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Gündel D, Toussaint M, Lai TH, Deuther-Conrad W, Cumming P, Schröder S, Teodoro R, Moldovan RP, Pan-Montojo F, Sattler B, Kopka K, Sabri O, Brust P. Quantitation of the A2A Adenosine Receptor Density in the Striatum of Mice and Pigs with [18F]FLUDA by Positron Emission Tomography. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050516. [PMID: 35631343 PMCID: PMC9146919 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral expression of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) is altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD) and Huntington’s (HD) diseases, making these receptors an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target. We aimed to further investigate the pharmacokinetic properties in the brain of our recently developed A2AAR–specific antagonist radiotracer [18F]FLUDA. For this purpose, we retrospectively analysed dynamic PET studies of healthy mice and rotenone–treated mice, and conducted dynamic PET studies with healthy pigs. We performed analysis of mouse brain time–activity curves to calculate the mean residence time (MRT) by non–compartmental analysis, and the binding potential (BPND) of [18F]FLUDA using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM). For the pig studies, we performed a Logan graphical analysis to calculate the radiotracer distribution volume (VT) at baseline and under blocking conditions with tozadenant. The MRT of [18F]FLUDA in the striatum of mice was decreased by 30% after treatment with the A2AAR antagonist istradefylline. Mouse results showed the highest BPND (3.9 to 5.9) in the striatum. SRTM analysis showed a 20% lower A2AAR availability in the rotenone–treated mice compared to the control–aged group. Tozadenant treatment significantly decreased the VT (14.6 vs. 8.5 mL · g−1) and BPND values (1.3 vs. 0.3) in pig striatum. This study confirms the target specificity and a high BPND of [18F]FLUDA in the striatum. We conclude that [18F]FLUDA is a suitable tool for the non–invasive quantitation of altered A2AAR expression in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and HD, by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gündel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-234179-4615
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Thu Hang Lai
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Research and Development, ROTOP Pharmaka Ltd., 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Susann Schröder
- Department of Research and Development, ROTOP Pharmaka Ltd., 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Research and Development, Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität (LMU) Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sattler
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, 04308 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (T.H.L.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (R.-P.M.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig–Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Toyohara J, Sakata M, Wagatsuma K, Tago T, Ishibashi K, Ishii K, Elsinga P, Ishiwata K. Test-retest reproducibility of cerebral adenosine A 2A receptor quantification using [ 11C]preladenant. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 36:15-23. [PMID: 34564828 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reproducibility of cerebral adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) quantification using [11C]preladenant ([11C]PLN) and PET in a test-retest study. METHODS Eight healthy male volunteers were enrolled. Dynamic 90 min PET scans were performed twice at the same time of the day to avoid the effect of diurnal variation. Subjects refrained from caffeine from 12 h prior to scanning, and serum caffeine was measured before radioligand injection. Arterial blood was sampled repeatedly during scanning and the fraction of the parent compound in plasma was determined. Total distribution volume (VT) was estimated using 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1-TCM and 2-TCM, respectively) and Logan graphical analysis (Logan plot) (t* = 30 min). Plasma-free fraction (fP) of [11C]PLN was measured and used for correction of VT values. Distribution volume ratio (DVR) was calculated from VT of target and reference regions and obtained by noninvasive Logan graphical reference tissue model (LGAR) (t* = 30 min). Absolute test-retest variability (aTRV), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of VT and DVR were calculated as indexes of repeatability. Correlation between DVR and serum concentration of caffeine (a nonselective A2AR blocker) was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS Regional time-activity curves were well described by 2-TCM models. Estimation of VT by 2-TCM produced some erroneous values; therefore, the more robust Logan plot was selected as the appropriate model. Global mean aTRV was 20% for VT and 14% for VT/fP (ICC, 0.72 for VT and 0.87 for VT/fP). Global mean aTRV of DVR was 13% for Logan plot and 10% for LGAR (ICC, 0.70 for Logan plot and 0.81 for LGAR). DVR estimates using LGAR and Logan plot were in good agreement (r2 = 0.96). Coefficients of variation for VT, VT/fP, DVR (Logan plot), and DVR (LGAR) were 47%, 47%, 27%, and 18%, respectively. Despite low serum caffeine levels, significant concentration-dependent effects on [11C]PLN binding to target regions were observed (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this study, moderate test-retest reproducibility and large inter-subject differences were observed with [11C]PLN PET, possibly attributable to competition by baseline amount of caffeine. Analysis of plasma caffeine concentration is recommended during [11C]PLN PET studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000030040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Philip Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8563, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Atif M, Alsrhani A, Naz F, Imran M, Imran M, Ullah MI, Alameen AAM, Gondal TA, Raza Q. Targeting Adenosine Receptors in Neurological Diseases. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:57-72. [PMID: 33861641 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine plays a significant role in neurotransmission process by controlling the blood pressure, while adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter and by activation of P2 receptors, regulates the contractility of the heart. Adenosine signaling is essential in the process of regeneration by regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of stem cells. In this review, we have selected neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy) with clinical trials using antagonists and epigenetic tools targeting adenosine receptor as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of these disorders. Promising results have been reported from many clinical trials. It has been found that higher expression levels of A2A and P2X7 receptors in neurological disorders further complicate the disease condition. Therefore, modulations of these receptors by using antagonists of these receptors or SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) therapy as an epigenetic tool could be useful in reversing the complications of these disorders. Finally, we suggest that modulation of adenosine receptors in neurological disorders can increase the regenerative phase by increasing the rate of proliferation and differentiation in the damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhmmad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrah Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A M Alameen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qaisar Raza
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan
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5
