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Adraoui FW, Douw L, Martens GJM, Maas DA. Connecting Neurobiological Features with Interregional Dysconnectivity in Social-Cognitive Impairments of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097680. [PMID: 37175387 PMCID: PMC10177877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the world's population. Social-cognitive impairments in SZ prevent positive social interactions and lead to progressive social withdrawal. The neurobiological underpinnings of social-cognitive symptoms remain poorly understood, which hinders the development of novel treatments. At the whole-brain level, an abnormal activation of social brain regions and interregional dysconnectivity within social-cognitive brain networks have been identified as major contributors to these symptoms. At the cellular and subcellular levels, an interplay between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction is thought to underly SZ pathology. However, it is not clear how these molecular processes are linked with interregional dysconnectivity in the genesis of social-cognitive symptoms. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between macroscale (connectivity analyses) and microscale (molecular and cellular mechanistic) knowledge by proposing impaired myelination and the disinhibition of local microcircuits as possible causative biological pathways leading to dysconnectivity and abnormal activity of the social brain. Furthermore, we recommend electroencephalography as a promising translational technique that can foster pre-clinical drug development and discuss attractive drug targets for the treatment of social-cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W Adraoui
- Biotrial, Preclinical Pharmacology Department, 7-9 rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Linda Douw
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience (DCN), Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd., 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien A Maas
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Rahman MT, Decker AM, Laudermilk L, Maitra R, Ma W, Ben Hamida S, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Jin C. Evaluation of Amide Bioisosteres Leading to 1,2,3-Triazole Containing Compounds as GPR88 Agonists: Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12397-12413. [PMID: 34387471 PMCID: PMC8395584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR88 has been implicated in a number of striatal-associated disorders, yet its endogenous ligand has not been discovered. We have previously reported that the amine functionality in the 2-AMPP-derived GPR88 agonists can be replaced with an amide (e.g., 4) without losing activity. Later, we have found that the amide can be replaced with a bioisosteric 1,3,4-oxadiazole with improved potency. Here, we report a further study of amide bioisosteric replacement with a variety of azoles containing three heteroatoms, followed by a focused structure-activity relationship study, leading to the discovery of a series of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles as GPR88 agonists. Collectively, our medicinal chemistry efforts have resulted in a potent, efficacious, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist 53 (cAMP EC50 = 14 nM), which is a suitable probe to study GPR88 functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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3
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Rahman MT, Decker AM, Langston TL, Mathews KM, Laudermilk L, Maitra R, Ma W, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Jin C. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of (4-Alkoxyphenyl)glycinamides and Bioisosteric 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as GPR88 Agonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14989-15012. [PMID: 33205975 PMCID: PMC7737621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 88 (GPR88) in a number of striatal-associated disorders. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a series of novel (4-alkoxyphenyl)glycinamides (e.g., 31) and the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole bioisosteres derived from the 2-AMPP scaffold (1) as GPR88 agonists. The 5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (84, 88-90) had significantly improved potency and lower lipophilicity compared to 2-AMPP. Compound 84 had an EC50 of 59 nM in the GPR88 overexpressing cell-based cAMP assay. In addition, 84 had an EC50 of 942 nM in the [35S]GTPγS binding assay using mouse striatal membranes but was inactive in membranes from GPR88 knockout mice, even at a concentration of 100 μM. In vivo pharmacokinetic testing of 90 in rats revealed that the 5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole analogues may have limited brain permeability. Taken together, these results provide the basis for further optimization to develop a suitable agonist to probe GPR88 functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Langston
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Kelly M. Mathews
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada,INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada,INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67085, France
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States,Corresponding author: Dr. Chunyang Jin, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Telephone: 919 541-6328, Fax: 919 541-8868,
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4
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Keever MR, Zhang P, Bolt CR, Antonson AM, Rymut HE, Caputo MP, Houser AK, Hernandez AG, Southey BR, Rund LA, Johnson RW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Lasting and Sex-Dependent Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Molecular Pathways of the Amygdala. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:774. [PMID: 32848554 PMCID: PMC7431923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolonged and sex-dependent impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation on the molecular pathways of the amygdala, a brain region that influences social, emotional, and other behaviors, is only partially understood. To address this gap, we investigated the effects of viral-elicited MIA during gestation on the amygdala transcriptome of pigs, a species of high molecular and developmental homology to humans. Gene expression levels were measured using RNA-Seq on the amygdala for 3-week-old female and male offspring from MIA and control groups. Among the 403 genes that exhibited significant MIA effect, a prevalence of differentially expressed genes annotated to the neuroactive ligand-receptor pathway, glutamatergic functions, neuropeptide systems, and cilium morphogenesis were uncovered. Genes in these categories included corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2, glutamate metabotropic receptor 4, glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, vasointestinal peptide receptor 2, neurotensin, proenkephalin, and gastrin-releasing peptide. These categories and genes have been associated with the MIA-related human neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Gene network reconstruction highlighted differential vulnerability to MIA effects between sexes. Our results advance the understanding necessary for the development of multifactorial therapies targeting immune modulation and neurochemical dysfunction that can ameliorate the effects of MIA on offspring behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa R Keever
