, Lo Rizzo C, Di Bernardo G, Peluso G, Renieri A, Galderisi U. An Example of Neuro-Glial Commitment and Differentiation of Muse Stem Cells Obtained from Patients with IQSEC2-Related Neural Disorder: A Possible New Cell-Based Disease Model. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070977. [PMID: 37048050 PMCID: PMC10093355 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adult stem cells may be useful for studying tissue-specific diseases, they cannot be used as a general model for investigating human illnesses given their limited differentiation potential. Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) stem cells, a SSEA3(+) cell population isolated from mesenchymal stromal cells, fat, and skin fibroblasts, may be able to overcome that restriction. The Muse cells present in fibroblast cultures obtained from biopsies of patients' skin may be differentiated into cells of interest for analyzing diseases. We isolated Muse stem cells from patients with an intellectual disability (ID) and mutations in the IQSEC2 gene (i.e., BRAG1 gene) and induced in vitro neuroglial differentiation to study cell commitment and the differentiation of neural lineages. The neuroglial differentiation of Muse cells revealed that IQSEC2 mutations may alter the self-renewal and lineage specification of stem cells. We observed a decrease in the percentage of SOX2 (+) neural stem cells and neural progenitors (i.e., SOX2+ and NESTIN+) in cultures obtained from Muse cells with the mutated IQSEC2 gene. The alteration in the number of stem cells and progenitors produced a bias toward the astrocytes' differentiation. Our research demonstrates that Muse stem cells may represent a new cell-based disease model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Aprile
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Meloni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marianna Manata
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Lo Rizzo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Alessandra Renieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKÖK), Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu B, Su J, Fan B, Ni X, Jin T. High expression of KIF20A in bladder cancer as a potential prognostic target for poor survival of renal cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32667. [PMID: 36637953 PMCID: PMC9839245 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary system tumors are malignant tumors, including renal cancer and bladder cancer. however, molecular target of them remains unclear. GSE14762 and GSE53757 were downloaded from GEO database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes were used for enrichment analysis. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses were performed on whole genome, as formulated by gene set enrichment analysis. Survival analysis was also performed. Comparative toxicogenomics database was used to identify diseases most associated with hub genes. A total of 1517 DEGs were identified. DEGs were mainly enriched in cancer pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, organic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and protein homodimerization activity. Ten hub genes (TPX2, ASPM, NUSAP1, RAD51AP1, CCNA2, TTK, PBK, MELK, DTL, kinesin family member 20A [KIF20A]) were obtained, which were up-regulated in tumor tissue. The expression of KIF20A was related with the overall survival of renal and bladder cancer. KIF20A was up-regulated in the tumor tissue, and might worsen the overall survival of bladder and kidney cancer. KIF20A could be a novel biomarker of bladder and kidney cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
- * Correspondence: Bin Liu, Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.12 Jiankang Road, Hebei 050000, PR China (e-mail: )
| | - Jianzhi Su
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Ni
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kanwal A, Pardo JV, Naz S. RGS3 and IL1RAPL1 missense variants implicate defective neurotransmission in early-onset inherited schizophrenias. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E379-E390. [PMID: 36318984 PMCID: PMC9633053 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterized by hallucinations, delusions and disorganized behaviour. Recessive or X-linked transmissions are rarely described for common psychiatric disorders. We examined the genetics of psychosis to identify rare large-effect variants in patients with extreme schizophrenia. METHODS We recruited 2 consanguineous families, each with patients affected by early-onset, severe, treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We performed exome sequencing for all participants. We checked variant rarity in public databases and with ethnically matched controls. We performed in silico analyses to assess the effects of the variants on proteins. RESULTS Structured clinical evaluations supported diagnoses of schizophrenia in all patients and phenotypic absence in the unaffected individuals. Data analyses identified multiple variants. Only 1 variant per family was predicted as pathogenic by prediction tools. A homozygous c.649C > T:p.(Arg217Cys) variant in RGS3 and a hemizygous c.700A > G:p.(Thr234Ala) variant in IL1RAPL1 affected evolutionary conserved amino acid residues and were the most likely causes of phenotype in the patients of each family. Variants were ultra-rare in publicly available databases and absent from the DNA of 400 ethnically matched controls. RGS3 is implicated in modulating sensory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans. Variants of IL1RAPL1 are known to cause nonsyndromic X-linked intellectual disability with or without human behavioural dysfunction. LIMITATIONS Each variant is unique to a particular family's patients, and findings may not be replicated. CONCLUSION Our work suggests that some rare variants may be involved in causing inherited psychosis or schizophrenia. Variant-specific functional studies will elucidate the pathophysiology relevant to schizophrenias and motivate translation to personalized therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Kanwal