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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LeWitt PA, Aradi SD, Hauser RA, Rascol O. The challenge of developing adenosine A 2A antagonists for Parkinson disease: Istradefylline, preladenant, and tozadenant. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80 Suppl 1:S54-S63. [PMID: 33349581 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and clinical experience have pointed to the value of targeting motor pathways emerging from the striatum to treat problems arising in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). These pathways are selectively populated with a subtype of adenosine binding sites (A2A receptors) that offer a target for improving PD symptomatology. Several compounds were developed that possess high selectivity and potency for blocking this receptor. Three of these compounds - istradefylline, preladenant, and tozadenant - were chosen for clinical development programs that culminated in Phase 3 multicenter randomized clinical trials. Each of these drugs exert virtually no off-target neurochemical effects. Clinical trials with these drugs focused upon reducing OFF time when administered adjunctly to levodopa and other antiparkinsonian medications. Despite promising Phase 2 data, preladenant did not show efficacy when tested in a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical trial. Reports of hematological toxicity necessitated ceasing an ongoing Phase 3 investigation of tozadenant. Following a challenging approval process, based on the results of randomized clinical trials carried out in the U.S. and Japan, istradefylline received approval in these countries for treatment of OFF episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Stephen D Aradi
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, NS-Park/FCRIN Network and NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
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7
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Silkis IG. Role of Acetylcholine and GABAergic Inhibitory Transmission in Seizure Pattern Generation in Neural Networks Integrating the Neocortex, Hippocampus, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Adenosine A 2AReceptors in Substance Use Disorders: A Focus on Cocaine. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061372. [PMID: 32492952 PMCID: PMC7348840 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several psychoactive drugs can evoke substance use disorders (SUD) in humans and animals, and these include psychostimulants, opioids, cannabinoids (CB), nicotine, and alcohol. The etiology, mechanistic processes, and the therapeutic options to deal with SUD are not well understood. The common feature of all abused drugs is that they increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry of the brain followed by the activation of DA receptors. D2 receptors were proposed as important molecular targets for SUD. The findings showed that D2 receptors formed heteromeric complexes with other GPCRs, which forced the addiction research area in new directions. In this review, we updated the view on the brain D2 receptor complexes with adenosine (A)2A receptors (A2AR) and discussed the role of A2AR in different aspects of addiction phenotypes in laboratory animal procedures that permit the highly complex syndrome of human drug addiction. We presented the current knowledge on the neurochemical in vivo and ex vivo mechanisms related to cocaine use disorder (CUD) and discussed future research directions for A2AR heteromeric complexes in SUD.
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Li J, Hong X, Li G, Conti PS, Zhang X, Chen K. PET Imaging of Adenosine Receptors in Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1445-1463. [PMID: 31284861 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are a class of purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Extracellular adenosine is a pivotal regulation molecule that adjusts physiological function through the interaction with four ARs: A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Alterations of ARs function and expression have been studied in neurological diseases (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammation and autoimmune diseases. A series of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) probes for imaging ARs have been developed. The PET imaging probes have provided valuable information for diagnosis and therapy of diseases related to alterations of ARs expression. This review presents a concise overview of various ARs-targeted radioligands for PET imaging in diseases. The most recent advances in PET imaging studies by using ARs-targeted probes are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xingfang Hong
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Guoquan Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Peter S Conti
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Occupancy of adenosine A 2A receptors by istradefylline in patients with Parkinson's disease using 11C-preladenant PET. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:106-112. [PMID: 30253174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Istradefylline, an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, is effective as an adjunct to levodopa and can alleviate "off" time and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed to calculate occupancy rates of A2ARs by administrating istradefylline 20 mg or 40 mg, which is the currently approved dose for PD in Japan. Additionally, A2AR availability was compared between patients with PD and healthy controls. Ten patients with PD under levodopa therapy and six age-matched healthy controls were included. The patients underwent a total of two 11C-preladenant positron emission tomography scans before and after the administration of istradefylline 20 mg or 40 mg (both n = 5). Binding potential (BPND) was calculated to estimate A2AR availability in the ventral striatum, caudate, and putamen. Maximal A2AR occupancy and ED50 were estimated by modeling the dose-occupancy curves. All patients were around the middle stage of PD, and their characteristics were clinically heterogeneous. Maximal A2AR occupancy and ED50 were 93.5% and 28.6 mg in the ventral striatum, 69.5% and 10.8 mg in the caudate, and 66.8% and 14.8 mg in the putamen, respectively. There were no significant differences in BPND values in the ventral striatum (P = 0.42), caudate (P = 0.72), and putamen (P = 0.43) between the PD and control groups. In conclusion, the present study shows that istradefylline binds to A2ARs dose-dependently. A sufficient occupancy of A2ARs could be obtained by administrating the approved dose of istradefylline.
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K. Cyto- and receptor architectonic mapping of the human brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:355-387. [PMID: 29496153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of the human brain is more than the generation of an atlas-based parcellation of brain regions using histologic or histochemical criteria. It is the attempt to provide a topographically informed model of the structural and functional organization of the brain. To achieve this goal a multimodal atlas of the detailed microscopic and neurochemical structure of the brain must be registered to a stereotaxic reference space or brain, which also serves as reference for topographic assignment of functional data, e.g., functional magnet resonance imaging, electroencephalography, or magnetoencephalography, as well as metabolic imaging, e.g., positron emission tomography. Although classic maps remain pioneering steps, they do not match recent concepts of the functional organization in many regions, and suffer from methodic drawbacks. This chapter provides a summary of the recent status of human brain mapping, which is based on multimodal approaches integrating results of quantitative cyto- and receptor architectonic studies with focus on the cerebral cortex in a widely used reference brain. Descriptions of the methods for observer-independent and statistically testable cytoarchitectonic parcellations, quantitative multireceptor mapping, and registration to the reference brain, including the concept of probability maps and a toolbox for using the maps in functional neuroimaging studies, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.