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Pan Zhang
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtni R Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Adrienne M Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Haley E Rymut
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Megan P Caputo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexandra K Houser
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alvaro G Hernandez
- High-throughput Sequencing and Genotyping Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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5
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Matveeva TM, Pisansky MT, Young A, Miller RF, Gewirtz JC. Sociality deficits in serine racemase knockout mice. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01383. [PMID: 31515952 PMCID: PMC6790321 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of schizophrenia have pointed to the role of glutamate in its pathophysiology. Mice lacking D-serine show impairments in neurotransmission through NMDA receptors and display behaviors consistent with features of schizophrenia. Yet, socio-communicative deficits, a characteristic of schizophrenia, have not been reported in serine racemase knockout mice. METHODS We use behavioral testing (the three-chambered social approach task, the dyadic interaction task, and the novel object recognition task) to examine socio-communicative behaviors in these mice. RESULTS Serine racemase mice show abnormal social investigation and approach behavior, and differ from wild-type controls in the duration and number of vocalizations they emit in the presence of a conspecific. Serine racemase knockout mice were not impaired in a cognitive test (novel object recognition), although they displayed abnormal behavior in the acquisition phase of the task. CONCLUSIONS Serine racemase knockout mice demonstrate abnormalities in socio-communicative behaviors consistent with an impairment in sociality, a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana M Matveeva
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marc T Pisansky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert F Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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6
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Jin C, Decker AM, Harris DL, Blough BE. Effect of Substitution on the Aniline Moiety of the GPR88 Agonist 2-PCCA: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Molecular Modeling Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1418-1432. [PMID: 27499251 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88, an orphan receptor richly expressed in the striatum, is implicated in a number of basal ganglia-associated disorders. In order to elucidate the functions of GPR88, an in vivo probe appropriate for CNS investigation is required. We previously reported that 2-PCCA was able to modulate GPR88-mediated cAMP production through a Gαi-coupled pathway. Early structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that the aniline moiety of 2-PCCA is a suitable site for diverse modifications. Aimed at elucidating structural requirements in this region, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues bearing a variety of substituents at the phenyl ring of the aniline moiety. Several compounds (e.g., 5j, 5o) showed improved or comparable potency, but have lower lipophilicity than 2-PCCA (clogP 6.19). These compounds provide the basis for further optimization to probe GPR88 in vivo functions. Computational studies confirmed the SAR trends and supported the notion that 4'-substituents on the biphenyl ring exit through a largely hydrophobic binding site to the extracellular loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Danni L. Harris
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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7
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Kobayashi Y, Kulikova SP, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Satoh H, Pinault D, Masuo Y. DNA microarray unravels rapid changes in transcriptome of MK-801 treated rat brain. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:389-408. [PMID: 26629322 PMCID: PMC4657125 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of MK-801 on gene expression patterns genome wide in rat brain regions.
METHODS: Rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MK-801 [0.08 (low-dose) and 0.16 (high-dose) mg/kg] or NaCl (vehicle control). In a first series of experiment, the frontoparietal electrocorticogram was recorded 15 min before and 60 min after injection. In a second series of experiments, the whole brain of each animal was rapidly removed at 40 min post-injection, and different regions were separated: amygdala, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and ventral striatum on ice followed by DNA microarray (4 × 44 K whole rat genome chip) analysis.
RESULTS: Spectral analysis revealed that a single systemic injection of MK-801 significantly and selectively augmented the power of baseline gamma frequency (30-80 Hz) oscillations in the frontoparietal electroencephalogram. DNA microarray analysis showed the largest number (up- and down- regulations) of gene expressions in the cerebral cortex (378), midbrain (376), hippocampus (375), ventral striatum (353), amygdala (301), and hypothalamus (201) under low-dose (0.08 mg/kg) of MK-801. Under high-dose (0.16 mg/kg), ventral striatum (811) showed the largest number of gene expression changes. Gene expression changes were functionally categorized to reveal expression of genes and function varies with each brain region.
