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Long E, Yin J, Funderburk KM, Xu M, Feng J, Kane A, Zhang T, Myers T, Golden A, Thakur R, Kong H, Jessop L, Kim EY, Jones K, Chari R, Machiela MJ, Yu K, Iles MM, Landi MT, Law MH, Chanock SJ, Brown KM, Choi J. Massively parallel reporter assays and variant scoring identified functional variants and target genes for melanoma loci and highlighted cell-type specificity. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2210-2229. [PMID: 36423637 PMCID: PMC9748337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cutaneous melanoma identified 54 risk-associated loci, but functional variants and their target genes for most have not been established. Here, we performed massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) by using malignant melanoma and normal melanocyte cells and further integrated multi-layer annotation to systematically prioritize functional variants and susceptibility genes from these GWAS loci. Of 1,992 risk-associated variants tested in MPRAs, we identified 285 from 42 loci (78% of the known loci) displaying significant allelic transcriptional activities in either cell type (FDR < 1%). We further characterized MPRA-significant variants by motif prediction, epigenomic annotation, and statistical/functional fine-mapping to create integrative variant scores, which prioritized one to six plausible candidate variants per locus for the 42 loci and nominated a single variant for 43% of these loci. Overlaying the MPRA-significant variants with genome-wide significant expression or methylation quantitative trait loci (eQTLs or meQTLs, respectively) from melanocytes or melanomas identified candidate susceptibility genes for 60% of variants (172 of 285 variants). CRISPRi of top-scoring variants validated their cis-regulatory effect on the eQTL target genes, MAFF (22q13.1) and GPRC5A (12p13.1). Finally, we identified 36 melanoma-specific and 45 melanocyte-specific MPRA-significant variants, a subset of which are linked to cell-type-specific target genes. Analyses of transcription factor availability in MPRA datasets and variant-transcription-factor interaction in eQTL datasets highlighted the roles of transcription factors in cell-type-specific variant functionality. In conclusion, MPRAs along with variant scoring effectively prioritized plausible candidates for most melanoma GWAS loci and highlighted cellular contexts where the susceptibility variants are functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erping Long
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhu Yin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen M. Funderburk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Feng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Kane
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Myers
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyxandra Golden
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rohit Thakur
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyunkyung Kong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lea Jessop
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark M. Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew H. Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia,Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,Corresponding author
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Hughes NW, Qu Y, Zhang J, Tang W, Pierce J, Wang C, Agrawal A, Morri M, Neff N, Winslow MM, Wang M, Cong L. Machine-learning-optimized Cas12a barcoding enables the recovery of single-cell lineages and transcriptional profiles. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3103-3118.e8. [PMID: 35752172 PMCID: PMC10599400 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of CRISPR-based barcoding methods creates an exciting opportunity to understand cellular phylogenies. We present a compact, tunable, high-capacity Cas12a barcoding system called dual acting inverted site array (DAISY). We combined high-throughput screening and machine learning to predict and optimize the 60-bp DAISY barcode sequences. After optimization, top-performing barcodes had ∼10-fold increased capacity relative to the best random-screened designs and performed reliably across diverse cell types. DAISY barcode arrays generated ∼12 bits of entropy and ∼66,000 unique barcodes. Thus, DAISY barcodes-at a fraction of the size of Cas9 barcodes-achieved high-capacity barcoding. We coupled DAISY barcoding with single-cell RNA-seq to recover lineages and gene expression profiles from ∼47,000 human melanoma cells. A single DAISY barcode recovered up to ∼700 lineages from one parental cell. This analysis revealed heritable single-cell gene expression and potential epigenetic modulation of memory gene transcription. Overall, Cas12a DAISY barcoding is an efficient tool for investigating cell-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuanhao Qu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Laboratory of Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weijing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin Pierce
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengdi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Le Cong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Sadangi S, Milosavljevic K, Castro-Perez E, Lares M, Singh M, Altameemi S, Beebe DJ, Ayuso JM, Setaluri V. Role of the Skin Microenvironment in Melanomagenesis: Epidermal Keratinocytes and Dermal Fibroblasts Promote BRAF Oncogene-Induced Senescence Escape in Melanocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051233. [PMID: 35267541 PMCID: PMC8909265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes, a population of specialized cells that produce the skin pigment melanin. An aberrant proliferation of melanocytes is common, manifesting as new moles, and these lesions often remain benign. Only a small fraction of these aberrant melanocytes transition to melanoma (i.e., melanomagenesis). The factors that drive this transition are not fully understood. Recent studies have suggested that other cells—specifically, keratinocytes that make up the upper skin layers and fibroblasts, which are non-specialized cells within the deeper layers of the skin—also contribute to melanomagenesis. Here, employing microscale models that mimicked the skin microenvironment, we investigated the effect of crosstalk between melanocytes as well as keratinocytes and fibroblasts on melanomagenesis. Our findings show that keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived factors can inhibit the mechanisms that prevent an uncontrolled melanocyte proliferation and contribute to melanomagenesis. Thus, targeting skin microenvironment-derived factors is a potential strategy to prevent melanomagenesis. Abstract BRAFV600E is the most common mutation driver in melanoma. This mutation is known to cause a brief burst of proliferation followed by growth arrest and senescence, which prevent an uncontrolled cell proliferation. This phenomenon is known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and OIS escape is thought to lead to melanomagenesis. Much attention has been focused on the melanocyte-intrinsic mechanisms that contribute to senescence escape. Additional genetic events such as the loss of tumor suppressor PTEN and/or epigenetic changes that contribute to senescence escape have been described. However, the role of the skin microenvironment—specifically, the role of epidermal keratinocytes—on melanomagenesis is not fully understood. In this study, we employ a microfluidic platform to study the interaction between melanocytes expressing the BRAFV600E mutation as well as keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. We demonstrate that keratinocytes suppress senescence-related genes and promote the proliferation of transformed melanocytes. We also show that a keratinocyte-conditioned medium can alter the secretion of both pro- and anti-tumorigenic factors by transformed melanocytes. In addition, we show that melanocytes and keratinocytes from donors of white European and black African ancestry display different crosstalks; i.e., white keratinocytes appear to promote a more pro-tumorigenic phenotype compared with black keratinocytes. These data suggest that keratinocytes exert their influence on melanomagenesis both by suppressing senescence-related genes in melanocytes and by affecting the balance of the melanocyte-secreted factors that favor tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyans Sadangi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Katarina Milosavljevic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Edgardo Castro-Perez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Marcos Lares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Mithalesh Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Altameemi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jose M. Ayuso
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.S.); (K.M.); (E.C.-P.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (V.S.)
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4
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Inhibition of Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through higher RACK1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24740-24752. [PMID: 34837888 PMCID: PMC8660612 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fam114A1 is a gene closely related to the development of nerve cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells that originate from the neural crest of the embryonic ectoderm. Recent studies showed that Fam114A1 has a role in the occurrence of ankylosing myelitis spondylitis and autoimmune enteritis; still, its cellular function remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Fam114A1 on the biological activity of melanocytes. We found that the expression of Fam114A1 in vitiligo melanocytes (MCV-L, MCV-N, PI3V) was higher than that in normal melanocytes, and the biological function of melanocytes was significantly affected when the Fam114A1 gene was silenced. Inhibition of Fam114A1 increased proliferation, migration, and melanin synthesis proteins, decreased apoptosis, while its overexpression reversed this process. Mechanistically, we discovered that RACK1 is a target protein of Fam114A1 and that RACK1 can be negatively regulated by Fam114A1. Further study showed that Fam114A1 inhibition could not protect melanocytes from apoptosis once the expression of RACK1 protein was silenced. In summary, Fam114A1 is an effective regulatory protein for regulating the function of melanocytes. Inhibition Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through increasing RACK1.