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In Vivo PET Imaging of Adenosine 2A Receptors in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disease. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6975841. [PMID: 29348737 PMCID: PMC5733838 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6975841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are G-protein coupled P1 purinergic receptors that are broadly expressed in the peripheral immune system, vasculature, and the central nervous system (CNS). Within the immune system, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-mediated signaling exerts a suppressive effect on ongoing inflammation. In healthy CNS, A2A receptors are expressed mainly within the neurons of the basal ganglia. Alterations in A2A receptor function and expression have been noted in movement disorders, and in Parkinson's disease pharmacological A2A receptor antagonism leads to diminished motor symptoms. Although A2A receptors are expressed only at a low level in the healthy CNS outside striatum, pathological challenge or inflammation has been shown to lead to upregulation of A2A receptors in extrastriatal CNS tissue, and this has been successfully quantitated using in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and A2A receptor-binding radioligands. Several radioligands for PET imaging of A2A receptors have been developed in recent years, and A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging may thus provide a potential additional tool to evaluate various aspects of neuroinflammation in vivo. This review article provides a brief overview of A2A receptors in healthy brain and in a selection of most important neurological diseases and describes the recent advances in A2A receptor-targeting PET imaging studies.
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Sakata M, Ishibashi K, Imai M, Wagatsuma K, Ishii K, Zhou X, de Vries EF, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Toyohara J. Initial Evaluation of an Adenosine A2A Receptor Ligand, 11C-Preladenant, in Healthy Human Subjects. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1464-1470. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.188474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Zhou X, Khanapur S, de Jong JR, Willemsen AT, Dierckx RA, Elsinga PH, de Vries EF. In vivo evaluation of [ 11C]preladenant positron emission tomography for quantification of adenosine A 2A receptors in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:577-589. [PMID: 26917190 PMCID: PMC5381452 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16634714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
[11C]Preladenant was developed as a novel adenosine A2A receptor positron emission tomography radioligand. The present study aims to evaluate the suitability of [11C]preladenant positron emission tomography for the quantification of striatal A2A receptor density and the assessment of striatal A2A receptor occupancy by KW-6002. Sixty- or ninety-minute dynamic positron emission tomography imaging was performed on rats. Tracer kinetics was quantified by the two-tissue compartment model, Logan graphical analysis and several reference tissue-based models. Test-retest reproducibility was assessed by repeated imaging on two consecutive days. Two-tissue compartment model and Logan plot estimated comparable distribution volume ( VT) values of ∼10 in the A2A receptor-rich striatum and substantially lower values in all extra-striatal regions (∼1.5-2.5). The simplified reference tissue model with midbrain or occipital cortex as the reference region proved to be the best non-invasive model for quantification of A2A receptor, showing a striatal binding potential ( BPND) value of ∼5.5, and a test-retest variability of ∼5.5%. The brain metabolite analysis showed that at 60-min post injection, 17% of the radioactivity in the brain was due to radioactive metabolites. The ED50 of KW-6002 in rat striatum for i.p. injection was 0.044-0.062 mg/kg. The study demonstrates that [11C]preladenant is a suitable tracer to quantify striatal A2A receptor density and assess A2A receptor occupancy by A2A receptor-targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan R de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Tm Willemsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Ajo Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Fj de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, Zhou X, Khanapur S, Tsukada H, Ishiwata K, Luurtsema G, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Ligands and Opportunities for A 2A Receptor Imaging. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:5-56. [PMID: 28128443 DOI: 10.1002/med.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) are highly expressed in the human striatum, and at lower densities in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and cells of the immune system. Antagonists of these receptors are potentially useful for the treatment of motor fluctuations, epilepsy, postischemic brain damage, or cognitive impairment, and for the control of an immune checkpoint during immunotherapy of cancer. A2A R agonists may suppress transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease; be used to treat inflammatory disorders such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; be locally applied to promote wound healing and be employed in a strategy for transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) so that therapeutic drugs and monoclonal antibodies can enter the brain. Increasing A2A R signaling in adipose tissue is also a potential strategy to combat obesity. Several radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of A2A Rs have been developed in recent years. This review article presents a critical overview of the potential therapeutic applications of A2A R ligands, the use of A2A R imaging in drug development, and opportunities and limitations of PET imaging in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, 963-8052, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Khanapur S, van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, Koole MJB. Preclinical Evaluation and Quantification of 18F-Fluoroethyl and 18F-Fluoropropyl Analogs of SCH442416 as Radioligands for PET Imaging of the Adenosine A 2A Receptor in Rat Brain. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:466-472. [PMID: 27789720 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral adenosine A2A receptor is an attractive therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders. 18F-fluoroethyl and 18F-fluoropropyl analogs of 18F-labeled pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (SCH442416) (18F-FESCH and 18F-FPSCH, respectively) were developed as A2A receptor-specific PET ligands. Our aim was to determine an appropriate compartmental model for tracer kinetics, evaluate a reference tissue approach, and select the most suitable PET ligand. Methods: A 90-min dynamic PET scan with arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis was acquired for 22 healthy male Wistar rats starting at the time of 18F-FESCH (n = 12) and 18F-FPSCH (n = 10) injection. For each tracer, half the animals were vehicle-treated whereas the other half were pretreated with the A2A receptor-selective antagonist KW-6002, inducing full blocking. Regional tissue total volume of distribution (VT) was estimated by 1- and 2-tissue-compartment modeling (1TCM and 2TCM, respectively) and Logan graphical