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Hergenreder T, Yang T, Ye B. The role of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in Down syndrome. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:31-41. [PMID: 38515781 PMCID: PMC10954295 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the entire or a portion of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). This genomic alteration leads to elevated expression of numerous HSA21 genes, resulting in a variety of health issues in individuals with DS. Among the genes located in the DS "critical region" of HSA21, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) plays an important role in neuronal development. There is a growing body of evidence underscoring DSCAM's involvement in various DS-related disorders. This review aims to provide a concise overview of the established functions of DSCAM, with a particular focus on its implications in DS. We delve into the roles that DSCAM plays in DS-associated diseases. In the concluding section of this review, we explore prospective avenues for future research to further unravel DSCAM's role in DS and opportunities for therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Hergenreder
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Liu H, Caballero-Florán RN, Hergenreder T, Yang T, Hull JM, Pan G, Li R, Veling MW, Isom LL, Kwan KY, Huang ZJ, Fuerst PG, Jenkins PM, Ye B. DSCAM gene triplication causes excessive GABAergic synapses in the neocortex in Down syndrome mouse models. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002078. [PMID: 37079499 PMCID: PMC10118173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the trisomy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). A major challenge in DS research is to identify the HSA21 genes that cause specific symptoms. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) is encoded by a HSA21 gene. Previous studies have shown that the protein level of the Drosophila homolog of DSCAM determines the size of presynaptic terminals. However, whether the triplication of DSCAM contributes to presynaptic development in DS remains unknown. Here, we show that DSCAM levels regulate GABAergic synapses formed on neocortical pyramidal neurons (PyNs). In the Ts65Dn mouse model for DS, where DSCAM is overexpressed due to DSCAM triplication, GABAergic innervation of PyNs by basket and chandelier interneurons is increased. Genetic normalization of DSCAM expression rescues the excessive GABAergic innervations and the increased inhibition of PyNs. Conversely, loss of DSCAM impairs GABAergic synapse development and function. These findings demonstrate excessive GABAergic innervation and synaptic transmission in the neocortex of DS mouse models and identify DSCAM overexpression as the cause. They also implicate dysregulated DSCAM levels as a potential pathogenic driver in related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - René N. Caballero-Florán
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ty Hergenreder
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tao Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacob M. Hull
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geng Pan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ruonan Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Macy W. Veling
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lori L. Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Y. Kwan
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Z. Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Fuerst
- University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Mitsogiannis MD, Pancho A, Aerts T, Sachse SM, Vanlaer R, Noterdaeme L, Schmucker D, Seuntjens E. Subtle Roles of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules in Embryonic Forebrain Development and Neuronal Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624181. [PMID: 33585465 PMCID: PMC7876293 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) Cell Adhesion Molecules (DSCAMs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human DSCAM is located within the DS critical region of chromosome 21 (duplicated in Down Syndrome patients), and mutations or copy-number variations of this gene have also been associated to Fragile X syndrome, intellectual disability, autism, and bipolar disorder. The DSCAM paralogue DSCAM-like 1 (DSCAML1) maps to chromosome 11q23, implicated in the development of Jacobsen and Tourette syndromes. Additionally, a spontaneous mouse DSCAM deletion leads to motor coordination defects and seizures. Previous research has revealed roles for DSCAMs in several neurodevelopmental processes, including synaptogenesis, dendritic self-avoidance, cell sorting, axon growth and branching. However, their functions in embryonic mammalian forebrain development have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, we revealed highly dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of Dscam and Dscaml1 expression in definite cortical layers of the embryonic mouse brain, as well as in structures and ganglionic eminence-derived neural populations within the embryonic subpallium. However, an in-depth histological analysis of cortical development, ventral forebrain morphogenesis, cortical interneuron migration, and cortical-subcortical connectivity formation processes in Dscam and Dscaml1 knockout mice (Dscam del17 and Dscaml1 GT ) at several embryonic stages indicated that constitutive loss of Dscam and Dscaml1 does not affect these developmental events in a significant manner. Given that several Dscam- and Dscaml1-linked neurodevelopmental disorders are associated to chromosomal region duplication events, we furthermore sought to examine the neurodevelopmental effects of Dscam and Dscaml1 gain of function (GOF). In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo GOF negatively impacted neural migration processes important to cortical development, and affected the morphology of maturing neurons. Overall, these findings contribute to existing knowledge on the molecular etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders by elucidating how dosage variations of genes encoding adhesive cues can disrupt cell-cell or cell-environment interactions crucial for neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D. Mitsogiannis
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Pancho
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonja M. Sachse
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Noterdaeme
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neuronal Wiring Group, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Hippocampal area CA2 has several features that distinguish it from CA1 and CA3, including a unique gene expression profile, failure to display long-term potentiation and relative resistance to cell death. A recent increase in interest in the CA2 region, combined with the development of new methods to define and manipulate its neurons, has led to some exciting new discoveries on the properties of CA2 neurons and their role in behaviour. Here, we review these findings and call attention to the idea that the definition of area CA2 ought to be revised in light of gene expression data.