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5
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Wessely A, Steeb T, Berking C, Heppt MV. How Neural Crest Transcription Factors Contribute to Melanoma Heterogeneity, Cellular Plasticity, and Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115761. [PMID: 34071193 PMCID: PMC8198848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the deadliest types of skin cancer. The prognosis strongly depends on the disease stage, thus early detection is crucial. New therapies, including BRAF and MEK inhibitors and immunotherapies, have significantly improved the survival of patients in the last decade. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance is still a challenge. In this review, we discuss two major aspects that contribute to the aggressiveness of melanoma, namely, the embryonic origin of melanocytes and melanoma cells and cellular plasticity. First, we summarize the physiological function of epidermal melanocytes and their development from precursor cells that originate from the neural crest (NC). Next, we discuss the concepts of intratumoral heterogeneity, cellular plasticity, and phenotype switching that enable melanoma to adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment and promote disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we further dissect the connection of these two aspects by focusing on the transcriptional regulators MSX1, MITF, SOX10, PAX3, and FOXD3. These factors play a key role in NC initiation, NC cell migration, and melanocyte formation, and we discuss how they contribute to cellular plasticity and drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wessely
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Steeb
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-35747
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Mhamdi-Ghodbani M, Starzonek C, Degenhardt S, Bender M, Said M, Greinert R, Volkmer B. UVB damage response of dermal stem cells as melanocyte precursors compared to keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts from human foreskin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 220:112216. [PMID: 34023595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces mutagenic DNA photolesions in skin cells especially in form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Protection mechanisms as DNA repair and apoptosis are of great importance in order to prevent skin carcinogenesis. In human skin, neural crest-derived precursors of melanocytes, the dermal stem cells (DSCs), are discussed to be at the origin of melanoma. Although they are constantly exposed to solar UV radiation, it is still not investigated how DSCs cope with UV-induced DNA damage. Here, we report a comparative study of the DNA damage response after irradiation with a physiological relevant UVB dose in DSCs in comparison to fibroblasts, melanocytes and keratinocytes isolated from human foreskin. Within our experimental settings, DSCs were able to repair DNA photolesions as efficient as the other skin cell types with solely keratinocytes repairing significantly faster. Interestingly, only fibroblasts showed significant alterations in cell cycle distribution in terms of a transient S phase arrest following irradiation. Moreover, with the applied UVB dose none of the examined cell types was prone to UVB-induced apoptosis. This may cause persistent genomic alterations and in case of DSCs it may have severe consequences for their daughter cells, the differentiated melanocytes. Altogether, this is the first study demonstrating a similar UV response in dermal stem cells compared to differentiated skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Mhamdi-Ghodbani
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Christin Starzonek
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Sarah Degenhardt
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Marc Bender
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, 21614 Buxtehude, Germany.
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Soto J, Ding X, Wang A, Li S. Neural crest-like stem cells for tissue regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:681-693. [PMID: 33533168 PMCID: PMC8046096 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a transient population of cells that arise during early vertebrate development and harbor stem cell properties, such as self‐renewal and multipotency. These cells form at the interface of non‐neuronal ectoderm and neural tube and undergo extensive migration whereupon they contribute to a diverse array of cell and tissue derivatives, ranging from craniofacial tissues to cells of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest‐like stem cells (NCLSCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells, placental tissues, adult tissues, and somatic cell reprogramming. NCLSCs have a differentiation capability similar to NCSCs, and possess great potential for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we present recent developments on the various approaches to derive NCLSCs and the therapeutic application of these cells for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xili Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Intrinsic Balance between ZEB Family Members Is Important for Melanocyte Homeostasis and Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082248. [PMID: 32796736 PMCID: PMC7465899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become clear that cellular plasticity is a main driver of cancer therapy resistance. Consequently, there is a need to mechanistically identify the factors driving this process. The transcription factors of the zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox family, consisting of ZEB1 and ZEB2, are notorious for their roles in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, in melanoma, an intrinsic balance between ZEB1 and ZEB2 seems to determine the cellular state by modulating the expression of the master regulator of melanocyte homeostasis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). ZEB2 drives MITF expression and is associated with a differentiated/proliferative melanoma cell state. On the other hand, ZEB1 is correlated with low MITF expression and a more invasive, stem cell-like and therapy-resistant cell state. This intrinsic balance between ZEB1 and ZEB2 could prove to be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma patients. In this review, we will summarise what is known on the functional mechanisms of these transcription factors. Moreover, we will look specifically at their roles during melanocyte-lineage development and homeostasis. Finally, we will overview the current literature on ZEB1 and ZEB2 in the melanoma context and link this to the 'phenotype-switching' model of melanoma cellular plasticity.