analysis. Midbrain, cerebellum, and hippocampus were evaluated as the reference region by comparing baseline VT with VT under full blocking conditions and comparing striatal nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) using a simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) with distribution volume ratio minus 1 (DVR - 1) for 60- and 90-min scans. Results: On the basis of the Akaike information criterion, 1TCM and 2TCM were the most appropriate models for 18F-FPSCH (baseline striatal VT, 3.7 ± 1.1) and 18F-FESCH (baseline striatal VT, 5.0 ± 2.0), respectively. Baseline striatal VT did not significantly differ between tracers. After pretreatment, striatal VT was reduced significantly, with no significant decrease in hippocampus, midbrain, or cerebellum VT Baseline striatal SRTM BPND did not differ significantly from DVR - 1 except for 18F-FPSCH when using a 60-min scan and midbrain as the reference region, whereas Bland-Altman analysis found a smaller bias for 18F-FESCH and a 60-min scan. After pretreatment, striatal SRTM BPND did not significantly differ from zero except for 18F-FPSCH when using hippocampus as the reference region. Striatal SRTM BPND using midbrain or cerebellum as the reference region was significantly lower for 18F-FPSCH (range, 1.41-2.62) than for 18F-FESCH (range, 1.64-3.36). Conclusion: Dynamic PET imaging under baseline and blocking conditions determined 18F-FESCH to be the most suitable PET ligand for quantifying A2A receptor expression in the rat brain. Accurate quantification is achieved by a 60-min dynamic PET scan and the use of either cerebellum or midbrain as the reference region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivashankar Khanapur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Michel J B Koole
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ko WKD, Camus SM, Li Q, Yang J, McGuire S, Pioli EY, Bezard E. An evaluation of istradefylline treatment on Parkinsonian motor and cognitive deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated macaque models. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:48-58. [PMID: 27424102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Istradefylline (KW-6002), an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, is used adjunct with optimal doses of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) to extend on-time in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experiencing motor fluctuations. Clinical application of istradefylline for the management of other l-DOPA-induced complications, both motor and non-motor related (i.e. dyskinesia and cognitive impairments), remains to be determined. In this study, acute effects of istradefylline (60-100 mg/kg) alone, or with optimal and sub-optimal doses of l-DOPA, were evaluated in two monkey models of PD (i) the gold-standard 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated macaque model of parkinsonian and dyskinetic motor symptoms and (ii) the chronic low dose (CLD) MPTP-treated macaque model of cognitive (working memory and attentional) deficits. Behavioural analyses in l-DOPA-primed MPTP-treated macaques showed that istradefylline alone specifically alleviated postural deficits. When combined with an optimal l-DOPA treatment dose, istradefylline increased on-time, enhanced therapeutic effects on bradykinesia and locomotion, but exacerbated dyskinesia. Istradefylline treatment at specific doses with sub-optimal l-DOPA specifically alleviated bradykinesia. Cognitive assessments in CLD MPTP-treated macaques showed that the attentional and working memory deficits caused by l-DOPA were lowered after istradefylline administration. Taken together, these data support a broader clinical use of istradefylline as an adjunct treatment in PD, where specific treatment combinations can be utilised to manage various l-DOPA-induced complications, which importantly, maintain a desired anti-parkinsonian response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kin D Ko
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elsa Y Pioli
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom; Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Oi N, Tokunaga M, Suzuki M, Nagai Y, Nakatani Y, Yamamoto N, Maeda J, Minamimoto T, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Development of Novel PET Probes for Central 2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic Acid Receptors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8444-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Oi
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Suzuki
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakatani
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Chou AH, Chen YL, Chiu CC, Yuan SJ, Weng YH, Yeh TH, Lin YL, Fang JM, Wang HL. T1-11 and JMF1907 ameliorate polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3-induced neurodegeneration, transcriptional dysregulation and ataxic symptom in the SCA3 transgenic mouse. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:308-17. [PMID: 26254860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
More studies are required to develop therapeutic agents for treating spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), which is caused by mutant polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 and is the most prevalent subtype of spinocerebellar ataxias. T1-11 [N6-(4-Hydroxybenzyl) adenosine], isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb Gastordia elata, is an adenosine A2A receptor agonist. SCA3 and Huntington's disease (HD) belong to a family of polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases. T1-11 exerted a therapeutic effect on HD transgenic mouse by decreasing protein level of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin in the striatum. In the present study, we test the possibility that T1-11 or JMF1907 [N6-(3-Indolylethyl) adenosine], a synthetic analog of T1-11, alleviates pontine neuronal death, cerebellar transcriptional downregulation and ataxic symptom in the SCA3 transgenic mouse expressing HA-tagged polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3-Q79 (ataxin-3-Q79HA). Daily oral administration of T1-11 or JMF1907 prevented neuronal death of pontine nuclei in the SCA3 mouse with a dose-dependent manner. Oral application of T1-11 or JMF1907 reversed mutant ataxin-3-Q79-induced cerebellar transcriptional repression in the SCA3 transgenic mouse. T1-11 or JMF1907 ameliorated the symptom of motor incoordination displayed by SCA3 mouse. Oral administration of T1-11 or JMF1907 significantly decreased protein level of ataxin-3-Q79HA in the pontine nuclei or cerebellum of SCA3 mouse. T1-11 or JMF1907 significantly augmented the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome in the pontine nuclei or cerebellum of SCA3 mouse. Our results suggests that T1-11 and JMF1907 alleviate pontine neuronal death, cerebellar transcriptional downregulation and ataxic symptom of SCA3 transgenic mouse by augmenting the proteasome activity and reducing the protein level of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3-Q79 in the pontine nuclei and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hsun Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ling Chen