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Kanwal, Naz); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo); the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo)
| | - José V Pardo
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Kanwal, Naz); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo); the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo)
| | - Sadaf Naz
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Kanwal, Naz); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo); the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (Pardo)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rgs4 is a regulator of mTOR activity required for motoneuron axon outgrowth and neuronal development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13338. [PMID: 34172795 PMCID: PMC8233358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (Rgs4) is a member of the RGS proteins superfamily that modulates the activity of G-protein coupled receptors. It is mainly expressed in the nervous system and is linked to several neuronal signaling pathways; however, its role in neural development in vivo remains inconclusive. Here, we generated and characterized a rgs4 loss of function model (MZrgs4) in zebrafish. MZrgs4 embryos showed motility defects and presented reduced head and eye sizes, reflecting defective motoneurons axon outgrowth and a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Forcing the expression of Rgs4 specifically within motoneurons rescued their early defective outgrowth in MZrgs4 embryos, indicating an autonomous role for Rgs4 in motoneurons. We also analyzed the role of Akt, Erk and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascades and showed a requirement for these pathways in motoneurons axon outgrowth and neuronal development. Drawing on pharmacological and rescue experiments in MZrgs4, we provide evidence that Rgs4 facilitates signaling mediated by Akt, Erk and mTOR in order to drive axon outgrowth in motoneurons and regulate neuronal numbers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan L, McClain L, Shaw P, Donnellan N, Chu T, Finegold D, Peters D. Non-invasive epigenomic molecular phenotyping of the human brain via liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid and next generation sequencing. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4536-4545. [PMID: 33020990 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to undertake a genome-wide epigenomic liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the comprehensive analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation signatures in the human central nervous system (CNS). Solution-phase hybridization and massively parallel sequencing of bisulfite converted human DNA was employed to compare methylation signatures of cfDNA obtained from CSF with plasma. Recovery of cfDNA from CSF was relatively low (68-840 pg/mL) compared to plasma (2720-8390 pg/mL) and cfDNA fragments from CSF were approximately 20 bp shorter than their plasma-derived counterparts. Distributions of CpG methylation signatures were significantly altered between CSF and plasma, both globally and at the level of functional elements including exons, introns, CpG islands, and shores. Sliding window analysis was used to identify differentially methylated regions. We found numerous gene/locus-specific differences in CpG methylation between cfDNA from CSF and plasma. These loci were more frequently hypomethylated in CSF compared to plasma. Differentially methylated CpGs in CSF were identified in genes related to branching of neurites and neuronal development. Using the GTEx RNA expression database, we found clear association between tissue-specific gene expression in the CNS and cfDNA methylation patterns in CSF. Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially methylated regions identified an enrichment of functional pathways related to neurobiology. In conclusion, we present a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in human CSF. Our methods and the resulting data demonstrate the potential of epigenomic liquid biopsy of the human CNS for molecular phenotyping of brain-derived DNA methylation signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Nicole Donnellan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David Finegold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiu R, Murai K, Lu Q. Spindle Orientation-Independent Control of Cell Fate Determination by RGS3 and KIF20A. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa003. [PMID: 32864611 PMCID: PMC7446295 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was proposed that similar to its role in the invertebrate nervous system, mitotic spindle orientation (or cell cleavage plane orientation) of a dividing neural progenitor cell specifies the fate of daughter cells in the mammalian brain, modulating the production of neurons via symmetric versus asymmetric cell divisions during the course of neurogenesis. Experimental tests of the sufficiency of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination have yielded conflicting results. On the other hand, the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination has not yet been addressed. Here we examined the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation during cortical neurogenesis in mice with loss-of-function of the RGS3-KIF20A interaction axis. We present evidence that while inactivation of RGS3 or KIF20A was linked to a shift in neural progenitor cells from proliferative to differentiative divisions in the developing cortex, these genetic mutations did not lead to anticipated alteration in the orientation of spindle/cleavage plane. Our results indicate that the RGS3-KIF20A axis regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian cortex employing a mechanism independent of spindle/cleavage plane orientation. These data also caution against using spindle/cleavage plane orientation as the synonym for cell fate determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu R, Runxiang Q, Geng A, Liu J, Xu CW, Menon MB, Gaestel M, Lu Q. SEPT7 Interacts with KIF20A and Regulates the Proliferative State of Neural Progenitor Cells During Cortical Development. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:3030-3043. [PMID: 31813992 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are critical for brain development, but how the process is regulated and what components of the cell division machinery is involved are not well understood. Here we report that SEPT7, a cell division regulator originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interacts with KIF20A in the intercellular bridge of dividing NPCs and plays an essential role in maintaining the proliferative state of NPCs during cortical development. Knockdown of SEPT7 in NPCs results in displacement of KIF20A from the midbody and early neuronal differentiation. NPC-specific inducible knockout of Sept7 causes early cell cycle exit, precocious neuronal differentiation, and ventriculomegaly in the cortex, but surprisingly does not lead to noticeable cytokinesis defect. Our data uncover an interaction of SEPT7 and KIF20A during NPC divisions and demonstrate a crucial role of SEPT7 in cell fate determination. In addition, this study presents a functional approach for identifying additional cell fate regulators of the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiu Runxiang
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anqi Geng
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - C Wilson Xu
- Balto Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South Pasadena, CA 91030, USA
| | - Manoj B Menon
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New-Delhi 110016, India
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang M, Li X, Quan X, Li X, Zhou B. MiR-92a Family: A Novel Diagnostic Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target in Human Cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:98. [PMID: 31632984 PMCID: PMC6779690 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study tried to explore whether members of miR-92a family contribute to early diagnosis and prognosis for human cancers and how they work. Methods: Integrated meta-analysis retrieved from public repositories was employed to assess the clinical roles of the miR-92a family for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Expression level of miR-92a was detected by the TCGA database and was confirmed by non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Targets of miR-92a were predicted using starbase, and validated by dual luciferase assay. Correlation between miR-92a and the target gene was assessed by linkedOmics while expression of the target gene and its role in cancer prognosis were analyzed with UALCAN and Gepia. Results: We recognized the miR-92a family could serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker with a pooled sensitivity of 0.85 [0.81–0.88] and specificity of 0.86 [0.83–0.90]. The overall hazard ratio (HR) was 2.26 [95% CI: 1.70–3.00] for high expression groups compared to low expression groups. Expression of miR-92a was identified to be upregulated in NSCLC, especially in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Results from starbase and dual luciferase assay indicated the regulator of G-protein signaling 3 (RGS3) was a direct target of miR-92a. Statistical negative correlation was found for the expression of miR-92a and RGS3. In addition, expression of RGS3 was downregulated in NSCLC and patients with the high expression had a poor prognosis (HR = 1.3) for LUSC patients. However, results were to the contrary for lung adenocarcinoma (HR = 0.7). Conclusion: This study revealed that miR-92a family could be ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, which might function through targeting RGS3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Quan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Squires KE, Montañez-Miranda C, Pandya RR, Torres MP, Hepler JR. Genetic Analysis of Rare Human Variants of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Proteins and Their Role in Human Physiology and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:446-474. [PMID: 29871944 