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Waku I, Magalhães MS, Alves CO, de Oliveira AR. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy as an animal model for parkinsonism: A systematic review of experimental studies. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3743-3767. [PMID: 33818841 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several useful animal models for parkinsonism have been developed so far. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy is often used as a rodent model for the study of motor impairments observed in Parkinson's disease and related disorders and for the screening of potential antiparkinsonian compounds. The objective of this systematic review is to identify publications that used the haloperidol-induced catalepsy model for parkinsonism and to explore the methodological characteristics and the main questions addressed in these studies. A careful systematic search of the literature was carried out by accessing articles in three different databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS. The selection and inclusion of studies were performed based on the abstract and, subsequently, on full-text analysis. Data extraction included the objective of the study, study design and outcome of interest. Two hundred and fifty-five articles were included in the review. Publication years ranged from 1981 to 2020. Most studies used the model to explore the effects of potential treatments for parkinsonism. Although the methodological characteristics used are quite varied, most studies used Wistar rats as experimental subjects. The most frequent dose of haloperidol used was 1.0 mg/kg, and the horizontal bar test was the most used to assess catalepsy. The data presented here provide a framework for an evidence-based approach to the design of preclinical research on parkinsonism using the haloperidol-induced catalepsy model. This model has been used routinely and successfully and is likely to continue to play a critical role in the ongoing search for the next generation of therapeutic interventions for parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Waku
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mylena S Magalhães
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila O Alves
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda R de Oliveira
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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MDMA alone affects sensorimotor and prepulse inhibition responses in mice and rats: tips in the debate on potential MDMA unsafety in human activity. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Serotonergic targets for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1203-1216. [PMID: 29305656 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) continues to be the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite clear symptomatic benefit, long-term L-DOPA use often results in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), significantly reducing quality of life and increasing costs for PD patients and their caregivers. Accumulated research has demonstrated that several pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms contribute to LID development and expression. In particular, raphe-striatal hyperinnervation and unregulated DA release from 5-HT terminals is postulated to play a central role in LID manifestation. As such, manipulation of the 5-HT system has garnered considerable attention. Both pre-clinical and clinical research has supported the potential of modulating the 5-HT system for LID prevention and treatment. This review discusses the rationale for continued investigation of several potential anti-dyskinetic strategies including 5-HT stimulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and blockade of 5-HT2A receptors and SERT. We present the latest findings from experimental and clinical investigations evaluating these 5-HT targets with the goal of identifying those with translational promise and the challenges associated with each.
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Huot P, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:609428. [PMID: 25810948 PMCID: PMC4355567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/609428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are secondary to a dopamine deficiency in the striatum. However, the degenerative process in PD is not limited to the dopaminergic system and also affects serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Because they can increase monoamine levels throughout the brain, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAUIs) represent potential therapeutic agents in PD. However, they are seldom used in clinical practice other than as antidepressants and wake-promoting agents. This review article summarises all of the available literature on use of 50 MAUIs in PD. The compounds are divided according to their relative potency for each of the monoamine transporters. Despite wide discrepancy in the methodology of the studies reviewed, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) selective serotonin transporter (SERT), selective noradrenaline transporter (NET), and dual SERT/NET inhibitors are effective against PD depression; (2) selective dopamine transporter (DAT) and dual DAT/NET inhibitors exert an anti-Parkinsonian effect when administered as monotherapy but do not enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); (3) dual DAT/SERT inhibitors might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-DOPA without worsening dyskinesia; (4) triple DAT/NET/SERT inhibitors might exert an anti-Parkinsonian action as monotherapy and might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA, though at the expense of worsening dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan H. Fox
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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Frau L, Simola N, Plumitallo A, Morelli M. Microglial and astroglial activation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice depends on S(+) enantiomer and is associated with an increase in body temperature and motility. J Neurochem 2012; 124:69-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Antonio Plumitallo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