CONCLUSION: Acute MK-801 treatment increases synchrony of baseline gamma oscillations, and causes very early changes in gene expressions in six individual rat brain regions, a first report.
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8
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Involvement of MeCP2 in Regulation of Myelin-Related Gene Expression in Cultured Rat Oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:176-84. [PMID: 26140854 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multifunctional protein which binds to methylated CpG, mutation of which cause a neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome. MeCP2 can function as both transcriptional activator and repressor of target gene. MeCP2 regulate gene expression in both neuron and glial cells in central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of CNS, are required for normal functioning of neurons and are regulated by several transcription factors during their differentiation. In current study, we focused on the role of MeCP2 as transcription regulator of myelin genes in cultured rat oligodendrocytes. We have observed expression of MeCP2 at all stages of oligodendrocyte development. MeCP2 knockdown in cultured oligodendrocytes by small interference RNA (siRNA) has shown increase in myelin genes (myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein (MOBP)), neurotrophin (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), and transcriptional regulator (YY1) transcripts level, which are involved in regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Further, we also found that protein levels of MBP, PLP, DM-20, and BDNF also significantly upregulated in MeCP2 knockdown oligodendrocytes. Our study suggests that the MeCP2 acts as a negative regulator of myelin protein expression.
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9
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Bi Y, Dzierba CD, Fink C, Garcia Y, Green M, Han J, Kwon S, Kumi G, Liang Z, Liu Y, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Zipp G, Burford N, Ferrante M, Bertekap R, Lewis M, Cacace A, Westphal RS, Kimball D, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. The discovery of potent agonists for GPR88, an orphan GPCR, for the potential treatment of CNS disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1443-7. [PMID: 25754495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Modulating GPR88 activity is suggested to have therapeutic utility in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as schizophrenia. This Letter will describe the discovery and SAR development of a class of potent GPR88 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Bi
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Carolyn D Dzierba
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Cynthia Fink
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Yudith Garcia
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Michael Green
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Jianxin Han
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Godwin Kumi
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Zhi Liang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Ying Qiao
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Greg Zipp
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Neil Burford
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Meredith Ferrante
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Robert Bertekap
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Martin Lewis
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Angela Cacace
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Ryan S Westphal
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - David Kimball
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
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10
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Dzierba CD, Bi Y, Dasgupta B, Hartz RA, Ahuja V, Cianchetta G, Kumi G, Dong L, Aleem S, Fink C, Garcia Y, Green M, Han J, Kwon S, Qiao Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zipp G, Liang Z, Burford N, Ferrante M, Bertekap R, Lewis M, Cacace A, Grace J, Wilson A, Nouraldeen A, Westphal R, Kimball D, Carson K, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of phenylglycinols and phenyl amines as agonists of GPR88. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1448-52. [PMID: 25690789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule modulators of GPR88 activity (agonists, antagonists, or modulators) are of interest as potential agents for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. A series of phenylglycinol and phenylamine analogs have been prepared and evaluated for their GPR88 agonist activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D Dzierba
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Yingzhi Bi
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Bireshwar Dasgupta
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Richard A Hartz
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Vijay Ahuja
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | | | - Godwin Kumi
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Li Dong
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Saadat Aleem
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Cynthia Fink
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Yudith Garcia
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Jianxin Han
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Ying Qiao
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Greg Zipp
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Zhi Liang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Neil Burford
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Meredith Ferrante
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Robert Bertekap
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Martin Lewis
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Angela Cacace
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James Grace
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA
| | - Amr Nouraldeen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA
| | - Ryan Westphal
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - David Kimball
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Kenneth Carson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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11
