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Mijanović O, Jakovleva A, Branković A, Zdravkova K, Pualic M, Belozerskaya TA, Nikitkina AI, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. Cathepsin K in Pathological Conditions and New Therapeutic and Diagnostic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213762. [PMID: 36430239 PMCID: PMC9698382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a part of the family of cysteine proteases involved in many important processes, including the degradation activity of collagen 1 and elastin in bone resorption. Changes in levels of CatK are associated with various pathological conditions, primarily related to bone and cartilage degradation, such as pycnodysostosis (associated with CatK deficiency), osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis (associated with CatK overexpression). Recently, the increased secretion of CatK is being highly correlated to vascular inflammation, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Wegener granulomatosis, berylliosis, tuberculosis, as well as with tumor progression. Due to the wide spectrum of diseases in which CatK is involved, the design and validation of active site-specific inhibitors has been a subject of keen interest in pharmaceutical companies in recent decades. In this review, we summarized the molecular background of CatK and its involvement in various diseases, as well as its clinical significance for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Mijanović
- Dia-M, LCC, 7 b.3 Magadanskaya Str., 129345 Moscow, Russia
- The Human Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ana Branković
- Department of Forensics Engineering, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Cara Dusana 196, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kristina Zdravkova
- AD Alkaloid Skopje, Boulevar Alexander the Great 12, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Milena Pualic
- Institute Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatiana A. Belozerskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Angelina I. Nikitkina
- ArhiMed Clinique for New Medical Technologies, Vavilova St. 68/2, 119261 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9261180220
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2
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Zou N, Liu R, Li C. Cathepsin K+ Non-Osteoclast Cells in the Skeletal System: Function, Models, Identity, and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818462. [PMID: 35912093 PMCID: PMC9326176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Ctsk) is a cysteine protease of the papain superfamily initially identified in differentiated osteoclasts; it plays a critical role in degrading the bone matrix. However, subsequent in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal models elucidate novel subpopulations of Ctsk-expressing cells, which display markers and properties of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. This review introduces the function, identity, and role of Ctsk+ cells and their therapeutic implications in related preclinical osseous disorder models. It also summarizes the available in vivo models for studying Ctsk+ cells and their progeny. Further investigations of detailed properties and mechanisms of Ctsk+ cells in transgenic models are required to guide potential therapeutic targets in multiple diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyu Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Changjun Li,
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3
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De Novo Transcriptome Profiling of Brain Tissue from the Annual Killifish Nothobranchius guentheri. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020137. [PMID: 33670176 PMCID: PMC7916979 DOI: 10.3390/life11020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nothobranchius is a genus of small annual killifish found in Africa. Due to the relatively short lifespan, as well as easy breeding and care, Nothobranchius fish are becoming widely used as a vertebrate model system. Studying the genome and transcriptome of these fish is essential for advancing the field. In this study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly of brain tissues from Nothobranchius guentheri using Trinity. Annotation of 104,271 potential genes (with transcripts longer than 500 bp) was carried out; for 24,967 genes (53,654 transcripts), in which at least one GO annotation was derived. We also analyzed the effect of a long-term food supplement with Torin 2, second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR, on the gene expression changes in brain tissue of adult N. guentheri. Overall, 1491 genes in females and 249 genes in males were differently expressed under Torin 2-supplemented diet. According to the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), the majority of identified genes were predominantly involved in the regulation of metabolic process, dendritic spine maintenance, circadian rhythms, retrotransposition, and immune response. Thus, we have provided the first transcriptome assembly and assessed the differential gene expression in response to exposure to Torin 2, which allow a better understanding of molecular changes in the brain tissues of adult fish in the mTOR pathway inhibition.