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate the physiologic actions of many neurotransmitters, hormones, and other signaling molecules. Human RGS proteins comprise a family of 20 canonical proteins that bind directly to G protein-coupled receptors/G protein complexes to limit the lifetime of their signaling events, which regulate all aspects of cell and organ physiology. Genetic variations account for diverse human traits and individual predispositions to disease. RGS proteins contribute to many complex polygenic human traits and pathologies such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, addiction, cancers, and many others. Recent analysis indicates that most human diseases are due to extremely rare genetic variants. In this study, we summarize physiologic roles for RGS proteins and links to human diseases/traits and report rare variants found within each human RGS protein exome sequence derived from global population studies. Each RGS sequence is analyzed using recently described bioinformatics and proteomic tools for measures of missense tolerance ratio paired with combined annotation-dependent depletion scores, and protein post-translational modification (PTM) alignment cluster analysis. We highlight selected variants within the well-studied RGS domain that likely disrupt RGS protein functions and provide comprehensive variant and PTM data for each RGS protein for future study. We propose that rare variants in functionally sensitive regions of RGS proteins confer profound change-of-function phenotypes that may contribute, in newly appreciated ways, to complex human diseases and/or traits. This information provides investigators with a valuable database to explore variation in RGS protein function, and for targeting RGS proteins as future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Squires
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Rushika R Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Matthew P Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Geng A, Qiu R, Murai K, Liu J, Wu X, Zhang H, Farhoodi H, Duong N, Jiang M, Yee JK, Tsark W, Lu Q. KIF20A/MKLP2 regulates the division modes of neural progenitor cells during cortical development. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 30006548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-01805152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced symmetric and asymmetric divisions of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are crucial for brain development, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that mitotic kinesin KIF20A/MKLP2 interacts with RGS3 and plays a crucial role in controlling the division modes of NPCs during cortical neurogenesis. Knockdown of KIF20A in NPCs causes dislocation of RGS3 from the intercellular bridge (ICB), impairs the function of Ephrin-B-RGS cell fate signaling complex, and leads to a transition from proliferative to differentiative divisions. Germline and inducible knockout of KIF20A causes a loss of progenitor cells and neurons and results in thinner cortex and ventriculomegaly. Interestingly, loss of function of KIF20A induces early cell cycle exit and precocious neuronal differentiation without causing substantial cytokinesis defect or apoptosis. Our results identify a RGS-KIF20A axis in the regulation of cell division and suggest a potential link of the ICB to regulation of cell fate determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Geng
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Heying Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Henry Farhoodi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nam Duong
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Meisheng Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiing-Kuan Yee
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Walter Tsark
- Transgenic/Knockout Mice Facility, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
KIF20A/MKLP2 regulates the division modes of neural progenitor cells during cortical development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2707. [PMID: 30006548 PMCID: PMC6045631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced symmetric and asymmetric divisions of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are crucial for brain development, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that mitotic kinesin KIF20A/MKLP2 interacts with RGS3 and plays a crucial role in controlling the division modes of NPCs during cortical neurogenesis. Knockdown of KIF20A in NPCs causes dislocation of RGS3 from the intercellular bridge (ICB), impairs the function of Ephrin-B–RGS cell fate signaling complex, and leads to a transition from proliferative to differentiative divisions. Germline and inducible knockout of KIF20A causes a loss of progenitor cells and neurons and results in thinner cortex and ventriculomegaly. Interestingly, loss of function of KIF20A induces early cell cycle exit and precocious neuronal differentiation without causing substantial cytokinesis defect or apoptosis. Our results identify a RGS–KIF20A axis in the regulation of cell division and suggest a potential link of the ICB to regulation of cell fate determination. The division of neural progenitors is closely regulated but how is unclear. Here, the authors show that mitotic kinesin KIF20A/MKLP2 interacts with a regulator of G protein signaling RGS3 in neural progenitor cells, dislodging it from the intercellular bridge of dividing cortical cells.