- CNR; Institute of Neuroscience; Cagliari Italy
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Huot P, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:163-212. [PMID: 21878363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are attributed to a decline in dopamine levels in the striatum, a breadth of non-motor features and treatment-related complications in which the serotonergic system plays a pivotal role are increasingly recognised. Serotonin (5-HT)-mediated neurotransmission is altered in PD and the roles of the different 5-HT receptor subtypes in disease manifestations have been investigated. The aims of this article are to summarise and discuss all published preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the serotonergic system in PD and related animal models, in order to recapitulate the state of the current knowledge and to identify areas that need further research and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research Institute, MCL 11-419, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
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von Ameln N, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A. Atypical development of behavioural sensitization to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') in adolescent rats and its expression in adulthood: role of the MDMA chirality. Addict Biol 2010; 15:35-44. [PMID: 20002021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great popularity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) as a drug of abuse, not much is known about the detailed mechanisms of the acute and subchronic effects of the drug. There is especially a lack of information about the distinct behavioural effects of its optical isomers (enantiomers) R- and S-MDMA compared with the racemic RS-MDMA. For this purpose, adolescent rats were repetitively treated during two treatment stages (stage 1: days 1-10; stage 2: days 15, 17, 19) with RS-MDMA (5 or 10 mg/kg) or each of the respective enantiomers (5 mg/kg). The repeated treatment started on postnatal day (PND) 32 and locomotor activity was measured on each day by means of a photobeam-equipped activity box system. RS-MDMA or S-MDMA administration led acutely to massive hyperlocomotion and subchronically, to the development of behavioural sensitization after a short habituation period. R-MDMA was free of hyperactivating effects and even decreased locomotor behaviour upon repeated treatment. Nevertheless, co-administration of R-MDMA increased the hyperactivity of S-MDMA and made the S-MDMA induced behavioural sensitization state-dependent. The animals pre-treated with R-MDMA showed a sensitized response in adulthood when tested with RS-MDMA. Our results indicated that even in the absence of substantial neurotoxicity, both MDMA enantiomers can lead to long-term changes in brain circuitry and concomitant behavioural changes when repeatedly administered in adolescence. The sensitization development was most pronounced in the animals treated with S- and RS-MDMA; the animals with R-MDMA did not develop sensitization under repeated treatment but expressed a sensitized response when challenged with RS-MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora von Ameln
- University of Tuebingen, Neuropharmacology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28E, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Werner J. Schmidt (1950-2007). Pushing the boundary of neuroscience: a true academician and a complete gentleman. Neurotox Res 2008; 12:i-iv. [PMID: 18340967 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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MDMA (N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) and its stereoisomers: Similarities and differences in behavioral effects in an automated activity apparatus in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 88:318-31. [PMID: 17904622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Racemic MDMA (0.3-30 mg/kg), S(+)-MDMA (0.3-30 mg/kg), R(-)-MDMA (0.3-50 mg/kg) and saline vehicle (10 ml/kg) were comprehensively evaluated in fully automated and computer-integrated activity chambers, which were designed for mice, and provided a detailed analysis of the frequency, location, and/or duration of 18 different activities. The results indicated that MDMA and its isomers produced stimulation of motor actions, with S(+)-MDMA and (+/-)-MDMA usually being more potent than R(-)-MDMA in measures such as movement (time, distance, velocity), margin distance, rotation (clockwise and counterclockwise), and retraced activities. Interestingly, racemic MDMA appeared to exert a greater than expected potency and/or an enhanced effect on measures such as movement episodes, center actions (entries and distance), clockwise rotations, and jumps; actions that might be explained by additive or synergistic (i.e. potentiation) effects of the stereoisomers. In other measures, the enantiomers displayed different effects: S(+)-MDMA produced a preference to induce counterclockwise (versus clockwise) rotations, and each isomer exerted a different profile of effect on vertical activities and jumps. Furthermore, each isomer of MDMA appeared to attenuate the effect of its opposite enantiomer on some behaviors; antagonism effects that were surmised from a lack of expected activities by racemic MDMA. S(+)-MDMA (but not R(-)-MDMA), for example, produced an increase in vertical entries (rearing) and a preference to increase counterclockwise (versus clockwise) rotations; (+/-)-MDMA also should have induced such effects but did not. Apparently, R(-)-MDMA, when combined with S(+)-MDMA to form (+/-)-MDMA, prevented the appearance of those increases (from control) in activities. Similarly, R(-)-MDMA (but not S(+)-MDMA) produced increases in episodes (i.e. jumps) and vertical distance that racemic MDMA also should have, but were not, exhibited. Evidently, the presence of S(+)-MDMA in the racemic mixture inhibited the appearance of those increases (from control) in behavior. Taken together, the various and complex effects of MDMA and its stereoisomers are noted and a strategy is suggested for future studies that stresses the importance of steric effects and interplay, probable interaction(s) with various neurotransmitters, and interaction(s) with the particular behavioral or biological event (or action) being measured.