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Kuan PF, Clouston S, Yang X, Kotov R, Bromet E, Luft BJ. Molecular linkage between post-traumatic stress disorder and cognitive impairment: a targeted proteomics study of World Trade Center responders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:269. [PMID: 32753605 PMCID: PMC7403297 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing work on proteomics has found common biomarkers that are altered in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current study expands our understanding of these biomarkers by profiling 276 plasma proteins with known involvement in neurobiological processes using the Olink Proseek Multiplex Platform in individuals with both PTSD and MCI compared to either disorder alone and with unaffected controls. Participants were World Trade Center (WTC) responders recruited through the Stony Brook WTC Health Program. PTSD and MCI were measured with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, respectively. Compared with unaffected controls, we identified 16 proteins associated with comorbid PTSD-MCI at P < 0.05 (six at FDR < 0.1), 20 proteins associated with PTSD only (two at FDR < 0.1), and 24 proteins associated with MCI only (one at FDR < 0.1), for a total of 50 proteins. The multiprotein composite score achieved AUCs of 0.84, 0.77, and 0.83 for PTSD-MCI, PTSD only, and MCI only versus unaffected controls, respectively. To our knowledge, the current study is the largest to profile a large set of proteins involved in neurobiological processes. The significant associations across the three case-group analyses suggest that shared biological mechanisms may be involved in the two disorders. If findings from the multiprotein composite score are replicated in independent samples, it has the potential to add a new tool to help classify both PTSD and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sean Clouston
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Dai R, Wu Z, Chu HY, Lu J, Lyu A, Liu J, Zhang G. Cathepsin K: The Action in and Beyond Bone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:433. [PMID: 32582709 PMCID: PMC7287012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent proteases in lysosomal cysteine proteases family, of which main function is to mediate bone resorption. Currently, CatK is among the most attractive targets for anti-osteoporosis drug development. Although many pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of selective inhibitors for CatK, there is no FDA approved drug till now. Odanacatib (ODN) developed by Merck & Co. is the only CatK inhibitor candidate which demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis in Phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, the development of ODN was finally terminated due to the cardio-cerebrovascular adverse effects. Therefore, it arouses concerns on the undesirable CatK inhibition in non-bone sites. It is known that CatK has far-reaching actions throughout various organs besides bone. Many studies have also demonstrated the involvement of CatK in various diseases beyond the musculoskeletal system. This review not only summarized the functional roles of CatK in bone and beyond bone, but also discussed the potential relevance of the CatK action beyond bone to the adverse effects of inhibiting CatK in non-bone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeting Wu
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu,
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Ge Zhang,
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6
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Niemeyer C, Matosin N, Kaul D, Philipsen A, Gassen NC. The Role of Cathepsins in Memory Functions and the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:718. [PMID: 32793006 PMCID: PMC7393989 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are proteases with functions in cellular homeostasis, lysosomal degradation and autophagy. Their role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively studied. It is well established that impairment of proper cathepsin function plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and in recent years a role for cathepsins in mental disorders has emerged given the involvement of cathepsins in memory function, hyperactivity, and in depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Here we review putative cathepsin functions with a special focus on their role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. Specifically, cathepsins are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, particularly as part of the autophagy machinery of neural strategies underlying acute stress response. Disruption of cathepsin functions can lead to psychiatric diseases such as major depressive disease (MDD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Specifically, cathepsins can be excreted via a process called secretory autophagy. Thereby, they are able to regulate extracellular factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and perlecan c-terminal fragment LG3 providing maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and mediating neuronal plasticity in response to acute stress or trauma. In addition, impairment of proper cathepsin function can result in impaired synaptic transmission by compromised recycling and biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Taken together, further investigations on cathepsin functions and stress response, neuroplasticity, and synaptic transmission will be of great interest in understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Niemeyer