Collapse
|
13
|
Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N, Buss C. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 2017; 342:68-100. [PMID: 26434624 PMCID: PMC4819012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence TH synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programing of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N K Moog
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Entringer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - C Heim
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P D Wadhwa
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - N Kathmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Druey KM. Emerging Roles of Regulators of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in the Immune System. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:315-351. [PMID: 28950950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kehrl JH. The impact of RGS and other G-protein regulatory proteins on Gαi-mediated signaling in immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:40-52. [PMID: 27071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemoattractant receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Signaling downstream of these receptors directs the localization, positioning and homeostatic trafficking of leukocytes; as well as their recruitment to, and their retention at, inflammatory sites. Ligand induced changes in the molecular conformation of chemoattractant receptors results in the engagement of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which promotes α subunits to undergo GTP/GDP exchange. This results in the functional release of βγ subunits from the heterotrimers, thereby activating downstream effector molecules, which initiate leukocyte polarization, gradient sensing, and directional migration. Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates Gαi subunits and prevents chemoattractant receptors from triggering Gαi nucleotide exchange. The use of pertussis toxin revealed the essential importance of Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange for chemoattractant receptor signaling. More recent studies have identified a range of regulatory mechanisms that target these receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby helping to control the magnitude, kinetics, and duration of signaling. A failure in these regulatory pathways can lead to impaired receptor signaling and immunopathology. The analysis of mice with targeted deletions of Gαi isoforms as well as some of these G-protein regulatory proteins is providing insights into their roles in chemoattractant receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xie Z, Chan EC, Druey KM. R4 Regulator of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in Inflammation and Immunity. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:294-304. [PMID: 26597290 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important functions in both innate and adaptive immunity, with the capacity to bridge interactions between the two arms of the host responses to pathogens through direct recognition of secreted microbial products or the by-products of host cells damaged by pathogen exposure. In the mid-1990s, a large group of intracellular proteins was discovered, the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family, whose main, but not exclusive, function appears to be to constrain the intensity and duration of GPCR signaling. The R4/B subfamily--the focus of this review--includes RGS1-5, 8, 13, 16, 18, and 21, which are the smallest RGS proteins in size, with the exception of RGS3. Prominent roles in the trafficking of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages have been described for RGS1, RGS13, and RGS16, while RGS18 appears to control platelet and osteoclast functions. Additional G protein independent functions of RGS13 have been uncovered in gene expression in B lymphocytes and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. In this review, we discuss potential physiological roles of this RGS protein subfamily, primarily in leukocytes having central roles in immune and inflammatory responses. We also discuss approaches to target RGS proteins therapeutically, which represents a virtually untapped strategy to combat exaggerated immune responses leading to inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Epithelial cells are tightly coupled together through specialized intercellular junctions, including adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. A growing body of evidence suggests epithelial cells also directly exchange information at cell-cell contacts via the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-associated ephrin ligands. Ligand-dependent and -independent signaling via Eph receptors as well as reverse signaling through ephrins impact epithelial tissue homeostasis by organizing stem cell compartments and regulating cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and survival. This review focuses on breast, gut, and skin epithelia as representative examples for how Eph receptors and ephrins modulate diverse epithelial cell responses in a context-dependent manner. Abnormal Eph receptor and ephrin signaling is implicated in a variety of epithelial diseases raising the intriguing possibility that this cell-cell communication pathway can be therapeutically harnessed to normalize epithelial function in pathological settings like cancer or chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease
- Apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Breast
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Eph receptor
- Eph, erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular
- Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- KLF, Krüppel-like factor
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMTV-LTR, mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat
- MT1-MMP, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase
- PDZ, postsynaptic density protein 95, discs large 1, and zonula occludens-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, Src homology 2
- SHIP2, SH2 inositol phosphatase 2
- SLAP, Src-like adaptor protein
- TCF, T-cell specific transcription factor
- TEB, terminal end bud
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
- cell-cell
- ephrin
- epithelial
- intestine
- receptor tyrosine kinase
- skin
- stem cell
Collapse
|
18
|