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9
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Kim HS, Kim JY, Song CL, Jeong JE, Cho YS. Directly induced human Schwann cell precursors as a valuable source of Schwann cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:257. [PMID: 32586386 PMCID: PMC7318441 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schwann cells (SCs) are primarily responsible for regeneration and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Renewable and lineage-restricted SC precursors (SCPs) are considered highly desirable and promising cell sources for the production of SCs and for studies of SC lineage development, but SCPs are extremely limited. Here, we present a novel direct conversion strategy for the generation of human SCPs, capable of differentiating into functional SCs. Methods Easily accessible human skin fibroblast cells were directly induced into integration-free SCPs using episomal vectors (Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, L-Myc, Lin28 and p53 shRNA) under SCP lineage-specific chemically defined medium conditions. Induced SCPs (iSCPs) were further examined for their ability to differentiate into SCs. The identification and functionality of iSCPs and iSCP-differentiated SCs (iSCs) were confirmed according to morphology, lineage-specific markers, neurotropic factor secretion, and/or standard functional assays. Results Highly pure, Sox 10-positive of iSCPs (more than 95% purity) were generated from human skin fibroblasts within 3 weeks. Established iSCPs could be propagated in vitro while maintaining their SCP identity. Within 1 week, iSCPs could efficiently differentiate into SCs (more than 95% purity). The iSCs were capable of secreting various neurotrophic factors such as GDNF, NGF, BDNF, and NT-3. The in vitro myelinogenic potential of iSCs was assessed by myelinating cocultures using mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived sensory neurons (HSNs). Furthermore, iSC transplantation promoted sciatic nerve repair and improved behavioral recovery in a mouse model of sciatic nerve crush injury in vivo. Conclusions We report a robust method for the generation of human iSCPs/iSCs that might serve as a promising cellular source for various regenerative biomedical research and applications, such as cell therapy and drug discovery, especially for the treatment of PNS injury and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seop Kim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Immunotherapy Research Center (IRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Immunotherapy Research Center (IRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science & Technology, 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Cho Lok Song
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Immunotherapy Research Center (IRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science & Technology, 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jeong
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Immunotherapy Research Center (IRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Immunotherapy Research Center (IRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science & Technology, 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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10
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Landi MT, Bishop DT, MacGregor S, Machiela MJ, Stratigos AJ, Ghiorzo P, Brossard M, Calista D, Choi J, Fargnoli MC, Zhang T, Rodolfo M, Trower AJ, Menin C, Martinez J, Hadjisavvas A, Song L, Stefanaki I, Scolyer R, Yang R, Goldstein AM, Potrony M, Kypreou KP, Pastorino L, Queirolo P, Pellegrini C, Cattaneo L, Zawistowski M, Gimenez-Xavier P, Rodriguez A, Elefanti L, Manoukian S, Rivoltini L, Smith BH, Loizidou MA, Del Regno L, Massi D, Mandala M, Khosrotehrani K, Akslen LA, Amos CI, Andresen PA, Avril MF, Azizi E, Soyer HP, Bataille V, Dalmasso B, Bowdler LM, Burdon KP, Chen WV, Codd V, Craig JE, Dębniak T, Falchi M, Fang S, Friedman E, Simi S, Galan P, Garcia-Casado Z, Gillanders EM, Gordon S, Green A, Gruis NA, Hansson J, Harland M, Harris J, Helsing P, Henders A, Hočevar M, Höiom V, Hunter D, Ingvar C, Kumar R, Lang J, Lathrop GM, Lee JE, Li X, Lubiński J, Mackie RM, Malt M, Malvehy J, McAloney K, Mohamdi H, Molven A, Moses EK, Neale RE, Novaković S, Nyholt DR, Olsson H, Orr N, Fritsche LG, Puig-Butille JA, Qureshi AA, Radford-Smith GL, Randerson-Moor J, Requena C, Rowe C, Samani NJ, Sanna M, Schadendorf D, Schulze HJ, Simms LA, Smithers M, Song F, Swerdlow AJ, van der Stoep N, Kukutsch NA, Visconti A, Wallace L, Ward SV, Wheeler L, Sturm RA, Hutchinson A, Jones K, Malasky M, Vogt A, Zhou W, Pooley KA, Elder DE, Han J, Hicks B, Hayward NK, Kanetsky PA, Brummett C, Montgomery GW, Olsen CM, Hayward C, Dunning AM, Martin NG, Evangelou E, Mann GJ, Long G, Pharoah PDP, Easton DF, Barrett JH, Cust AE, Abecasis G, Duffy DL, Whiteman DC, Gogas H, De Nicolo A, Tucker MA, Newton-Bishop JA, Peris K, Chanock SJ, Demenais F, Brown KM, Puig S, Nagore E, Shi J, Iles MM, Law MH. Genome-wide association meta-analyses combining multiple risk phenotypes provide insights into the genetic architecture of cutaneous melanoma susceptibility. Nat Genet 2020; 52:494-504. [PMID: 32341527 PMCID: PMC7255059 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most genetic susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma remains to be discovered. Meta-analysis genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36,760 cases of melanoma (67% newly genotyped) and 375,188 controls identified 54 significant (P < 5 × 10-8) loci with 68 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of risk estimates across geographical regions and host factors suggests the acral melanoma subtype is uniquely unrelated to pigmentation. Combining this meta-analysis with GWAS of nevus count and hair color, and transcriptome association approaches, uncovered 31 potential secondary loci for a total of 85 cutaneous melanoma susceptibility loci. These findings provide insights into cutaneous melanoma genetic architecture, reinforcing the importance of nevogenesis, pigmentation and telomere maintenance, together with identifying potential new pathways for cutaneous melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Myriam Brossard
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Donato Calista
- Department of Dermatology, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology & Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adam J Trower
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chiara Menin
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Venito Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of EM/Molecular Pathology & The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lei Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katerina P Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Pellegrini
- Department of Dermatology & Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Cattaneo
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pol Gimenez-Xavier
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa Elefanti
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Venito Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria A Loizidou
- Department of EM/Molecular Pathology & The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Laura Del Regno
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Mandala
- Department of Oncology, Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Per A Andresen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Bruna Dalmasso
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lisa M Bowdler
- Sample Processing, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wei V Chen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Simi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pilar Galan
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1153), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA U1125), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Communauté d'Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adele Green
- Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- CRUK Manchester Institute, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Harland
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jessica Harris
- Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Per Helsing
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anjali Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Hočevar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rona M Mackie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maryrose Malt
- Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hamida Mohamdi
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric K Moses
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Cancer Aetiology & Prevention, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona,CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Graham L Radford-Smith
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Casey Rowe
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Marianna Sanna
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Consortium Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schulze
- Department of Dermatology, Fachklinik Hornheide, Institute for Tumors of the Skin, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa A Simms
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Smithers
- Queensland Melanoma Project, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fengju Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole A Kukutsch
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah V Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrie Wheeler
- Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Malasky
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen A Pooley
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chad Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Georgina Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anne E Cust
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David L Duffy
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital Greece, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Arcangela De Nicolo
- Cancer Genomics Program, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ketty Peris
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florence Demenais
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Chng SH, Pachnis V. Enteric Nervous System: lessons from neurogenesis for reverse engineering and disease modelling and treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 50:100-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Liu C, Liu L, Yang M, Li B, Yi J, Ai X, Zhang Y, Huang B, Li C, Feng C, Zhou Y. A positive feedback loop between EZH2 and NOX4 regulates nucleus pulposus cell senescence in age-related intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Div 2020; 15:2. [PMID: 32025238 PMCID: PMC6995653 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-associated oxidative stress has been shown to induce premature NP cell senescence. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a crucial gene regulating cell senescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of EZH2 in NOX4-induced NP cell senescence and a feedback loop between EZH2 and NOX4. Results The down-regulation of EZH2 and the up-regulation of NOX4 and p16 were observed in the degenerative discs of aging rats. EZH2 regulated NP cell senescence via the H3K27me3-p16 pathway. Also, EZH2 regulated the expression of NOX4 in NP cells through the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the promoter of NOX4 gene. Furthermore, NOX4 down-regulated EZH2 expression in NP cells via the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions A positive feedback loop between EZH2 and NOX4 is involved in regulating NP cell senescence, which provides a novel insight into the mechanism of IDD and a potential therapeutic target for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Libangxi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezheng Ai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chencheng Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Main Street 183, Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Anthocyanins from Hibiscus syriacus L. Inhibit Melanogenesis by Activating the ERK Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110645. [PMID: 31653006 PMCID: PMC6920888 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus syriacus L. exhibited promising potential as a new source of food and colorants containing various anthocyanins. However, the function of anthocyanins from H. syriacus L. has not been investigated. In the current study, we evaluated whether anthocyanins from the H. syriacus L. varieties Pulsae and Paektanshim (PS and PTS) inhibit melanin biogenesis. B16F10 cells and zebrafish larvae were exposed to PS and PTS in the presence or absence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and melanin contents accompanied by its regulating genes and proteins were analyzed. PS and PTS moderately downregulated mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, but significantly decreased extracellular and intracellular melanin production in B16F10 cells, and inhibited α-MSH-induced expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase. PS and PTS also attenuated pigmentation in α-MSH-stimulated zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, PS and PTS activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas PD98059, a specific ERK inhibitor, completely reversed PS- and PTS-mediated anti-melanogenic activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish larvae, which indicates that PS- and PTS-mediated anti-melanogenic activity is due to ERK activation. Moreover, chromatography data showed that PS and PTS possessed 17 identical anthocyanins as a negative regulator of ERK. These findings suggested that anthocyanins from PS and PTS inhibited melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo by activating the ERK signaling pathway.