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Je Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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The Story of Istradefylline—The First Approved A2A Antagonist for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20273-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Naganawa M, Mishina M, Sakata M, Oda K, Hiura M, Ishii K, Ishiwata K. Test-retest variability of adenosine A2A binding in the human brain with (11)C-TMSX and PET. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:76. [PMID: 25621197 PMCID: PMC4293456 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of the present study was to evaluate the reproducibility of cerebral adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) quantification using 11C-TMSX and PET in a test-retest study. Methods Five healthy volunteers were studied twice. The test-retest variability was assessed for distribution volume (VT) and binding potential relative to non-displaceable uptake (BPND) based on either metabolite-corrected arterial blood sampling or a reference region. The cerebral cortex and centrum semiovale were used as candidate reference regions. Results Test-retest variability of VT was good in all regions (6% to 13%). In the putamen, BPND using the centrum semiovale displayed a lower test-retest variability (3%) than that of BPND using the cerebral cortex as a reference region (5%). The noninvasive method showed a higher or similar level of test-retest reproducibility compared to the invasive method. Conclusions Binding reproducibility is sufficient to use 11C-TMSX as a tool to measure the change in A2AR in the human brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0076-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048 USA ; Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Masahiro Mishina
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan ; Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Keiichi Oda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Hokkaido, 006-8585 Japan
| | - Mikio Hiura
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, 194-0298 Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
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Silkis IG. The reasons for the preferable use of A2A receptor antagonists for improvement of locomotor activity and learning. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Atack JR, Shook BC, Rassnick S, Jackson PF, Rhodes K, Drinkenburg WH, Ahnaou A, te Riele P, Langlois X, Hrupka B, De Haes P, Hendrickx H, Aerts N, Hens K, Wellens A, Vermeire J, Megens AAHP. JNJ-40255293, a novel adenosine A2A/A1 antagonist with efficacy in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1005-19. [PMID: 25203719 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A antagonists are believed to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have characterized the dual adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonist JNJ-40255293 (2-amino-8-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethoxy]-4-phenyl-5H-indeno[1,2-d]pyrimidin-5-one). JNJ-40255293 was a high-affinity (7.5 nM) antagonist at the human A2A receptor with 7-fold in vitro selectivity versus the human A1 receptor. A similar A2A:A1 selectivity was seen in vivo (ED50's of 0.21 and 2.1 mg/kg p.o. for occupancy of rat brain A2A and A1 receptors, respectively). The plasma EC50 for occupancy of rat brain A2A receptors was 13 ng/mL. In sleep-wake encephalographic (EEG) studies, JNJ-40255293 dose-dependently enhanced a consolidated waking associated with a subsequent delayed compensatory sleep (minimum effective dose: 0.63 mg/kg p.o.). As measured by microdialysis, JNJ-40255293 did not affect dopamine and noradrenaline release in the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. However, it was able to reverse effects (catalepsy, hypolocomotion, and conditioned avoidance impairment in rats; hypolocomotion in mice) produced by the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol. The compound also potentiated the agitation induced by the dopamine agonist apomorphine. JNJ-40255293 also reversed hypolocomotion produced by the dopamine-depleting agent reserpine and potentiated the effects of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway, an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Extrapolating from the rat receptor occupancy dose-response curve, the occupancy required to produce these various effects in rats was generally in the range of 60-90%. The findings support the continued research and development of A2A antagonists as potential treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Atack
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Brian C. Shook
- Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Stefanie Rassnick
- Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Paul F. Jackson
- Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kenneth Rhodes
- Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Abdallah Ahnaou
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Paula te Riele
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Brian Hrupka
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Haes
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Herman Hendrickx
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Nancy Aerts
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Koen Hens
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Annemie Wellens
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Jef Vermeire
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
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Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease: progress in clinical trials from the newly approved istradefylline to drugs in early development and those already discontinued. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:455-74. [PMID: 24687255 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters other than dopamine, such as norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, adenosine and acetylcholine, are involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to its symptomatology. Thus, the progress of non-dopaminergic therapies for PD has attracted much interest in recent years. Among new classes of drugs, adenosine A2A antagonists have emerged as promising candidates. The development of new highly selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, and their encouraging anti-parkinsonian responses in animal models of PD, has provided a rationale for clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential and the safety of these agents in patients with PD. To date, the clinical research regarding A2A antagonists and their potential utilization in PD therapy continues to evolve between drugs just or previously discontinued (preladenant and vipadenant), new derivatives in development (tozadenant, PBF-509, ST1535, ST4206 and V81444) and the relatively old drug istradefylline, which has finally been licensed as an anti-parkinsonian drug in Japan. All these compounds have been shown to have a good safety profile and be well tolerated. Moreover, results from phase II and III trials also demonstrate that A2A antagonists are effective in reducing off-time, without worsening troublesome dyskinesia, and in increasing on-time with a mild increase of non-troublesome dyskinesia, in patients at an advanced stage of PD treated with L-DOPA. In addition, early findings suggest that A2A antagonists might also be efficacious as monotherapy in patients at an early stage of PD. This review summarizes pharmacological and clinical data available on istradefylline, tozadenant, PBF-509, ST1535, ST4206, V81444, preladenant and vipadenant.