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic Kaul
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils C Gassen
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Dauth S, Rakov H, Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Weber J, Batbajar Dugershaw B, Braun D, Rehders M, Wirth EK, Führer D, Schweizer U, Brix K. Function of Cathepsin K in the Central Nervous System of Male Mice is Independent of Its Role in the Thyroid Gland. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:695-710. [PMID: 31808010 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K deficiency in male mice (Ctsk-/-) results in decreased numbers of hippocampal astrocytes and altered neuronal patterning as well as learning and memory deficits. Additionally, cathepsin K carries essential roles in the thyroid gland where it contributes to the liberation of thyroid hormones (TH). Because TH are essential for brain development, in particular for the cerebellum, we investigated whether cathepsin K's function in the thyroid is directly linked to the brain phenotype of Ctsk-/- mice. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, brain concentrations of free TH, and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) activity in brain parenchyma as well as cerebellar development were comparable in Ctsk-/- and WT animals, suggesting regular thyroid states and TH metabolism. Despite unaltered transcript levels, protein expression of two TH transporters was enhanced in specific brain regions in Ctsk-/- mice, suggesting altered TH supply to these regions. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh) mRNA levels were enhanced threefold in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. In the striatum of Ctsk-/- mice the mRNA for Dio2 and hairless were approximately 1.3-fold enhanced, while mRNA levels for monocarboxylate transporter 8 and Trh were reduced to 60% and 40%, respectively, pointing to altered striatal physiology. We conclude that the role of cathepsin K in the thyroid gland is not directly associated with its function in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Future studies will show whether the brain region-specific alterations in Trh mRNA may eventually result in altered neuroprotection that could explain the neurobehavioral defects of Ctsk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- Department of Mathematics and Logistics, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 1200-177, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,CisBio, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Battuja Batbajar Dugershaw
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Empa, Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Braun
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
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8
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Cathepsin K Knockout Exacerbates Haemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator After Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:823-831. [PMID: 31065924 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe haemorrhagic transformation (HT), a common complication of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment, predicts poor clinical outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. The search for agents to mitigate this effect includes investigating biomolecules involved in neovascularization. This study examines the role of Cathepsin K (Ctsk) in rtPA-induced HT after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. After knockout of Ctsk, the gene encoding Ctsk, the outcomes of Ctsk+/+ and Ctsk-/- mice were compared 24 h after rtPA-treated cerebral ischaemia with respect to HT severity, neurological deficits, brain oedema, infarct volume, number of apoptotic neurons and activated microglia/macrophage, blood-brain barrier integrity, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and Akt-mTOR pathway activation. We observed that haemoglobin levels, brain oedema and infarct volume were significantly greater and resulted in more severe neurological deficits in Ctsk-/- than in Ctsk+/+ mice. Consistent with our hypothesis, the number of NeuN-positive neurons was lower and the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic neurons and activated microglia/macrophage was higher in Ctsk-/- than in Ctsk+/+ mice. Ctsk knockout mice exhibited more severe blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, with microvascular endothelial cells exhibiting greater VEGF expression and lower ratios of phospo-Akt/Akt and phospo-mTOR/mTOR than in Ctsk+/+ mice. This study is the first to provide molecular insights into Ctsk-regulated HT after cerebral ischaemia, suggesting that Ctsk deficiency may disrupt the BBB via Akt/mTOR/VEGF signalling, resulting in neurological deficits and neuron apoptosis. Ctsk administration has the potential as a novel modality for improving the safety of rtPA treatment following stroke.