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Castro-Pérez E, Rodríguez CI, Mikheil D, Siddique S, McCarthy A, Newton MA, Setaluri V. Melanoma Progression Inhibits Pluripotency and Differentiation of Melanoma-Derived iPSCs Produces Cells with Neural-like Mixed Dysplastic Phenotype. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:177-192. [PMID: 31231022 PMCID: PMC6627006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are known to exhibit phenotypic plasticity. However, the role cellular plasticity plays in melanoma tumor progression and drug resistance is not fully understood. Here, we used reprogramming of melanocytes and melanoma cells to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) to investigate the relationship between cellular plasticity and melanoma progression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor resistance. We found that melanocyte reprogramming is prevented by the expression of oncogenic BRAF, and in melanoma cells harboring oncogenic BRAF and sensitive to MAPK inhibitors, reprogramming can be restored by inhibition of the activated oncogenic pathway. Our data also suggest that melanoma tumor progression acts as a barrier to reprogramming. Under conditions that promote melanocytic differentiation of fibroblast- and melanocyte-derived iPSCs, melanoma-derived iPSCs exhibited neural cell-like dysplasia and increased MAPK inhibitor resistance. These data suggest that iPSC-like reprogramming and drug resistance of differentiated cells can serve as a model to understand melanoma cell plasticity-dependent mechanisms in recurrence of aggressive drug-resistant melanoma. Metastatic melanoma exhibits less plasticity to reprogramming than primary melanoma Oncogenic BRAFV600E and resistance to MAPKi inhibit reprogramming of melanoma Differentiation of melanoma-iPSCs produces cells with mixed dysplastic phenotype Melanoma-iPSC-differentiated cells exhibit acquired resistance to MAPKi
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Castro-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Carlos I Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dareen Mikheil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shakir Siddique
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alexandra McCarthy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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15
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Motofei IG. Malignant Melanoma: Autoimmunity and Supracellular Messaging as New Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 31056729 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-019-0643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, with a high mortality rate in the absence of a safe and curable therapy. As a consequence, several procedures have been tested over time, with the most recent (immunological and targeted) therapies proving to be effective in some patients. Unfortunately, these new treatment options continue to generate debate related to the therapeutic strategy (intended to maximize the long-term results of patients with melanoma), not only about the monotherapy configuration but also regarding association/succession between distinct therapeutic procedures. As an example, targeted therapy with BRAF inhibitors proved to be effective in advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma. However, such treatments with BRAF inhibitors lead to therapy resistance in half of patients after approximately 6 months. Even if most benign nevi incorporate oncogenic BRAF mutations, they rarely become melanoma; therefore, targeted therapy with BRAF inhibitors should be viewed as an incomplete or perfectible therapy. Another example is related to the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors/ICIs (anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies), which are successfully used in metastatic melanoma. It is currently believed that CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade would favor a strong immune response against cancer cells. The main side effects of ICIs are represented by the development of immune-related adverse events, which in some cases can be lethal. These ICI side effects would thus be not only therapeutically counterproductive but also potentially dangerous. Surprisingly, a subset of immune-related adverse events (especially autoimmune toxicity) seems to be clearly correlated with better therapeutic results, perhaps due to an additional therapeutic effect (currently insufficiently studied/exploited). Contrary to the classical approach of cancer (considered until now an uncontrolled division of cells), a very recent and comprehensive theory describes malignancy as a supracellular disease. Cancerous disease would therefore be a disturbed supracellular process (embryogenesis, growth, development, regeneration, etc.), which imposes/coordinates an increased rhythm of cell division, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, etc. Melanoma is presented from such a supracellular perspective to be able to explain the beneficial role of autoimmunity in cancer (autoimmune abortion/rejection of the melanoma-embryo phenotype) and to create premises to better optimize the newly emerging therapeutic options. Finally, it is suggested that the supracellular evolution of malignancy implies complex supracellular messaging (between the cells and host organism), which would be interfaced especially by the extracellular matrix and noncoding RNA. Therefore, understanding and manipulating supracellular messaging in cancer could open new treatment perspectives in the form of digitized (supracellular) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- Department of Surgery/Oncology, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Carol Davila University, Dionisie Lupu Street, no. 37, 020022, Bucharest, Romania.
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16
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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17
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MSX1-Induced Neural Crest-Like Reprogramming Promotes Melanoma Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:141-149. [PMID: 28927893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells share many biological properties with neural crest stem cells. Here we show that the homeodomain transcription factor MSX1, which is significantly correlated with melanoma disease progression, reprograms melanocytes and melanoma cells toward a neural crest precursor-like state. MSX1-reprogrammed normal human melanocytes express the neural crest marker p75 and become multipotent. MSX1 induces a phenotypic switch in melanoma, which is characterized by an oncogenic transition from an E-cadherin-high nonmigratory state toward a ZEB1-high invasive state. ZEB1 up-regulation is responsible for the MSX1-induced migratory phenotype in melanoma cells. Depletion of MSX1 significantly inhibits melanoma metastasis in vivo. These results show that neural crest-like reprogramming achieved by a single factor is a critical process for melanoma progression.
