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Modarres Mousavi SM, Alipour F, Noorbakhsh F, Jafarian M, Ghadipasha M, Gharehdaghi J, Kellinghaus C, Speckmann EJ, Stummer W, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Clinical Correlation of Altered Molecular Signatures in Epileptic Human Hippocampus and Amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:725-752. [PMID: 37658249 PMCID: PMC10861640 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Widespread alterations in the expression of various genes could contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The expression levels of various genes, including major inhibitory and excitatory receptors, ion channels, cell type-specific markers, and excitatory amino acid transporters, were assessed and compared between the human epileptic hippocampus and amygdala, and findings from autopsy controls. Moreover, the potential correlation between molecular alterations in epileptic brain tissues and the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery was evaluated. Our findings revealed significant and complex changes in the expression of several key regulatory genes in both the hippocampus and amygdala of patients with intractable epilepsy. The expression changes in various genes differed considerably between the epileptic hippocampus and amygdala. Different correlation patterns were observed between changes in gene expression and clinical characteristics, depending on whether the patients were considered as a whole or were subdivided. Altered molecular signatures in different groups of epileptic patients, defined within a given category, could be viewed as diagnostic biomarkers. Distinct patterns of molecular changes that distinguish these groups from each other appear to be associated with epilepsy-specific functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghadipasha
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Gharehdaghi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Erwin-Josef Speckmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sumner RL, Spriggs MJ, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Kirk IJ. The role of Hebbian learning in human perception: a methodological and theoretical review of the human Visual Long-Term Potentiation paradigm. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:220-237. [PMID: 32562886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the most widely studied forms of neural plasticity, and is thought to be the principle mechanism underlying long-term memory and learning in the brain. Sensory paradigms utilising electroencephalography (EEG) and sensory stimulation to induce LTP have allowed translation from rodent and primate invasive research to non-invasive human investigations. This review focusses on visual sensory LTP induced using repetitive visual stimulation, resulting in changes in the visually evoked response recorded at the scalp with EEG. Across 15 years of use and replication in humans several major paradigm variants for eliciting visual LTP have emerged. The application of different paradigms, and the broad implementation of visual LTP across different populations combines to provide a rich and sensitive account of Hebbian LTP, and potentially non-Hebbian plasticity mechanisms. This review will conclude with a discussion of how these findings have advanced existing theories of perceptual learning by positioning Hebbian learning both alongside and within other major theories such as Predictive Coding and The Free Energy Principle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meg J Spriggs
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Ian J Kirk
- Brain Research, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Jafarian M, Modarres Mousavi SM, Alipour F, Aligholi H, Noorbakhsh F, Ghadipasha M, Gharehdaghi J, Kellinghaus C, Kovac S, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Meuth SG, Speckmann EJ, Stummer W, Gorji A. Cell injury and receptor expression in the epileptic human amygdala. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:416-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zhang S, Hong J, Zhang T, Wu J, Chen L. Activation of Sigma-1 Receptor Alleviates Postpartum Estrogen Withdrawal-Induced "Depression" Through Restoring Hippocampal nNOS-NO-CREB Activities in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:3017-3030. [PMID: 27032391 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression affects approximately 15 % of mothers; however, its pathological mechanisms still remain unclear. Ovariectomized adult mice received the administration of estrogen (E2) and progesterone with a subsequent alone E2, termed hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP). Affective behaviors as assessed by forced swim and tail suspension tests, hippocampal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation (phosphor-CREB), and neurosteroidogenesis were examined before E2 withdrawal (EW; HSP mice) and on days 2-4 (early-EW mice) and days 8-10 (late-EW mice) after EW. Depressive-like behaviors were observed in early-EW mice but not in late-EW mice. Levels of nNOS, NO, and phosphor-CREB were increased in HSP mice followed by a significant decline in early-EW mice with a subsequent restoration in late-EW mice. The treatment of early-EW mice with NO donor alleviated depressive-like behaviors and decline of phosphor-CREB. The nNOS inhibitor and NO scavenger caused depressive-like behaviors and reduced phosphor-CREB in HSP mice and late-EW mice. Notably, the levels of steroidogenic enzymes StAR and P450scc were elevated in late-EW mice. The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) agonist could alleviate depressive-like behaviors and decline of nNOS-NO-CREB in early-EW mice. The pharmacological blockade or deficiency of σ1R in late-EW mice caused depressive-like behaviors with decline of nNOS-NO-CREB. The reduction of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor NR2B phosphorylation in early-EW mice could recover in late-EW mice, which was sensitive to the blockade of σ1R. The NMDA receptor agonist, but not TrkB receptor activator, could correct the decline of nNOS-NO-CREB in early-EW mice. The findings indicate that the activation of σ1R can alleviate postpartum "depression" through increasing nNOS-NO-CREB activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Zhang T, Hong J, Di T, Chen L. MPTP Impairs Dopamine D1 Receptor-Mediated Survival of Newborn Neurons in Ventral Hippocampus to Cause Depressive-Like Behaviors in Adult Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:101. [PMID: 27790091 PMCID: PMC5062058 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms with depression. We