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Roles for DSCAM and DSCAML1 in central nervous system development and disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:249-70. [PMID: 25300140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DSCAMs (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules) are a group of immunoglobulin-like transmembrane proteins that contain fibronectin III domains. The founding member of the family was isolated in a positional cloning study that sought to identify genes located on chromosome 21 at the locus 21q22.2-q22.3 that is implicated in the neurological and cardiac phenotypes associated with Down's syndrome. In Drosophila, Dscam proteins are involved in neuronal wiring, while in vertebrates, the role of these cell adhesion molecules in neurogenesis, dendritogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity is only just beginning to be understood. In this chapter, we will review the functions ascribed to the two paralogous proteins found in humans, DSCAM and DSCAML1 (DSCAM-like 1), based on findings in knockout mice. The signaling pathways downstream of DSCAM activation and the role of DSCAM miss-expression in disease will be also discussed, particularly with regard to the intellectual disability in Down's syndrome.
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Kim JH, Wang X, Coolon R, Ye B. Dscam expression levels determine presynaptic arbor sizes in Drosophila sensory neurons. Neuron 2013; 78:827-38. [PMID: 23764288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule (Dscam) is increased in the brains of patients with several neurological disorders. Although Dscam is critically involved in many aspects of neuronal development, little is known about either the mechanism that regulates its expression or the functional consequences of dysregulated Dscam expression. Here, we show that Dscam expression levels serve as an instructive code for the size control of presynaptic arbor. Two convergent pathways, involving dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), control Dscam expression through protein translation. Defects in this regulation of Dscam translation lead to exuberant presynaptic arbor growth in Drosophila somatosensory neurons. Our findings uncover a function of Dscam in presynaptic size control and provide insights into how dysregulated Dscam may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Kim
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Ropireddy D, Bachus SE, Ascoli GA. Non-homogeneous stereological properties of the rat hippocampus from high-resolution 3D serial reconstruction of thin histological sections. Neuroscience 2012; 205:91-111. [PMID: 22245503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrating hippocampal anatomy from neuronal dendrites to whole system may help elucidate its relation to function. Toward this aim, we digitally traced the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the dentate gyrus (DG) and areas CA3/CA1 throughout their entire longitudinal extent from high-resolution images of thin cryostatic sections of adult rat brain. The 3D computational reconstruction identified all isotropic 16 μm voxels with appropriate subregions and layers (http://krasnow1.gmu.edu/cn3/hippocampus3d). Overall, DG, CA3, and CA1 occupied comparable volumes (15.3, 12.2, and 18.8 mm(3), respectively), but displayed substantial rostrocaudal volumetric gradients: CA1 made up more than half of the posterior hippocampus, whereas CA3 and DG were more prominent in the anterior regions. The CA3/CA1 ratio increased from ∼0.4 to ∼1 septo-temporally because of a specific change in stratum radiatum volume. Next we virtually embedded 1.8 million neuronal morphologies stochastically resampled from 244 digital reconstructions, emulating the dense packing of granular and pyramidal layers, and appropriately orienting the principal dendritic axes relative to local curvature. The resulting neuropil occupancy reproduced recent electron microscopy data measured in a restricted location. Extension of this analysis across each layer and subregion over the whole hippocampus revealed highly non-homogeneous dendritic density. In CA1, dendritic occupancy was >60% higher temporally than septally (0.46 vs. 0.28, s.e.m. ∼0.05). CA3 values varied both across subfields (from 0.35 in CA3b/CA3c to 0.50 in CA3a) and layers (0.48, 0.34, and 0.27 in oriens, radiatum, and lacunosum-moleculare, respectively). Dendritic occupancy was substantially lower in DG, especially in the supra-pyramidal blade (0.18). The computed probability of dendrodendritic collision significantly correlated with expression of the membrane repulsion signal Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM). These heterogeneous stereological properties reflect and complement the non-uniform molecular composition, circuit connectivity, and computational function of the hippocampus across its transverse, longitudinal, and laminar organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ropireddy
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, and Plasticity, and Molecular Neuroscience Department, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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