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18
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Xu Z, Chu X, Jiang H, Schilling H, Chen S, Feng J. Induced dopaminergic neurons: A new promise for Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2017; 11:606-612. [PMID: 28110217 PMCID: PMC5256671 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms that define Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Cell replacement therapy for PD has been focused on midbrain DA neurons derived from human fetal mesencephalic tissue, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Recent development in the direct conversion of human fibroblasts to induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons offers new opportunities for transplantation study and disease modeling in PD. The iDA neurons are generated directly from human fibroblasts in a short period of time, bypassing lengthy differentiation process from human pluripotent stem cells and the concern for potentially tumorigenic mitotic cells. They exhibit functional dopaminergic neurotransmission and relieve locomotor symptoms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we will discuss this recent development and its implications to Parkinson’s disease research and therapy. Fibroblasts can be directly converted to induced dopaminergic neurons by transcription factors. Many different types of cells can be converted to induced neurons in vitro and in vivo. Appropriate cell culture conditions enhance the direct conversion to induced neurons. The conversion to induced neurons is enhanced by G1 arrest and p53 attenuation. iDA neurons is a promising tool for PD research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingkun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Haley Schilling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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19
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Kaushik SB, Kaushik N. Non-coding RNAs in skin cancers: An update. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:83-86. [PMID: 30159415 PMCID: PMC6096428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common form of cancer in humans. They can largely be categorized into Melanoma and Non-melanoma skin cancers. The latter mainly includes Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), and have a higher incidence than melanomas. There has been a recent emergence of interest in the role of non-coding RNA's in pathogenesis of skin cancers. The transcripts which lack any protein coding capacity are called non-coding RNA. These non-coding RNA are further classified based on their length; small non-coding RNA (<200 nucleotides) and long non-coding RNA (>200 nucleotides). ncRNA They are involved at multiple transcriptional, post transcriptional and epigenetic levels, modulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, senescence and apoptosis. Their expression pattern has also been linked to metastases, drug resistance and long term prognosis. They have both diagnostic and prognostic significance for skin cancers, and can also be a target for future therapies for cutaneous malignancies. More research is needed to further utilize their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani B. Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Zhang H, Wei M, Jiang Y, Wang X, She L, Yan Z, Dong L, Pang L, Wang X. Reprogramming A375 cells to induced‑resembled neuronal cells by structured overexpression of specific transcription genes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3134-44. [PMID: 27510459 PMCID: PMC5042733 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced-resembled neuronal cells (irNCs) are generated by reprogramming human melanoma cells through the introduction of key transcription factors, providing novel concepts in the treatment of malignant tumor cells and making it possible to supply neural cells for laboratory use. In the present study, irNCs were derived from A375 cells by inducing the 'forced' overexpression of specific genes, including achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1), neuronal differentiation factor 1 (Neurod1), myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1), brain protein 2 (Brn2, also termed POU3F2) and human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (h-BDNF). irNCs induced from A375 cells express multiple neuronal markers and fire action potentials, exhibiting properties similar to those of motor neurons. The reprogramming procedure comprised reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining; furthermore, electrophysiological profiling demonstrated the characteristics of the induced-resembled neurons. The present study obtained a novel type of human irNC from human melanoma, which secreted BDNF continuously, providing a model for neuron-like cells. Thus, irNCs offer promise in investigating various neural diseases by using neural-like cells derived directly from the patient of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Lei She
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Zhengcun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
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21
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Seremet T, Koch A, Jansen Y, Schreuer M, Wilgenhof S, Del Marmol V, Liènard D, Thielemans K, Schats K, Kockx M, Van Criekinge W, Coulie PG, De Meyer T, van Baren N, Neyns B. Molecular and epigenetic features of melanomas and tumor immune microenvironment linked to durable remission to ipilimumab-based immunotherapy in metastatic patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:232. [PMID: 27484791 PMCID: PMC4971660 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ipilimumab (Ipi) improves the survival of advanced melanoma patients with an incremental long-term benefit in 10–15 % of patients. A tumor signature that correlates with this survival benefit could help optimizing individualized treatment strategies. Methods Freshly frozen melanoma metastases were collected from patients treated with either Ipi alone (n: 7) or Ipi combined with a dendritic cell vaccine (TriMixDC-MEL) (n: 11). Samples were profiled by immunohistochemistry (IHC), whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) and methyl-DNA sequencing (MBD-seq). Results Patients were divided in two groups according to clinical evolution: durable benefit (DB; 5 patients) and no clinical benefit (NB; 13 patients). 20 metastases were profiled by IHC and 12 were profiled by RNA- and MBD-seq. 325 genes were identified as differentially expressed between DB and NB. Many of these genes reflected a humoral and cellular immune response. MBD-seq revealed differences between DB and NB patients in the methylation of genes linked to nervous system development and neuron differentiation. DB tumors were more infiltrated by CD8+ and PD-L1+ cells than NB tumors. B cells (CD20+) and macrophages (CD163+) co-localized with T cells. Focal loss of HLA class I and TAP-1 expression was observed in several NB samples. Conclusion Combined analyses of melanoma metastases with IHC, gene expression and methylation profiling can potentially identify durable responders to Ipi-based immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0990-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teofila Seremet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanina Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Max Schreuer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Wilgenhof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Liènard
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kelly Schats
- HistoGeneX Laboratories, Campus Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mark Kockx
- HistoGeneX Laboratories, Campus Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Baren
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Agarwalla PK, Koch MJ, Mordes DA, Codd PJ, Coumans JV. Pigmented Lesions of the Nervous System and the Neural Crest: Lessons From Embryology. Neurosurgery 2016; 78:142-55. [PMID: 26355366 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosurgeons encounter a number of pigmented tumors of the central nervous system in a variety of locations, including primary central nervous system melanoma, blue nevus of the spinal cord, and melanotic schwannoma. When examined through the lens of embryology, pigmented lesions share a unifying connection: They occur in structures that are neural crest cell derivatives. Here, we review the important progress made in the embryology of neural crest cells, present 3 cases of pigmented tumors of the nervous system, and discuss these clinical entities in the context of the development of melanoblasts. Pigmented lesions of the nervous system arise along neural crest cell migration routes and from neural crest-derived precursors. Awareness of the evolutionary clues of vertebrate pigmentation by the neurosurgical and neuro-oncological community at large is valuable for identifying pathogenic or therapeutic targets and for designing future research on nervous system pigmented lesions. When encountering such a lesion, clinicians should be aware of the embryological basis to direct additional evaluation, including genetic testing, and to work with the scientific community in better understanding these lesions and their relationship to neural crest developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Agarwalla
- Departments of *Neurosurgery and‡Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Mahmoud F, Shields B, Makhoul I, Hutchins LF, Shalin SC, Tackett AJ. Role of EZH2 histone methyltrasferase in melanoma progression and metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:579-91. [PMID: 27105109 PMCID: PMC4990393 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1167291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the main component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2), is involved in melanoma progression and metastasis. Novel drugs that target and reverse such epigenetic changes may find a way into the management of patients with advanced melanoma. We provide a comprehensive up-to-date review of the role and biology of EZH2 on gene transcription, senescence/apoptosis, melanoma microenvironment, melanocyte stem cells, the immune system, and micro RNA. Furthermore, we discuss EZH2 inhibitors as potential anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fade Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bradley Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Issam Makhoul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura F. Hutchins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sara C. Shalin
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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24
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Carson CC, Moschos SJ, Edmiston SN, Darr DB, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Groben PA, Zhou X, Kuan PF, Pandey S, Chan KT, Jordan JL, Hao H, Frank JS, Hopkinson DA, Gibbs DC, Alldredge VD, Parrish E, Hanna SC, Berkowitz P, Rubenstein DS, Miller CR, Bear JE, Ollila DW, Sharpless NE, Conway K, Thomas NE. IL2 Inducible T-cell Kinase, a Novel Therapeutic Target in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2167-76. [PMID: 25934889 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) promoter CpG sites are hypomethylated in melanomas compared with nevi. The expression of ITK in melanomas, however, has not been established and requires elucidation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An ITK-specific monoclonal antibody was used to probe sections from deidentified, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or cell line arrays and ITK was visualized by IHC. Levels of ITK protein differed among melanoma cell lines and representative lines were transduced with four different lentiviral constructs that each contained an shRNA designed to knockdown ITK mRNA levels. The effects of the selective ITK inhibitor BI 10N on cell lines and mouse models were also determined. RESULTS ITK protein expression increased with nevus to metastatic melanoma progression. In melanoma cell lines, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ITK decreased proliferation and migration and increased the percentage of cells in the G0-G1 phase. Treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with BI 10N reduced growth of ITK-expressing xenografts or established autochthonous (Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E)) melanomas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ITK, formerly considered an immune cell-specific protein, is aberrantly expressed in melanoma and promotes tumor development and progression. Our finding that ITK is aberrantly expressed in most metastatic melanomas suggests that inhibitors of ITK may be efficacious for melanoma treatment. The efficacy of a small-molecule ITK inhibitor in the Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma model supports this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Carson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sharon N Edmiston
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Pamela A Groben
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keefe T Chan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Jordan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Honglin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jill S Frank
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis A Hopkinson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David C Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Virginia D Alldredge
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eloise Parrish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sara C Hanna
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paula Berkowitz
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David S Rubenstein
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David W Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Norman E Sharpless
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Petersen GF, Strappe PM. Generation of diverse neural cell types through direct conversion. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:32-46. [PMID: 26981169 PMCID: PMC4766249 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of neurological disorders is the loss of critical populations of cells that the body is unable to replace, thus there has been much interest in identifying methods of generating clinically relevant numbers of cells to replace those that have been damaged or lost. The process of neural direct conversion, in which cells of one lineage are converted into cells of a neural lineage without first inducing pluripotency, shows great potential, with evidence of the generation of a range of functional neural cell types both in vitro and in vivo, through viral and non-viral delivery of exogenous factors, as well as chemical induction methods. Induced neural cells have been proposed as an attractive alternative to neural cells derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, with prospective roles in the investigation of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disease modelling, drug screening, and cellular replacement for regenerative medicine applications, however further investigations into improving the efficacy and safety of these methods need to be performed before neural direct conversion becomes a clinically viable option. In this review, we describe the generation of diverse neural cell types via direct conversion of somatic cells, with comparison against stem cell-based approaches, as well as discussion of their potential research and clinical applications.