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Hargreaves GA, Hunt GE, Cornish JL, McGregor IS. High ambient temperature increases 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”)-induced Fos expression in a region-specific manner. Neuroscience 2007; 145:764-74. [PMID: 17289273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") is a popular drug that is often taken under hot conditions at dance clubs. High ambient temperature increases MDMA-induced hyperthermia and recent studies suggest that high temperatures may also enhance the rewarding and prosocial effects of MDMA in rats. The present study investigated whether ambient temperature influences MDMA-induced expression of Fos, a marker of neural activation. Male Wistar rats received either MDMA (10 mg/kg i.p.) or saline, and were placed in test chambers for 2 h at either 19 or 30 degrees C. MDMA caused significant hyperthermia at 30 degrees C and a modest hypothermia at 19 degrees C. The 30 degrees C ambient temperature had little effect on Fos expression in vehicle-treated rats. However MDMA-induced Fos expression was augmented in 15 of 30 brain regions at the high temperature. These regions included (1) sites associated with thermoregulation such as the median preoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus and raphe pallidus, (2) the supraoptic nucleus, a region important for osmoregulation and a key mediator of oxytocin and vasopressin release, (3) the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, important in the regulation of social and emotional behaviors, and (4) the shell of the nucleus accumbens and (anterior) ventral tegmental area, regions associated with the reinforcing effects of MDMA. MDMA-induced Fos expression was unaffected by ambient temperature at many other sites, and was diminished at high temperature at one site (the islands of Calleja), suggesting that the effect of temperature on MDMA-induced Fos expression was not a general pharmacokinetic effect. Overall, these results indicate that high temperatures accentuate key neural effects of MDMA and this may help explain the widespread use of the drug under hot conditions at dance parties as well as the more hazardous nature of MDMA taken under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Hargreaves
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Bondareva T, Wesołowska A, Dukat M, Lee M, Young R, Glennon RA. S(+)- and R(-)N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (MDMA) as discriminative stimuli: effect of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:531-8. [PMID: 16337676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Racemic N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), a central stimulant and empathogenic agent, and cocaine are drugs of abuse that function as training drugs in drug discrimination studies. In tests of stimulus generalization (substitution), asymmetric generalization occurs between the two agents: a (+/-)MDMA stimulus generalized to cocaine, but a cocaine stimulus did not generalize to (+/-)MDMA. A possible explanation may be found, at least in part, in the stimulus effects of the optical isomers of MDMA. In the present study, groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate either S(+)MDMA (training dose=1.5 mg/kg, i.p.; n=10; ED50=0.6 mg/kg) or R(-)MDMA (training dose=1.75 mg/kg, i.p.; n=7; ED50=0.4 mg/kg) from saline vehicle using a VI-15s schedule of reinforcement. Tests of stimulus generalization with cocaine were conducted in each of the two groups. Cocaine only partially substituted for the S(+)MDMA stimulus (maximum=39% drug-appropriate responding), and various doses of cocaine did not enhance the percent drug-appropriate responding produced by a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of S(+)MDMA. In contrast, the R(-)MDMA stimulus generalized completely to cocaine (ED50=1.3 mg/kg). Taken together with an earlier report that a (+/-)MDMA stimulus generalizes to cocaine, it would seem that the stimulus actions of cocaine might share greater similarity with R(-)MDMA than with S(+)MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bondareva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980540, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
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