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Perez-Lloret S, Merello M. Two new adenosine receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: istradefylline versus tozadenant. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:1097-107. [PMID: 24673462 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.903924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine A2A receptors are localized in the brain, mainly within the caudate and putamen nuclei of the basal ganglia. Their activation leads to stimulation of the 'indirect' pathway. Conversely, administration of A2A receptor antagonists leads to inhibition of this pathway, which was translated into reduced hypomotility in several animal models of parkinsonism. AREAS COVERED In this review, the effects of two A2A receptor antagonists, istradefylline and tozadenant, on parkinsonian symptoms in animal and humans will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION Animal studies have shown potent antiparkinsonian effects for several A2A receptor antagonists, including istradefylline. In clinical trials, istradefylline reduced OFF time when administered with levodopa, but results are inconclusive. Results with tozadenant are scarce. Modification of thalamic blood flow compatible with reduced inhibition was noted in one small trial, followed by a significant reduction in OFF time in a larger one. Therefore, both drugs show promising efficacy for the reduction of OFF time in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients, but further research is needed in order to obtain definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Movement Disorders Section , Montañeses 2325 (1425), Buenos Aires , Argentina +54 11 57773200 ; +54 11 57773200 ;
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Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:195-232. [PMID: 25175968 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates important pathophysiological functions via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). The A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR) are major targets of caffeine and have been extensively investigated. Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Since the first genetic HD model was created almost two decades ago, tremendous progress regarding the function of the adenosine receptors in HD has been made. Chronic intake of caffeine was recently shown to be positively associated with the disease onset of HD. Moreover, genetic polymorphism of A2AR is believed to impact the age of onset. Given the importance of adenosine receptors as drug targets for human diseases, this review highlights the recent findings that delineate the roles of adenosine receptors in HD and discusses their potential for serving as drug targets and/or biomarkers for HD. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates important physiological functions via four different adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These adenosine receptors have seven transmembrane domains and belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The functions of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) have been investigated relative to HD. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of adenosine receptors in HD and discuss the potential application of adenosine receptors as drug targets and biomarkers for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Adenosine, caffeine, and performance: from cognitive neuroscience of sleep to sleep pharmacogenetics. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 25:331-66. [PMID: 24549722 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An intricate interplay between circadian and sleep-wake homeostatic processes regulate cognitive performance on specific tasks, and individual differences in circadian preference and sleep pressure may contribute to individual differences in distinct neurocognitive functions. Attentional performance appears to be particularly sensitive to time of day modulations and the effects of sleep deprivation. Consistent with the notion that the neuromodulator, adenosine , plays an important role in regulating sleep pressure, pharmacologic and genetic data in animals and humans demonstrate that differences in adenosinergic tone affect sleepiness, arousal and vigilant attention in rested and sleep-deprived states. Caffeine--the most often consumed stimulant in the world--blocks adenosine receptors and normally attenuates the consequences of sleep deprivation on arousal, vigilance, and attention. Nevertheless, caffeine cannot substitute for sleep, and is virtually ineffective in mitigating the impact of severe sleep loss on higher-order cognitive functions. Thus, the available evidence suggests that adenosinergic mechanisms, in particular adenosine A2A receptor-mediated signal transduction, contribute to waking-induced impairments of attentional processes, whereas additional mechanisms must be involved in higher-order cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Future investigations should further clarify the exact types of cognitive processes affected by inappropriate sleep. This research will aid in the quest to better understand the role of different brain systems (e.g., adenosine and adenosine receptors) in regulating sleep, and sleep-related subjective state, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, it will provide more detail on the underlying mechanisms of the detrimental effects of extended wakefulness, as well as lead to the development of effective, evidence-based countermeasures against the health consequences of circadian misalignment and chronic sleep restriction.
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Jenner P. An Overview of Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:71-86. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mishina M, Ishiwata K. Adenosine Receptor PET Imaging in Human Brain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:51-69. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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To Market, To Market—2013. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800167-7.00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Mizuno Y, Kondo T. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline reduces daily OFF time in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1138-41. [PMID: 23483627 PMCID: PMC3842830 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the efficacy and safety of istradefylline, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist administered as adjunctive treatment to levodopa for 12 weeks in a double-blind manner in Parkinson's disease patients with motor complications in Japan. METHODS A total of 373 subjects were randomized to receive placebo (n=126), istradefylline 20 mg/day (n=123), or istradefylline 40 mg/day (n=124). The primary efficacy variable was the change in daily OFF time. Other secondary variables were also evaluated. RESULTS The change in daily OFF time was significantly reduced in the istradefylline 20 mg/day (-0.99 hours, P=.003) and istradefylline 40 mg/day (-0.96 hours, P=.003) groups compared with the placebo group (-0.23 hours). The most common adverse event was dyskinesia (placebo, 4.0%; istradefylline 20 mg/day, 13.0%; istradefylline 40 mg/day, 12.1%). CONCLUSIONS Istradefylline reduced daily OFF time and was well tolerated in Japanese PD patients with motor complications on levodopa treatment.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 10 million people worldwide. Current treatment primarily involves symptom management with dopaminergic replacement therapy. Levodopa remains the most effective oral treatment, although long-term use is associated with complications such as wearing off, dyskinesias, and on-off fluctuations. Non-dopaminergic medications that improve PD symptoms and motor fluctuations are in demand. Adenosine A2A receptors are abundantly expressed within the basal ganglia and offer a unique target to modify abnormal striatal signaling associated with PD. Preclinical animal models have shown the ability of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists to improve PD motor symptoms, reduce motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, as well as protect against toxin-induced neuronal degeneration. Both istradefylline and preladenant have demonstrated moderate efficacy in reducing off time in PD patients with motor fluctuations. The safety and efficacy of this class of compounds continues to be defined and future studies should focus on non-motor symptoms, dyskinesias, and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hickey
- Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3333, Durham, NC 27205, USA.