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Watanabe N, Motohashi T, Nishioka M, Kawamura N, Hirobe T, Kunisada T. Multipotency of melanoblasts isolated from murine skin depends on the Notch signal. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:460-71. [PMID: 26773337 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoblasts (MBs), derived from neural crest cells, only differentiate into melanocytes (Ms) in vivo. We previously showed that MBs isolated from mouse skin were multipotent, generating neurons (Ns) and glial cells (Gs) together with Ms. Using Sox10-IRES-Venus mice and mouse embryonic stem cells, we investigated how MBs expressed their multipotency. RESULTS MBs generated colonies containing Ns, Gs, and Ms in the presence of ST2 stromal cells, but they generated only M colonies when incubated with keratinocytes or ST2 culture supernatant, thus showing that MBs required contact with ST2 stromal cells for expression of their multipotency. Notch signaling was shown to be one of the important cues for the maintenance and differentiation of MBs through cell-cell contact. When Notch signaling was inhibited, MBs mainly generated colonies that contained just one type of cells, Ns, Gs, or Ms; the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells markedly decreased even on ST2 stromal cells, showing restriction of their differentiation potency. Whereas when Notch signaling was activated, the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells increased, indicating that their multipotency had been maintained. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Notch signaling played novel roles in MB multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishioka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norito Kawamura
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hirobe
- Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Hristova DM, Wang JX, Li L, Heppt MV, Wei Z, Gyurdieva A, Webster MR, Oka M, Weeraratna AT, Herlyn M. UV-Induced Wnt7a in the Human Skin Microenvironment Specifies the Fate of Neural Crest-Like Cells via Suppression of Notch. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1521-1532. [PMID: 25705850 PMCID: PMC4430391 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stem cells with neural crest-like properties have been identified in the dermis of human skin. These neural crest stem cell (NCSC)-like cells display self-renewal capacity and differentiate into neural crest derivatives, including epidermal pigment-producing melanocytes. NCSC-like cells share many properties with aggressive melanoma cells, such as high migratory capabilities and expression of the neural crest markers. However, little is known about which intrinsic or extrinsic signals determine the proliferation or differentiation of these neural crest-like stem cells. Here we show that, in NCSC-like cells, Notch signaling is highly activated, similar to melanoma cells. Inhibition of Notch signaling reduced the proliferation of NCSC-like cells, induced cell death, and downregulated noncanonical Wnt5a, suggesting that the Notch pathway contributes to the maintenance and motility of these stem cells. In three-dimensional skin reconstructs, canonical Wnt signaling promoted the differentiation of NCSC-like cells into melanocytes. This differentiation was triggered by the endogenous Notch inhibitor Numb, which is upregulated in the stem cells by Wnt7a derived from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. Together, these data reveal a cross talk between the two conserved developmental pathways in postnatal human skin, and highlight the role of the skin microenvironment in specifying the fate of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukunaga-Kalabis
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Denitsa M Hristova
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Markus V Heppt
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra Gyurdieva
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marie R Webster
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Abstract
Melanocyte development provides an excellent model for studying more complex developmental processes. Melanocytes have an apparently simple aetiology, differentiating from the neural crest and migrating through the developing embryo to specific locations within the skin and hair follicles, and to other sites in the body. The study of pigmentation mutations in the mouse provided the initial key to identifying the genes and proteins involved in melanocyte development. In addition, work on chicken has provided important embryological and molecular insights, whereas studies in zebrafish have allowed live imaging as well as genetic and transgenic approaches. This cross-species approach is powerful and, as we review here, has resulted in a detailed understanding of melanocyte development and differentiation, melanocyte stem cells and the role of the melanocyte lineage in diseases such as melanoma. Summary: This Review discusses melanocyte development and differentiation, melanocyte stem cells, and the role of the melanocyte lineage in diseases such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Extended multipotency of neural crest cells and neural crest-derived cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:69-95. [PMID: 25662258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are migratory multipotent cells that give rise to diverse derivatives. They generate various cell types during embryonic development, including neurons and glial cells of the peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells, melanocytes, endocrine cells, smooth muscle, and skeletal and connective tissue cells of the craniofacial complex. The multipotency of NCC is thought to be transient at the early stage of NCC generation; once NCC emerge from the neural tube, they change into lineage-restricted precursors. Although many studies have described the clear segregation of NCC lineages right after their delamination from the neural tube, recent reports suggest that multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSC) are present not only in migrating NCC in the embryo, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. Furthermore, fully differentiated NCC-derived cells such as glial cells and melanocytes have been shown to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate into other NCC derivatives. The multipotency of migratory and postmigratory NCC-derived cells was found to be similar to that of NCSC. Collectively, these findings support the multipotency or plasticity of NCC and NCC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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Aftab MN, Dinger ME, Perera RJ. The role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in the pathology, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:60-70. [PMID: 25065585 PMCID: PMC4221535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is frequently lethal and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Despite the rapid development of different modes of targeted treatment, durable clinical responses remain elusive. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive melanomagenesis is required, both genetic and epigenetic, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. There is increased appreciation of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in melanoma biology, including in proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Data are also emerging on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SPRY4-IT1, BANCR, and HOTAIR, in melanomagenesis. Here we review the data on the miRNAs and lncRNAs implicated in melanoma biology. An overview of these studies will be useful for providing insights into mechanisms of melanoma development and the miRNAs and lncRNAs that might be useful biomarkers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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Manning CS, Hooper S, Sahai EA. Intravital imaging of SRF and Notch signalling identifies a key role for EZH2 in invasive melanoma cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:4320-32. [PMID: 25381824 PMCID: PMC4349503 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of cell motility is an early step in melanoma metastasis. Here we use intravital imaging of signalling reporter cell-lines combined with genome-wide transcriptional analysis to define signalling pathways and genes associated with melanoma metastasis. Intravital imaging revealed heterogeneous cell behaviour in vivo: <10% of cells were motile and both singly moving cells and streams of cells were observed. Motile melanoma cells had increased Notch- and SRF-dependent transcription. Subsequent genome-wide analysis identified an overlapping set of genes associated with high Notch and SRF activity. We identified EZH2, a histone methyltransferase in the Polycomb repressive complex 2, as a regulator of these genes. Heterogeneity of EZH2 levels is observed in melanoma models, and co-ordinated upregulation of genes positively regulated by EZH2 is associated with melanoma metastasis. EZH2 was also identified as regulating the amelanotic phenotype of motile cells in vivo by suppressing expression of the P-glycoprotein Oca2. Analysis of patient samples confirmed an inverse relationship between EZH2 levels and pigment. EZH2 targeting with siRNA and chemical inhibition reduced invasion in mouse and human melanoma cell lines. The EZH2-regulated genes KIF2C and KIF22 are required for melanoma cell invasion and important for lung colonization. We propose that heterogeneity in EZH2 levels leads to heterogeneous expression of a cohort of genes associated with motile behaviour including KIF2C and KIF22. EZH2-dependent increased expression of these genes promotes melanoma cell motility and early steps in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Manning
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - S Hooper
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - E A Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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33