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Jin C, Decker AM, Huang XP, Gilmour BP, Blough BE, Roth BL, Hu Y, Gill JB, Zhang XP. Synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and structure-activity relationship studies of small molecular agonists for the orphan GPR88 receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:576-87. [PMID: 24793972 DOI: 10.1021/cn500082p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) enriched in the striatum. Genetic deletion and gene expression studies have suggested that GPR88 plays an important role in the regulation of striatal functions and is implicated in psychiatric disorders. The signal transduction pathway and receptor functions of GPR88, however, are still largely unknown due to the lack of endogenous and synthetic ligands. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a GPR88 agonist 2-PCCA and its pure diastereomers, which were functionally characterized in both transiently and stably expressing GPR88 HEK293 cells. 2-PCCA inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner in cells expressing GPR88 but not in the control cells, suggesting that the observed cAMP inhibition is mediated through GPR88 and that GPR88 is coupled to Gαi. 2-PCCA did not induce calcium mobilization in GPR88 cells, indicating no Gαq-mediated response. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of 2-PCCA was also conducted to explore the key structural features for GPR88 agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National
Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department
of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- National
Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department
of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Joseph B. Gill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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12
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Wilson CA, Koenig JI. Social interaction and social withdrawal in rodents as readouts for investigating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:759-73. [PMID: 24342774 PMCID: PMC4481734 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms (e.g., asociality and anhedonia) are a distinct symptomatic domain that has been found to significantly affect the quality of life in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Additionally, the primary negative symptom of asociality (i.e., withdrawal from social contact that derives from indifference or lack of desire to have social contact) is a major contributor to poor psychosocial functioning and has been found to play an important role in the course of the disorder. Nonetheless, the pathophysiology underlying these symptoms is unknown and currently available treatment options (e.g., antipsychotics and cognitive-behavioral therapy) fail to reliably produce efficacious benefits. Utilizing rodent paradigms that measure social behaviors (e.g., social withdrawal) to elucidate the neurobiological substrates that underlie social dysfunction and to identify novel therapeutic targets may be highly informative and useful to understand more about the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the behavioral tasks for assessing social functioning that may be translationally relevant for investigating negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
| | - James I Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
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13
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Effect of acute stressor and serotonin transporter genotype on amygdala first wave transcriptome in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58880. [PMID: 23536833 PMCID: PMC3594195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prominent brain region evaluating the significance of external stimuli immediately after their onset is the amygdala. Stimuli evaluated as being stressful actuate a number of physiological processes as an immediate stress response. Variation in the serotonin transporter gene has been associated with increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior, altered stress reactivity and adaptation, and pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In this study the instant reactions to an acute stressor were measured in a serotonin transporter knockout mouse model. Mice lacking the serotonin transporter were verified to be more anxious than their wild-type conspecifics. Genome-wide gene expression changes in the amygdala were measured after the mice were subjected to control condition or to an acute stressor of one minute exposure to water. The dissection of amygdalae and stabilization of RNA was conducted within nine minutes after the onset of the stressor. This extremely short protocol allowed for analysis of first wave primary response genes, typically induced within five to ten minutes of stimulation, and was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. RNA profiling revealed a largely new set of differentially expressed primary response genes between the conditions acute stress and control that differed distinctly between wild-type and knockout mice. Consequently, functional categorization and pathway analysis indicated genes related to neuroplasticity and adaptation in wild-types whereas knockouts were characterized by impaired plasticity and genes more related to chronic stress and pathophysiology. Our study therefore disclosed different coping styles dependent on serotonin transporter genotype even directly after the onset of stress and accentuates the role of the serotonergic system in processing stressors and threat in the amygdala. Moreover, several of the first wave primary response genes that we found might provide promising targets for future therapeutic interventions of stress-related disorders also in humans.
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14
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Ayalew M, Le-Niculescu H, Levey DF, Jain N, Changala B, Patel SD, Winiger E, Breier A, Shekhar A, Amdur R, Koller D, Nurnberger JI, Corvin A, Geyer M, Tsuang MT, Salomon D, Schork NJ, Fanous AH, O'Donovan MC, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: from comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:887-905. [PMID: 22584867 PMCID: PMC3427857 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have used a translational convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to identify and prioritize genes involved in schizophrenia, by gene-level integration of genome-wide association study data with other genetic and gene expression studies in humans and animal models. Using this polyevidence scoring and pathway analyses, we identify top genes (DISC1, TCF4, MBP, MOBP, NCAM1, NRCAM, NDUFV2, RAB18, as well as ADCYAP1, BDNF, CNR1, COMT, DRD2, DTNBP1, GAD1, GRIA1, GRIN2B, HTR2A, NRG1, RELN, SNAP-25, TNIK), brain development, myelination, cell adhesion, glutamate receptor signaling, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and cAMP-mediated signaling as key to pathophysiology and as targets for therapeutic intervention. Overall, the data are consistent with a model of disrupted connectivity in schizophrenia, resulting from the effects of neurodevelopmental environmental stress on a background of genetic vulnerability. In addition, we show how the top candidate genes identified by CFG can be used to generate a genetic risk prediction score (GRPS) to aid schizophrenia diagnostics, with predictive ability in independent cohorts. The GRPS also differentiates classic age of onset schizophrenia from early onset and late-onset disease. We also show, in three independent cohorts, two European American and one African American, increasing overlap, reproducibility and consistency of findings from single-nucleotide polymorphisms to genes, then genes prioritized by CFG, and ultimately at the level of biological pathways and mechanisms. Finally, we compared our top candidate genes for schizophrenia from this analysis with top candidate genes for bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders from previous CFG analyses conducted by us, as well as findings from the fields of autism and Alzheimer. Overall, our work maps the genomic and biological landscape for schizophrenia, providing leads towards a better understanding of illness, diagnostics and therapeutics. It also reveals the significant genetic overlap with other major psychiatric disorder domains, suggesting the need for improved nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayalew
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - B Changala
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Amdur
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Schijndel JEV, Martens GJM. Gene expression profiling in rodent models for schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:382-93. [PMID: 21629445 PMCID: PMC3080594 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex neurodevelopmental disorder schizophrenia is thought to be induced by an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental stressors. In order to get a better insight into the aetiology of this complex disorder, animal models have been developed. In this review, we summarize mRNA expression profiling studies on neurodevelopmental, pharmacological and genetic animal models for schizophrenia. We discuss parallels and contradictions among these studies, and propose strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Change in the expression of myelination/oligodendrocyte-related genes during puberty in the rat brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1265-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Neill JC, Barnes S, Cook S, Grayson B, Idris NF, McLean SL, Snigdha S, Rajagopal L, Harte MK. Animal models of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: focus on NMDA receptor antagonism. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:419-32. [PMID: 20705091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia remain an unmet clinical need. Improved understanding of the neuro- and psychopathology of these deficits depends on the availability of carefully validated animal models which will assist the development of novel therapies. There is much evidence that at least some of the pathology and symptomatology (particularly cognitive and negative symptoms) of schizophrenia results from a dysfunction of the glutamatergic system which may be modelled in animals through the use of NMDA receptor antagonists. The current review examines the validity of this model in rodents. We review the ability of acute and sub-chronic treatment with three non-competitive NMDA antagonists; phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine and MK801 (dizocilpine) to produce cognitive deficits of relevance to schizophrenia in rodents and their subsequent reversal by first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on the performance of rodents in behavioural tests assessing the various domains of cognition and negative symptoms are examined: novel object recognition for visual memory, reversal learning and attentional set shifting for problem solving and reasoning, 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time for attention and speed of processing; in addition to effects on social behaviour and neuropathology. The evidence strongly supports the use of NMDA receptor antagonists to model cognitive deficit and negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as certain pathological disturbances seen in the illness. This will facilitate the evaluation of much-needed novel pharmacological agents for improved therapy of cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Neill
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.
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18
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Transthyretin: More than meets the eye. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:266-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Joo Y, Choi KM, Lee YH, Kim G, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kim HJ. Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and decreases transthyretin in the mouse cortex. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:121-5. [PMID: 19539719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the changes in gene expression in the mouse cortex following chronic stress and behavioral tests. Mice were subjected to immobilization stress for 2h per day for 15 consecutive days and the behavior of the mice was examined. The mice in the experimental group were more anxious and depressive than the control mice. The expression of mRNA in the cortex was analyzed by microarray analysis and 63 genes were found to show a greater than twofold change in expression between the control and experimental groups. Transthyretin was further investigated because its expression showed the greatest fold change. Transthyretin mRNA expression decreased in a chronic stress-specific manner, and protein levels were reduced in the cortex but not in the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
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20
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Labrie V, Fukumura R, Rastogi A, Fick LJ, Wang W, Boutros PC, Kennedy JL, Semeralul MO, Lee FH, Baker GB, Belsham DD, Barger SW, Gondo Y, Wong AHC, Roder JC. Serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans and in a mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3227-43. [PMID: 19483194 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. d-serine is an important NMDAR modulator, and to elucidate the role of the d-serine synthesis enzyme serine racemase (Srr) in schizophrenia, we identified and characterized mice with an ENU-induced mutation that results in a complete loss of Srr activity and dramatically reduced d-serine levels. Mutant mice displayed behaviors relevant to schizophrenia, including impairments in prepulse inhibition, sociability and spatial discrimination. Behavioral deficits were exacerbated by an NMDAR antagonist and ameliorated by d-serine or the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Expression profiling revealed that the Srr mutation influenced several genes that have been linked to schizophrenia and cognitive ability. Transcript levels altered by the Srr mutation were also normalized by d-serine or clozapine treatment. Furthermore, analysis of SRR genetic variants in humans identified a robust association with schizophrenia. This study demonstrates that aberrant Srr function and diminished d-serine may contribute to schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Labrie
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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