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9
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Mhillaj E, Bove M, De Giorgi A, Cantatore FP, Camerino C, Tucci P, Maffulli N, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Bone Homeostasis: A Study in the Social Isolation Reared Rat. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 27375486 PMCID: PMC4896906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is a key player in the onset and aggravation of mental diseases, including psychosis. Although a strong association between this psychiatric condition and other medical co-morbidities has been recently demonstrated, few data on the link between psychosis and bone homeostasis are actually available. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic psychosocial stress induced by 4 or 7 weeks of social isolation in drug-naïve male Wistar rats could alter bone homeostasis in terms of bone thickness, mineral density and content, as well as markers of bone formation and resorption (sclerostin, cathepsin K, and CTX-I). We found that bone mineral density was increased in rats exposed to 7 weeks of social isolation, while no differences were detected in bone mineral content and area. Moreover, 7 weeks of social isolation lead to increase of femur thickness with respect to controls, suggesting the development of a hyperostosis condition. Isolated rats showed no changes in sclerostin levels, a marker of bone formation, compared to grouped animals. Conversely, bone resorption markers were significantly altered after 7 weeks of social isolation in terms of decrease in cathepsin K and increase of CTX-I. No alterations were found after 4 weeks of isolation rearing. Our observations suggest that chronic psychosocial stress might affect bone homeostasis, more likely independently from drug treatment. Thus, the social isolation model might help to identify possible new therapeutic targets to treat the burden of chronic psychosocial stress and to attempt alternative therapy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Giorgi
- Dual Diagnosis Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Camerino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of RomeRome, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of SalernoSalerno, Italy; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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11
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Brömme D, Panwar P, Turan S. Cathepsin K osteoporosis trials, pycnodysostosis and mouse deficiency models: Commonalities and differences. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1160884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Verbovšek U, Van Noorden CJ, Lah TT. Complexity of cancer protease biology: Cathepsin K expression and function in cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:71-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Kumar S. A patient with pycnodysostosis presenting with seizures and porencephalic cysts. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2014; 5:284-6. [PMID: 25002775 PMCID: PMC4078620 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.133606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cysteine protease Cathepsin K gene located on chromosome 1q21. It has a well characterized skeletal phenotype which include short stature, generalized increased bone density with propensity of fractures, open calvarial sutures and fontanelle, dental abnormalities, obtuse mandibular angle, resorption of lateral end of clavicle, acro-osteolysis, and in some cases visceromegaly. Central nervous system involvement is very rare and porencephalic cysts has been reported only once, the cause being hypothesised to be an imbalance between the growing brain, its vascular supply and intraventricular fluid pressure. We had a patient with bilateral frontal lobe porencephalic cysts; the patient presenting with complex partial seizures. Cathepsins have been found to be involved in neurological diseases and role of proteases has been well established in gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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14
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Novinec M, Lenarčič B. Cathepsin K: a unique collagenolytic cysteine peptidase. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1163-79. [PMID: 23629523 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Initially identified as a papain-like cysteine peptidase expressed in high levels in osteoclasts, the important role of this enzyme in bone metabolism was highlighted by the finding that mutations in the CTSK gene cause the rare recessive disorder pycnodysostosis, which is characterized by severe bone anomalies. At the molecular level, the physiological role of cathepsin K is reflected by its unique cleavage pattern of type I collagen molecules, which is fundamentally different from that of other endogenous collagenases. Several cathepsin K inhibitors have been developed to reduce the excessive bone matrix degradation associated with osteoporosis, with the frontrunner odanacatib about to successfully conclude Phase 3 clinical trials. Apart from osteoclasts, cathepsin K is expressed in different cell types throughout the body and is involved in processes of adipogenesis, thyroxine liberation and peptide hormone regulation. Elevated activity of cathepsin K has been associated with arthritis, atherosclerosis, obesity, schizophrenia, and tumor metastasis. Accordingly, its activity is tightly regulated via multiple mechanisms, including competitive inhibition by endogenous macromolecular inhibitors and allosteric regulation by glycosaminoglycans. This review provides a state-of-the-art description of the activity of cathepsin K at the molecular level, its biological functions and the mechanisms involved in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Goenawan H, Hirai H. Modulation of lentiviral vector tropism in cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo by a lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin K. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:521-31. [PMID: 23070819 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that vesicular stomatitis virus-derived glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors harvested 2 days post-transfection preferred to infect Purkinje cells (PCs), whereas those harvested after a longer cultivation period exhibited Bergmann glia-preferential transduction. However, the mechanisms by which lentiviral tropism was altered remained unsolved. Here, we investigated whether proteases released from the cells during viral production affect lentiviral tropism. Enhanced green fluorescence protein-expressing lentiviral vectors were produced using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293FT or 293 T cells and injected into the mouse cerebellum to examine tropism in PCs. We found that the addition of a protease inhibitor-in particular, the cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitor-into the culture medium significantly increased lentiviral tropism in PCs. Moreover, the concentration of CatK in the culture medium drastically increased upon prolonged cultivation, concomitant with the expression levels of CatK in HEK 293 T cells. An increase in CatK activity by the addition of recombinant CatK enzyme to PC-preferential viral solution, which was obtained 2 days post-transfection, shifted the viral tropism toward Bergmann glia. In contrast, a decrease in CatK activity in the Bergmann glia-preferential viral solution, which was obtained 6 days post-transfection by the addition of CatK inhibitor or by the removal of a CatK-containing fraction, restored the PC preference of viruses. These results suggest that the CatK released from deteriorated HEK 293 T cells plays a key role in reducing lentiviral tropism in PCs, presumably by affecting a receptor molecule for lentiviral VSV-G, resulting in the preferential transduction of Bergmann glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Goenawan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Novinec M, Lenarčič B, Baici A. Clusterin is a specific stabilizer and liberator of extracellular cathepsin K. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1062-6. [PMID: 22569264 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine peptidase cathepsin K is a major player in extracellular proteolysis. Here we describe the identification of the multifunctional extracellular chaperone clusterin as a cathepsin K-binding protein. Clusterin increases the stability of cathepsin K in dilute solution and in the presence of high protein concentration. It does not alter the activity of the enzyme but acts as a liberator by preventing substrate inhibition. Kinetic measurements show that clusterin binds cathepsin K with high affinity (K(d) = 0.5-0.6 nM). Altogether these results provide novel insights into the mechanisms involved in the fine-tuning of cysteine cathepsin activity in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Dauth S, Sîrbulescu RF, Jordans S, Rehders M, Avena L, Oswald J, Lerchl A, Saftig P, Brix K. Cathepsin K deficiency in mice induces structural and metabolic changes in the central nervous system that are associated with learning and memory deficits. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:74. [PMID: 21794126 PMCID: PMC3199875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin K is a cysteine peptidase known for its importance in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Inhibitors of cathepsin K are in clinical trials for treatment of osteoporosis. However, side effects of first generation inhibitors included altered levels of related cathepsins in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system (CNS). Cathepsin K has been recently detected in brain parenchyma and it has been linked to neurobehavioral disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, the study of the functions that cathepsin K fulfils in the brain becomes highly relevant. Results Cathepsin K messenger RNA was detectable in all brain regions of wild type (WT) mice. At the protein level, cathepsin K was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in vesicles of neuronal and non-neuronal cells throughout the mouse brain. The hippocampus of WT mice exhibited the highest levels of cathepsin K activity in fluorogenic assays, while the cortex, striatum, and cerebellum revealed significantly lower enzymatic activities. At the molecular level, the proteolytic network of cysteine cathepsins was disrupted in the brain of cathepsin K-deficient (Ctsk-/-) animals. Specifically, cathepsin B and L protein and activity levels were altered, whereas cathepsin D remained largely unaffected. Cystatin C, an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, was elevated in the striatum and hippocampus, pointing to regional differences in the tissue response to Ctsk ablation. Decreased levels of astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein, fewer and less ramified profiles of astrocyte processes, differentially altered levels of oligodendrocytic cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, as well as alterations in the patterning of neuronal cell layers were observed in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. A number of molecular and cellular changes were detected in other brain regions, including the cortex, striatum/mesencephalon, and cerebellum. Moreover, an overall induction of the dopaminergic system was found in Ctsk-/- animals which exhibited reduced anxiety levels as well as short- and long-term memory impairments in behavioral assessments. Conclusion We conclude that deletion of the Ctsk gene can lead to deregulation of related proteases, resulting in a wide range of molecular and cellular changes in the CNS with severe consequences for tissue homeostasis. We propose that cathepsin K activity has an important impact on the development and maintenance of the CNS in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center MOLIFE-Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