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Dupin E, Le Douarin NM. The neural crest, a multifaceted structure of the vertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:187-209. [PMID: 25219958 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, several features of the cells originating from the lateral borders of the primitive neural anlagen, the neural crest (NC) are considered. Among them, their multipotentiality, which together with their migratory properties, leads them to colonize the developing body and to participate in the development of many tissues and organs. The in vitro analysis of the developmental capacities of single NC cells (NCC) showed that they present several analogies with the hematopoietic cells whose differentiation involves the activity of stem cells endowed with different arrays of developmental potentialities. The permanence of such NC stem cells in the adult organism raises the problem of their role at that stage of life. The NC has appeared during evolution in the vertebrate phylum and is absent in their Protocordates ancestors. The major role of the NCC in the development of the vertebrate head points to a critical role for this structure in the remarkable diversification and radiation of this group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
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Eid JE, Garcia CB. Reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells by oncogenes. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:18-31. [PMID: 24938913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from embryonic mesoderm and give rise to the multiple lineages of connective tissues. Transformed MSCs develop into aggressive sarcomas, some of which are initiated by specific chromosomal translocations that generate fusion proteins with potent oncogenic properties. The sarcoma oncogenes typically prime MSCs through aberrant reprogramming. They dictate commitment to a specific lineage but prevent mature differentiation, thus locking the cells in a state of proliferative precursors. Deregulated expression of lineage-specific transcription factors and controllers of chromatin structure play a central role in MSC reprogramming and sarcoma pathogenesis. This suggests that reversing the epigenetic aberrancies created by the sarcoma oncogenes with differentiation-related reagents holds great promise as a beneficial addition to sarcoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane E Eid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 771 Preston, Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Christina B Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM320, Huston, TX 77030, USA
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Wada N, Maeda H, Hasegawa D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM, Menicanin D, Fujii S, Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Semaphorin 3A induces mesenchymal-stem-like properties in human periodontal ligament cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2225-36. [PMID: 24380401 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have recently been proposed as a novel option in periodontal regenerative therapy. However, one of the issues is the difficulty of stably generating PDLSCs because of the variation of stem cell potential between donors. Here, we show that Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) can induce mesenchymal-stem-like properties in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Sema3A expression was specifically observed in the dental follicle during tooth development and in parts of mature PDL tissue in rodent tooth and periodontal tissue. Sema3A expression levels were found to be higher in multipotential human PDL cell clones compared with low-differentiation potential clones. Sema3A-overexpressing PDL cells exhibited an enhanced capacity to differentiate into both functional osteoblasts and adipocytes. Moreover, PDL cells treated with Sema3A only at the initiation of culture stimulated osteogenesis, while Sema3A treatment throughout the culture had no effect on osteogenic differentiation. Finally, Sema3A-overexpressing PDL cells upregulated the expression of embryonic stem cell markers (NANOG, OCT4, and E-cadherin) and mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, and CD166), and Sema3A promoted cell division activity of PDL cells. These results suggest that Sema3A may possess the function to convert PDL cells into mesenchymal-stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Wada
- 1 Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Noisa P, Lund C, Kanduri K, Lund R, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R, Lundin K, Chokechuwattanalert H, Otonkoski T, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Notch signaling regulates neural crest differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2083-94. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are specified at the border of neural plate and epiderm. They are capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types, including craniofacial and peripheral nerve tissues. Notch signaling plays significant roles during neurogenesis; however, its function during human NC development is poorly understood. Here, we generated self-renewing premigratory NC-like cells (pNCCs) from human pluripotent stem cells and investigated the roles of Notch signaling during the NC differentiation. pNCCs expressed various NC specifier genes, including SLUG, SOX10 and TWIST1, and were able to differentiate into most NC derivatives. Blocking Notch signaling during the pNCC differentiation suppressed the expression of NC specifier genes. In contrast, ectopic expression of activated Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) augmented the expression of NC specifier genes, and NICD1 was found to bind at their promoter regions. Notch activity was also required for the maintenance of premigratory NC state, and suppression of Notch led to generation of NC-derived neurons. Taken together, we provide a protocol for the generation of pNCCs, and show that Notch signaling regulates the formation, migration and differentiation of NC from hPSCs.
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37
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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Kiyoshima T, Fujiwara H, Nagata K, Wada H, Ookuma YF, Shiotsuka M, Kihara M, Hasegawa K, Someya H, Sakai H. Induction of dental epithelial cell differentiation marker gene expression in non-odontogenic human keratinocytes by transfection with thymosin beta 4. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:309-22. [PMID: 24342703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the recombination of cells liberated from developing tooth germs develop into teeth. However, it is difficult to use human developing tooth germ as a source of cells because of ethical issues. Previous studies have reported that thymosin beta 4 (Tmsb4x) is closely related to the initiation and development of the tooth germ. We herein attempted to establish odontogenic epithelial cells from non-odontogenic HaCaT cells by transfection with TMSB4X. TMSB4X-transfected cells formed nodules that were positive for Alizarin-red S (ALZ) and von Kossa staining (calcium phosphate deposits) when cultured in calcification-inducing medium. Three selected clones showing larger amounts of calcium deposits than the other clones, expressed PITX2, Cytokeratin 14, and Sonic Hedgehog. The upregulation of odontogenesis-related genes, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), Amelogenin (AMELX), Ameloblastin (AMBN) and Enamelin (ENAM) was also detected. These proteins were immunohistochemically observed in nodules positive for the ALZ and von Kossa staining. RUNX2-positive selected TMSB4X-transfected cells implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of nude mice formed matrix deposits. Immunohistochemically, AMELX, AMBN and ENAM were observed in the matrix deposits. This study demonstrated the possibility of induction of dental epithelial cell differentiation marker gene expression in non-odontogenic HaCaT cells by TMSB4X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagata
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Wada
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko F Ookuma
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Maho Shiotsuka
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makiko Kihara
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Someya
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sakai
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Qian X, Villa-Diaz LG, Krebsbach PH. Advances in culture and manipulation of human pluripotent stem cells. J Dent Res 2013; 92:956-62. [PMID: 23934156 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513501286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of pluripotent stem cell biology and emerging technologies to reprogram somatic cells to a stem cell-like state are helping bring stem cell therapies for a range of human disorders closer to clinical reality. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a promising resource for regenerative medicine and research into early development because these cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and are capable of differentiation into specialized cell types of all 3 germ layers and trophoectoderm. Human PSCs include embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated via the reprogramming of somatic cells by the overexpression of key transcription factors. The application of hiPSCs and the finding that somatic cells can be directly reprogrammed into different cell types will likely have a significant impact on regenerative medicine. However, a major limitation for successful therapeutic application of hPSCs and their derivatives is the potential xenogeneic contamination and instability of current culture conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in hPSC culture and methods to induce controlled lineage differentiation through regulation of cell-signaling pathways and manipulation of gene expression as well as new trends in direct reprogramming of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qian
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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Epidermal stem cells in orthopaedic regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11626-42. [PMID: 23727934 PMCID: PMC3709750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, great advances have been made in epidermal stem cell studies at the cellular and molecular level. These studies reported various subpopulations and differentiations existing in the epidermal stem cell. Although controversies and unknown issues remain, epidermal stem cells possess an immune-privileged property in transplantation together with easy accessibility, which is favorable for future clinical application. In this review, we will summarize the biological characteristics of epidermal stem cells, and their potential in orthopedic regenerative medicine. Epidermal stem cells play a critical role via cell replacement, and demonstrate significant translational potential in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases, including treatment for wound healing, peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury, and even muscle and bone remodeling.