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Blandini F, Armentero MT. New pharmacological avenues for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: targeting glutamate and adenosine receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:153-68. [PMID: 22233485 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.651457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is still centered on the use of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is hampered by numerous side effects, including abnormal involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). LIDs are the result of pre- and postsynaptic changes at the corticostriatal level, induced by chronic and pulsatile stimulation of striatal dopaminergic receptors. These changes impact on synaptic plasticity and involve also selected, nondopaminergic receptors expressed by striatal projection neurons. AREAS COVERED Among nondopaminergic receptors, glutamate receptors - NMDA and mGluR5 subtypes in particular - and adenosine A(2A) receptors are those most likely involved in LIDs. The aim of the present review is to summarize results of studies undertaken with specific antagonists of these receptors, first conducted in animal models of LIDs, which in selected cases have been translated into clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Selected antagonists of glutamate and adenosine receptors have been proposed as anti-dyskinetic agents. Promising results have been obtained in preclinical investigations and in initial clinical trials, but long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy studies in patients are still required. The current development of novel antagonists, including tools able to act on receptor mosaics, may provide innovative tools for LIDs management in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Blandini
- IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Interdepartmental Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Knebel W, Rao N, Uchimura T, Mori A, Fisher J, Gastonguay MR, Chaikin P. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of istradefylline in patients with Parkinson disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 52:1468-81. [PMID: 22162533 DOI: 10.1177/0091270011420566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This model-based analysis quantifies the population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic efficacy and safety/tolerability relationships of orally administered istradefylline, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist, in healthy participants and patients with Parkinson disease. Data from 6 phase 2/3 clinical trials comprised the population database, with 1760 and 1798 patients contributing to the efficacy and safety/tolerability analyses, respectively. The relationship between istradefylline area under the curve at steady state and percentage OFF time was described by a nonlinear model (Emax) based on time for the disease progression/placebo response component and an Emax model for the effect of istradefylline. The typical maximum decrease in percentage OFF time due to istradefylline exposure would be 5.79% (95% confidence interval = 4.09%-7.49%) with one-half of the maximum effect reached at an exposure of 1690 ng × hr/mL (95% confidence interval = 199-3180 ng × hr/mL). The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for dyskinesia and dizziness were described by an Emax model, and for nausea, a power model was used. The probabilities of dyskinesia and dizziness are expected to plateau at a dose of 40 mg/d, and the probability of nausea is expected to continually rise as the dose is increased. Collectively, these results support a starting istradefylline dose of 20 to 40 mg/d.
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A population of immature cerebellar parallel fibre synapses are insensitive to adenosine but are inhibited by hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:880-8. [PMID: 21693125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purine adenosine plays an important role in a number of physiological and pathological processes and is neuroprotective during hypoxia and ischemia. The major effect of adenosine is to suppress network activity via the activation of A(1) receptors. Here we report that in immature cerebellar slices, the activation of A(1) receptors has variable effects on parallel fibre synaptic transmission, ranging from zero depression to an almost complete abolition of transmission. Concentration-response curves suggest that the heterogeneity of inhibition stems from differences in A(1) receptor properties which could include coupling to downstream effectors. There is less variation in the effects of adenosine at parallel fibre synapses in slices from older rats and thus adenosine signalling appears developmentally regulated. In the cerebellum, hypoxia increases the concentration of extracellular adenosine leading to the activation of A(1) receptors (at adenosine-sensitive parallel fibre synapses) and the suppression of glutamate release. It would be predicted that the synapses that were insensitive to adenosine would be less depressed by hypoxia and thus maintain function during metabolic stress. However those synapses which were insensitive to adenosine were rapidly inhibited by hypoxia via a mechanism which was not reversed by blocking A(1) receptors. Thus another mechanism must be responsible for the hypoxia-mediated depression at these synapses. These different mechanisms of depression may be important for cell survival and for maintenance of cerebellar function following oxygen starvation.
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Koos BJ. Adenosine A₂a receptors and O₂ sensing in development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R601-22. [PMID: 21677265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00664.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, via activation of adenylate kinase and the resulting exponential rise in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, appears to be a critical factor underlying O₂ sensing in many chemoreceptive tissues in mammals. The elevated AMP/ATP ratio, in turn, activates key enzymes that are involved in physiologic adjustments that tend to balance ATP supply and demand. An example is the conversion of AMP to adenosine via 5'-nucleotidase and the resulting activation of adenosine A(₂A) receptors, which are involved in acute oxygen sensing by both carotid bodies and the brain. In fetal sheep, A(₂A) receptors associated with carotid bodies trigger hypoxic cardiovascular chemoreflexes, while central A(₂A) receptors mediate hypoxic inhibition of breathing and rapid eye movements. A(₂A) receptors are also involved in hypoxic regulation of fetal endocrine systems, metabolism, and vascular tone. In developing lambs, A(₂A) receptors play virtually no role in O₂ sensing by the carotid bodies, but brain A(₂A) receptors remain critically involved in the roll-off ventilatory response to hypoxia. In adult mammals, A(₂A) receptors have been implicated in O₂ sensing by carotid glomus cells, while central A(₂A) receptors likely blunt hypoxic hyperventilation. In conclusion, A(₂A) receptors are crucially involved in the transduction mechanisms of O₂ sensing in fetal carotid bodies and brains. Postnatally, central A(₂A) receptors remain key mediators of hypoxic respiratory depression, but they are less critical for O₂ sensing in carotid chemoreceptors, particularly in developing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Koos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Szabó N, Kincses ZT, Vécsei L. Novel therapy in Parkinson's disease: adenosine A2Areceptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:441-55. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.557066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Munoz-Sanjuan I, Bates GP. The importance of integrating basic and clinical research toward the development of new therapies for Huntington disease. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:476-83. [PMID: 21285520 DOI: 10.1172/jci45364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that results from expansion of the polyglutamine repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. There are currently no effective treatments for this devastating disease. Given its monogenic nature, disease modification therapies for HD should be theoretically feasible. Currently, pharmacological therapies aimed at disease modification by altering levels of HTT protein are in late-stage preclinical development. Here, we review current efforts to develop new treatments for HD based on our current understanding of HTT function and the main pathological mechanisms. We emphasize the need to enhance translational efforts and highlight the importance of aligning the clinical and basic research communities to validate existing hypotheses in clinical studies. Human and animal therapeutic trials are presented with an emphasis on cellular and molecular mechanisms relevant to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Munoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management Inc./CHDI Foundation Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90046, USA.