The human cysteine peptidase cathepsin K is a key enzyme in bone homoeostasis and other physiological functions. In the present study we investigate the mechanism of cathepsin K action at physiological plasma pH and its regulation by modifiers that bind outside of the active site. We show that at physiological plasma pH the enzyme fluctuates between multiple conformations that are differently susceptible to macromolecular inhibitors and can be manipulated by varying the ionic strength of the medium. The behaviour of the enzyme in vitro can be described by the presence of two discrete conformations with distinctive kinetic properties and different susceptibility to inhibition by the substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. We identify and characterize sulfated glycosaminoglycans as natural allosteric modifiers of cathepsin K that exploit the conformational flexibility of the enzyme to regulate its activity and stability against autoproteolysis. All sulfated glycosaminoglycans act as non-essential activators in assays using low-molecular-mass substrates. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate bind at one site on the enzyme, whereas heparin binds at an additional site and has a strongly stabilizing effect that is unique among human glycosaminoglycans. All glycosaminoglycans stimulate the elastinolytic activity of cathepsin K at physiological plasma pH, but only heparin also increases the collagenolytic activity of the enzyme under these conditions. Altogether these results provide novel insight into the mechanism of cathepsin K function at the molecular level and its regulation in the extracellular space.
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Lendeckel U, Kähne T, Ten Have S, Bukowska A, Wolke C, Bogerts B, Keilhoff G, Bernstein HG. Cathepsin K generates enkephalin from β-endorphin: A new mechanism with possible relevance for schizophrenia. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:410-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brömme D, Lecaille F. Cathepsin K inhibitors for osteoporosis and potential off-target effects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:585-600. [PMID: 19388876 PMCID: PMC3110777 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902832661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a highly potent collagenase and the predominant papain-like cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts. Cathepsin K deficiencies in humans and mice have underlined the central role of this protease in bone resorption and, thus, have rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. In the past decade, a lot of efforts have been made in developing highly potent, selective and orally applicable cathepsin K inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. The development of the inhibitors and preliminary results of the clinical trials revealed problems and lessons concerning the in situ specificity of the compounds and their tissue targeting. In this review, we briefly summarize the history of cathepsin K research and discuss the current development of cathepsin K inhibitors as novel anti-resorptives for the treatment of osteoporosis. We also discuss potential off-target effects of cathepsin K inhibition and alternative applications of cathepsin K inhibitors in arthritis, atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- University of British Columbia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Lendeckel U. Cathepsin K and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 28:e163. [PMID: 19020311 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.178160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brix K, Dunkhorst A, Mayer K, Jordans S. Cysteine cathepsins: cellular roadmap to different functions. Biochimie 2007; 90:194-207. [PMID: 17825974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins belong to the papain-like family C1 of clan CA cysteine peptidases. These enzymes are ubiquitously expressed and exert their proteolytic activity mainly, but not exclusively within the compartments along the endocytic pathway. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins are active in pericellular environments as soluble enzymes or bound to cell surface receptors at the plasma membrane, and possibly even within secretory vesicles, the cytosol, mitochondria, and within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Proteolytic actions performed by cysteine cathepsins are essential in the maintenance of homeostasis and depend heavily upon their correct sorting and trafficking within cells. As a consequence, the numerous and diverse approaches to identification, qualitative and quantitative determination, and visualization of cysteine cathepsin functions in vitro, in situ, and in vivo cover the entire spectrum of biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. This review focuses upon the transport pathways directing cysteine cathepsins to their points of action and thus emphasizes the broader role and functionality of cysteine cathepsins in a number of specific cellular locales. Such understanding will provide a foundation for future research investigating the involvement of these peptidases with their substrates, inhibitors, and the intertwined proteolytic networks at the hubs of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 6, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
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