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Advances in cell lineage reprogramming. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:228-33. [PMID: 23526388 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As a milestone breakthrough of stem cell and regenerative medicine in recent years, somatic cell reprogramming has opened up new applications of regenerative medicine by breaking through the ethical shackles of embryonic stem cells. However, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are prepared with a complicated protocol that results in a low reprogramming rate. To obtain differentiated target cells, iPS cells and embryonic stem cells still need to be induced using step-by-step procedures. The safety of induced target cells from iPS cells is currently a further concerning matter. More broadly conceived is lineage reprogramming that has been investigated since 1987. Adult stem cell plasticity, which triggered interest in stem cell research at the end of the last century, can also be included in the scope of lineage reprogramming. With the promotion of iPS cell research, lineage reprogramming is now considered as one of the most promising fields in regenerative medicine, will hopefully lead to customized, personalized therapeutic options for patients in the future.
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Mou Y, Jiang X, Du Y, Xue L. Intelligent bioengineering in vitiligo treatment: Transdermal protein transduction of melanocyte-lineage-specific genes. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:786-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Djian-Zaouche J, Campagne C, Reyes-Gomez E, Gadin-Czerw S, Bernex F, Louise A, Relaix F, Buckingham M, Panthier JJ, Aubin-Houzelstein G. Pax3( GFP ) , a new reporter for the melanocyte lineage, highlights novel aspects of PAX3 expression in the skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:545-54. [PMID: 22621661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paired box gene 3 (Pax3) is expressed during pigment cell development. We tested whether the targeted allele Pax3(GFP) can be used as a reporter gene for pigment cells in the mouse. We found that enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be seen readily in every melanoblast and melanocyte in the epidermis and hair follicles of Pax3(GFP/+) heterozygotes. The GFP was detected at all differentiation stages, including melanocyte stem cells. In the dermis, Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars resembling the nestin-positive hair follicle multipotent stem cells exhibited a weaker GFP signal. Pigment cells could be purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting and grown in vitro without feeder cells, giving pure cultures of melanocytes. The Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars were FACS-isolated based on their weak expression of GFP. Thus Pax3(GFP) can discriminate distinct populations of cells in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Djian-Zaouche
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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45
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Tian C, Ambroz RJ, Sun L, Wang Y, Ma K, Chen Q, Zhu B, Zheng JC. Direct conversion of dermal fibroblasts into neural progenitor cells by a novel cocktail of defined factors. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:126-37. [PMID: 22172100 DOI: 10.2174/156652412798889018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of functional neural progenitor cells (NPCs) independent of donor brain tissue and embryonic tissues is of great therapeutic interest with regard to regenerative medicine and the possible treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Traditionally, NPCs are derived through the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, the induction of NPCs from ESCs and iPSCs is a complicated process that increases the risk of neoplasia and undesired cell types. This process can be circumvented through the direct conversion of somatic cells from one cell type to another by ectopic expression of specifically defined transcription factors. Using gene expression profiling and parental cells from E/Nestin:EGFP transgenic mice as a monitoring system, we tested nine factors with the potential to directly convert fibroblasts into NPCs. We found that five of these factors can directly convert adult dermal fibroblasts into NPC-like cells (iNPCs), and the resulting iNPCs possessed similar properties as primary NPCs including proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. Significantly, iNPCs also exhibit chemotactic properties similar to those of primary NPCs. These provide an important alternative strategy to generate iNPCs for cell replacement therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tian
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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Extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells and melanoma. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:407079. [PMID: 22666269 PMCID: PMC3359770 DOI: 10.1155/2012/407079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) persist after birth in the superficial nerve sheath of peripheral nerves and give rise to migratory melanocyte precursors when replacements for epidermal melanocytes are needed on the basal epidermal layer of the skin. If a damaged MSC or melanocyte precursor can be shown to be the primary origin of melanoma, targeted identification and eradication of it by antibody-based therapies will be the best method to treat melanoma and a very effective way to prevent its recurrence. Transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in MSC self-renewal, expansion and differentiation are reviewed. A model is presented to show how the detrimental effects of long-term UVA/UVB radiation on DNA and repair mechanisms in MSCs convert them to melanoma stem cells. Zebrafish have many advantages for investigating the role of MSCs in the development of melanoma. The signaling pathways regulating the development of MSCs in zebrafish are very similar to those found in humans and mice. The ability to easily manipulate the MSC population makes zebrafish an excellent model for studying how damage to MSCs may lead to melanoma.
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Dupin E, Sommer L. Neural crest progenitors and stem cells: from early development to adulthood. Dev Biol 2012; 366:83-95. [PMID: 22425619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate embryo, the neural crest forms transiently in the dorsal neural primordium to yield migratory cells that will invade nearly all tissues and later, will differentiate into bones and cartilages, neurons and glia, endocrine cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and melanocytes. Due to the amazingly diversified array of cell types it produces, the neural crest is an attractive model system in the stem cell field. We present here in vivo and in vitro studies of single cell fate, which led to the discovery and the characterization of stem cells in the neural crest of avian and mammalian embryos. Some of the key issues in neural crest cell diversification are discussed, such as the time of segregation of mesenchymal vs. neural/melanocytic lineages, and the origin and close relationships between the glial and melanocytic lineages. An overview is also provided of the diverse types of neural crest-like stem cells and progenitors, recently identified in a growing number of adult tissues in animals and humans. Current and future work, in which in vivo lineage studies and the use of injury models will complement the in vitro culture analysis, should help in unraveling the properties and function of neural crest-derived progenitors in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM U894 Equipe Plasticité Gliale, Centre de Psychiatrie et de Neuroscience, 2 ter Rue d'Alésia 75014 Paris, France.
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