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Abstract
The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non-selective. A large number of derivatives and analogues were subsequently synthesized and evaluated as AR antagonists. Very potent antagonists have thus been developed with selectivity for each of the four AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Phone +49-228-73-2301, Fax +49-228-73-2567
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America, Phone +1-301-496-9024, Fax +1-301-480-8422
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Veronese M, Bertoldo A, Bishu S, Unterman A, Tomasi G, Smith CB, Schmidt KC. A spectral analysis approach for determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis with the L-[1-(11)C]leucine PET method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1460-76. [PMID: 20197782 PMCID: PMC2907431 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A spectral analysis approach was used to estimate kinetic model parameters of the L-[1-(11)C]leucine positron emission tomography (PET) method and regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) in predefined regions of interest (ROIs). Unlike analyses based on the assumption that tissue ROIs are kinetically homogeneous, spectral analysis allows for heterogeneity within a region. To improve estimation performance, a new approach was developed-spectral analysis with iterative filter (SAIF). In simulation SAIF produced low bias, low variance estimates of the influx rate constant for leucine (K(1)), blood volume fraction (V(b)), fraction of unlabeled leucine in the tissue precursor pool for protein synthesis derived from arterial plasma (lambda), and rCPS. Simulation of normal count rate studies showed that SAIF applied to ROI time-activity curves (TACs) performed comparably to the basis function method (BFM) applied to voxel TACs when voxelwise estimates were averaged over all voxels in the ROI. At low count rates, however, SAIF performed better. In measured L-[1-(11)C]leucine PET data, there was good agreement between ROI-based SAIF estimates and average voxelwise BFM estimates of K(1), V(b), lambda, and rCPS. We conclude that SAIF sufficiently addresses the problem of tissue heterogeneity in ROI data and provides a valid tool for estimation of rCPS, even in low count rate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Veronese
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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LaBeaume P, Dong M, Sitkovsky M, Jones EV, Thomas R, Sadler S, Kallmerten AE, Jones GB. An efficient route to xanthine based A2A adenosine receptor antagonists and functional derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4155-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c003382k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morelli M, Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Pathophysiological roles for purines: adenosine, caffeine and urate. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:183-208. [PMID: 20696321 PMCID: PMC3102301 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are primarily due to the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. However, several other brain areas and neurotransmitters other than dopamine such as noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine are affected in the disease. Moreover, adenosine because of the extensive interaction of its receptors with the dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease. Based on the involvement of these non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters in PD and the sometimes severe adverse effects that limit the mainstay use of dopamine-based anti-parkinsonian treatments, recent assessments have called for a broadening of therapeutic options beyond the traditional dopaminergic drug arsenal. In this review we describe the interactions between dopamine and adenosine receptors that underpin the pre-clinical and clinical rationale for pursuing adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists as symptomatic and potentially neuroprotective treatment of PD. The review will pay particular attention to recent results regarding specific A(2A) receptor-receptor interactions and recent findings identifying urate, the end product of purine metabolism, as a novel prognostic biomarker and candidate neuroprotectant in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Jenner P, Mori A, Hauser R, Morelli M, Fredholm B, Chen J. Adenosine, adenosine A2A antagonists, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:406-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Advances in radiotracer chemistry have resulted in the development of novel molecular imaging probes for adenosine receptors (ARs). With the availability of these molecules, the function of ARs in human pathophysiology as well as the safety and efficacy of approaches to the different AR targets can now be determined. Molecular imaging is a rapidly growing field of research that allows the identification of molecular targets and functional processes in vivo. It is therefore gaining increasing interest as a tool in drug development because it permits the process of evaluating promising therapeutic targets to be stratified. Further, molecular imaging has the potential to evolve into a useful diagnostic tool, particularly for neurological and psychiatric disorders. This chapter focuses on currently available AR ligands that are suitable for molecular neuroimaging and describes first applications in healthy subjects and patients using positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Biophysics (INB-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Abstract
The drug treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is accompanied by a loss of drug efficacy, the onset of motor complications, lack of effect on non-motor symptoms, and a failure to modify disease progression. As a consequence, novel approaches to therapy are sought, and adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)ARs) provide a viable target. A(2A)ARs are highly localized to the basal ganglia and specifically to the indirect output pathway, which is highly important in the control of voluntary movement. A(2A)AR antagonists can modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release in basal ganglia and other key neurotransmitters that modulate motor activity. In both rodent and primate models of PD, A(2A)AR antagonists produce alterations in motor behavior, either alone or in combination with dopaminergic drugs, which suggest that they will be effective in the symptomatic treatment of PD. In clinical trials, the A(2A)AR antagonist istradefylline reduces "off" time in patients with PD receiving optimal dopaminergic therapy. However, these effects have proven difficult to demonstrate on a consistent basis, and further clinical trials are required to establish the clinical utility of this drug class. Based on preclinical studies, A(2A)AR antagonists may also be neuroprotective and have utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. We are only now starting to explore the range of potential uses of A(2A)AR antagonists in central nervous system disorders, and their full utility is still to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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