Berbel P, Navarro D, Román GC. An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25250016 PMCID: PMC4158880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological alterations of cortical lamination observed in mouse models of developmental hypothyroidism prompted the recognition that these experimental changes resembled the brain lesions of children with autism; this led to recent studies showing that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency increases fourfold the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), offering for the first time the possibility of prevention of some forms of ASD. For ethical reasons, the role of thyroid hormones on brain development is currently studied using animal models, usually mice and rats. Although mammals have in common many basic developmental principles regulating brain development, as well as fundamental basic mechanisms that are controlled by similar metabolic pathway activated genes, there are also important differences. For instance, the rodent cerebral cortex is basically a primary cortex, whereas the primary sensory areas in humans account for a very small surface in the cerebral cortex when compared to the associative and frontal areas that are more extensive. Associative and frontal areas in humans are involved in many neurological disorders, including ASD, attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and dyslexia, among others. Therefore, an evo-devo approach to neocortical evolution among species is fundamental to understand not only the role of thyroid hormones and environmental thyroid disruptors on evolution, development, and organization of the cerebral cortex in mammals but also their role in neurological diseases associated to thyroid dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gustavo C. Román
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lisabeth EM, Falivelli G, Pasquale EB. Eph receptor signaling and ephrins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/9/a009159. [PMID: 24003208 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Eph receptors are the largest of the RTK families. Like other RTKs, they transduce signals from the cell exterior to the interior through ligand-induced activation of their kinase domain. However, the Eph receptors also have distinctive features. Instead of binding soluble ligands, they generally mediate contact-dependent cell-cell communication by interacting with surface-associated ligands-the ephrins-on neighboring cells. Eph receptor-ephrin complexes emanate bidirectional signals that affect both receptor- and ephrin-expressing cells. Intriguingly, ephrins can also attenuate signaling by Eph receptors coexpressed in the same cell. Additionally, Eph receptors can modulate cell behavior independently of ephrin binding and kinase activity. The Eph/ephrin system regulates many developmental processes and adult tissue homeostasis. Its abnormal function has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Thus, Eph receptors represent promising therapeutic targets. However, more research is needed to better understand the many aspects of their complex biology that remain mysterious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Lisabeth
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Soreq L, Salomonis N, Bronstein M, Greenberg DS, Israel Z, Bergman H, Soreq H. Small RNA sequencing-microarray analyses in Parkinson leukocytes reveal deep brain stimulation-induced splicing changes that classify brain region transcriptomes. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:10. [PMID: 23717260 PMCID: PMC3652308 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post transcriptional regulators of their multiple target genes. However, the detailed profile of miRNA expression in Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and the first motor disorder has not been charted yet. Here, we report comprehensive miRNA profiling by next-generation small-RNA sequencing, combined with targets inspection by splice-junction and exon arrays interrogating leukocyte RNA in Parkinson's disease patients before and after deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment and of matched healthy control volunteers (HC). RNA-Seq analysis identified 254 miRNAs and 79 passenger strand forms as expressed in blood leukocytes, 16 of which were modified in patients pre-treatment as compared to HC. 11 miRNAs were modified following brain stimulation 5 of which were changed inversely to the disease induced changes. Stimulation cessation further induced changes in 11 miRNAs. Transcript isoform abundance analysis yielded 332 changed isoforms in patients compared to HC, which classified brain transcriptomes of 47 PD and control independent microarrays. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted mitochondrion organization. DBS induced 155 splice changes, enriched in ubiquitin homeostasis. Cellular composition analysis revealed immune cell activity pre and post treatment. Overall, 217 disease and 74 treatment alternative isoforms were predictably targeted by modified miRNAs within both 3′ and 5′ untranslated ends and coding sequence sites. The stimulation-induced network sustained 4 miRNAs and 7 transcripts of the disease network. We believe that the presented dynamic networks provide a novel avenue for identifying disease and treatment-related therapeutic targets. Furthermore, the identification of these networks is a major step forward in the road for understanding the molecular basis for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and assessment of the impact of brain stimulation on human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Soreq
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramasamy S, Narayanan G, Sankaran S, Yu YH, Ahmed S. Neural stem cell survival factors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 534:71-87. [PMID: 23470250 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs and NPs) give rise to the central nervous system (CNS) during embryonic development. NSCs and NPs differentiate into three main cell-types of the CNS; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. NSCs are present in the adult CNS and are important in maintenance and repair. Adult NSCs hold great promise for endogenous or self-repair of the CNS. Intriguingly, NSCs have been implicated as the cells that give rise to brain tumors. Thus, the balance between survival, growth and differentiation is a critical aspect of NSC biology, during development, in the adult, and in disease processes. In this review, we survey what is known about survival factors that control both embryonic and adult NSCs. We discuss the neurosphere culture system as this is widely used to measure NSC activity and behavior in vitro and emphasize the importance of clonality. We define here NSC survival factors in their broadest sense to include any factor that influences survival and proliferation of NSCs and NPs. NSC survival factors identified to date include growth factors, morphogens, proteoglycans, cytokines, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Understanding NSC and NP interaction in response to these survival factors will provide insight to CNS development, disease and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ramasamy
- Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi CS, Huang NN, Kehrl JH. Regulator of G-protein signaling 3 isoform 1 (PDZ-RGS3) enhances canonical Wnt signaling and promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33480-7. [PMID: 22859293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt β-catenin pathway controls numerous cellular processes including cell differentiation and cell-fate decisions. Wnt ligands engage Frizzled receptors and the low-density-lipoprotein-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) receptor complex leading to the recruitment of Dishevelled (Dvl) and Axin1 to the plasma membrane. Axin1 has a regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain that binds adenomatous polyposis coli and Gα subunits, thereby providing a mechanism by which Gα subunits can affect β-catenin levels. Here we show that Wnt signaling enhances the expression of another RGS domain-containing protein, PDZ-RGS3. Reducing PDZ-RGS3 levels impaired Wnt3a-induced activation of the canonical pathway. PDZ-RGS3 bound GSK3β and decreased its catalytic activity toward β-catenin. PDZ-RGS3 overexpression enhanced Snail1 and led to morphological and biochemical changes reminiscent of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). These results indicate that PDZ-RGS3 can enhance signals generated by the Wnt canonical pathway and that plays a pivotal role in EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shan Shi
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaenel P, Mosimann M, Andres AC. The multifaceted roles of Eph/ephrin signaling in breast cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:138-47. [PMID: 22568950 PMCID: PMC3499313 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands are intimately involved in the control of morphogenic processes during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. By their ability to orchestrate cell migration, pattern formation and tissue integrity they are also prone to be involved in carcinogenic growth. In this review we concentrate on their involvement in the normal and carcinogenic development of the breast. In this context we summarize their multi-faceted functions as tumor suppressors, tumor promoters, angiogenic inducers and regulators of stem cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kaenel
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang J, Zhang H, Young AG, Qiu R, Argalian S, Li X, Wu X, Lemke G, Lu Q. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells by a genetic dual reporter strategy. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1589-600. [PMID: 21805534 PMCID: PMC3262150 DOI: 10.1002/stem.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Global analysis of stem/progenitor cells promises new insight into mechanisms that govern self-renewal and cellular potential, an unresolved question of stem/progenitor cell biology. Despite rapid advance of genome-wide profiling methods, the difficulty in cell purification remains a major challenge for global analysis of somatic stem/progenitor cells. Genetic tagging with a reporter provides a powerful tool for identification and isolation of a specific mature cell type; however, for stem/progenitor cells, reporter retention by progeny may be a concern for impurity. Here, we describe a genetic system combining a progenitor cell specific label with a second tag for marking differentiation. We present evidence that differential labeling of neural progenitor cells and their progeny enables prospective purification of these two cell types, whereas isolation based on a single marker compromises the purity of the intended progenitor population. Comparative expression profiling between the purified progenitors and progeny documents a neural progenitor cell transcriptome and uncovers an important role of Tyro3/Axl/Mer receptor tyrosine kinases in the maintenance of neural progenitor cells. This study establishes a general strategy for isolation of somatic stem/progenitor cells and provides a transcriptome database of neural progenitor cells useful for identification of causal factors of neural progenitor cell state, global dissection of epigenetic control of cellular potential, as well as for developing biomarkers or targets of brain cancer stem/initiating cells for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Heying Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Amanda G. Young
- Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Siranush Argalian
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Division of Information Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Division of Information Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Murai K, Qiu R, Zhang H, Wang J, Wu C, Neubig RR, Lu Q. Gα subunit coordinates with ephrin-B to balance self-renewal and differentiation in neural progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1581-9. [PMID: 20629171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the mammalian brain requires that neural progenitor cells balance self-renewal and differentiation under precise temporal and spatial regulation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we identify Gα subunit as a positive regulator of mammalian neurogenesis, working with the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-mediated ephrin-B signaling pathway as two opposing forces to maintain a balance between self-renewal and differentiation in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Multiple Gα(i) subunits are expressed by cortical neural progenitor cells during the course of cortical neurogenesis. Activation of Gα(i) signaling, through in utero electroporation-mediated expression of wild-type and constitutively active Gα(i) subunits, counteracts the function of ephrin-B in cortical neural progenitors to induce differentiation. Genetic knock-in of an RGS-insensitive G184SGα(i2) causes early cell cycle exit and a reduction of cortical neural progenitor cells and leads to a defect in the production of late born cortical neurons, similar to what is observed in mutant mice with deficiency in ephrin-B reverse signaling pathway. This study reveals a role of Gα subunit in mammalian neurogenesis and uncovers a developmental mechanism, coordinated by the Gα and ephrin-B signaling pathways, for control of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in neural progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|