evaluated the influence of dopaminergic depletion on hippocampal neurogenesis process to explore mechanisms of depression production. Five consecutive days of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection in mice (MPTP-mice) reduced dopaminergic fibers in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). MPTP-mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors later for 2–3 weeks. BrdU was injected 4 h after last-injection of MPTP. BrdU-positive (BrdU+) cells in dorsal (d-DG) and ventral (v-DG) DG were examined on day 1 (D1), 7 (D7), 14 (D14) and 21 (D21) after BrdU injection. Fewer D7-, D14- and D21-BrdU+ cells or BrdU+/NeuN+ cells, but not D1-BrdU+ cells, were found in v-DG of MPTP-mice than in controls. However, the number of BrdU+ cells in d-DG did not differ between the both. Loss of doublecortin-positive (DCX+) cells was observed in v-DG of MPTP-mice. Protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were reduced in v-DG of MPTP-mice, which were reversed by D1-like receptor (D1R) agonist SKF38393, but not D2R agonist quinpirole. The treatment of MPTP-mice with SKF38393 on days 2–7 after BrdU-injection reduced the loss of D7- and D21-BrdU+ cells in v-DG and improved the depressive-like behaviors; these changes were sensitive to PKA inhibitor H89. Moreover, the v-DG injection of SKF38393 in MPTP-mice could reduce the loss of D21-BrdU+ cells and relieve the depressive-like behaviors. In control mice, the blockade of D1R by SCH23390 caused the reduction of D21-BrdU+ cells in v-DG and the depressive-like behaviors. Our results indicate that MPTP-reduced dopaminergic depletion impairs the D1R-mediated early survival of newborn neurons in v-DG, producing depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tingting Di
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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Zhang Z, Hong J, Zhang S, Zhang T, Sha S, Yang R, Qian Y, Chen L. Postpartum estrogen withdrawal impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and causes depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:138-49. [PMID: 26803529 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum estrogen withdrawal is known to be a particularly vulnerable time for depressive symptoms. Ovariectomized adult mice (OVX-mice) treated with hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP mice) followed by a subsequent estradiol benzoate (EB) withdrawal (EW mice) exhibited depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, as assessed by forced swim, tail suspension and elevated plus-maze, while HSP mice, OVX mice or EB-treated OVX mice (OVX/EB mice) did not. The survival and neurite growth of newborn neurons in hippocampal dentate gyrus were examined on day 5 after EW. Compared with controls, the numbers of 28-day-old BrdU(+) and BrdU(+)/NeuN(+) cells were increased in HSP mice but significantly decreased in EW mice; the numbers of 10-day-old BrdU(+) cells were increased in HSP mice and OVX/EB mice; and the density of DCX(+) fibers was reduced in EW mice and OVX mice. The phosphorylation of hippocampal NMDA receptor (NMDAr) NR2B subunit or Src was increased in HSP mice but decreased in EW mice. NMDAr agonist NMDA prevented the loss of 28-day-old BrdU(+) cells and the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in EW mice. NR2B inhibitor Ro25-6981 or Src inhibitor dasatinib caused depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in HSP mice with the reduction of 28-day-old BrdU(+) cells. The hippocampal BDNF levels were reduced in EW mice and OVX mice. TrkB receptor inhibitor K252a reduced the density of DCX(+) fibers in HSP mice without the reduction of 28-day-old BrdU(+) cells, or the production of affective disorder. Collectively, these results indicate that postpartum estrogen withdrawal impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in mice that show depression- and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Sha Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 860571, China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 86025, China.
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Li G, Zhou L, Zhu Y, Wang C, Sha S, Xian X, Ji Y, Liu G, Chen L. Seipin knockout in mice impairs stem cell proliferation and progenitor cell differentiation in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus via reduced levels of PPARγ. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1615-24. [PMID: 26398946 PMCID: PMC4728316 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The seipin gene (BSCL2) was originally identified in humans as a loss-of-function gene associated with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 (CGL2). Neuronal seipin-knockout (seipin-nKO) mice display a depression-like phenotype with a reduced level of hippocampal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The present study investigated the influence of seipin deficiency on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the underlying mechanisms of the effects. We show that the proliferative capability of stem cells in seipin-nKO mice was substantially reduced compared to in wild-type (WT) mice, and that this could be rescued by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (rosi). In seipin-nKO mice, neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells was inhibited, with the enhancement of astrogliogenesis; both of these effects were recovered by rosi treatment during early stages of progenitor cell differentiation. In addition, rosi treatment could correct the decline in hippocampal ERK2 phosphorylation and cyclin A mRNA level in seipin-nKO mice. The MEK inhibitor U0126 abolished the rosi-rescued cell proliferation and cyclin A expression in seipin-nKO mice. In seipin-nKO mice, the hippocampal Wnt3 protein level was less than that in WT mice, and there was a reduction of neurogenin 1 (Neurog1) and neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) mRNA, levels of which were corrected by rosi treatment. STAT3 phosphorylation (Tyr705) was enhanced in seipin-nKO mice, and was further elevated by rosi treatment. Finally, rosi treatment for 10 days could alleviate the depression-like phenotype in seipin-nKO mice, and this alleviation was blocked by the MEK inhibitor U0126. The results indicate that, by reducing PPARγ, seipin deficiency impairs proliferation and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells, respectively, in the adult DG, which might be responsible for the production of the depression-like phenotype in seipin-nKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Sha S, Hong J, Qu WJ, Lu ZH, Li L, Yu WF, Chen L. Sex-related neurogenesis decrease in hippocampal dentate gyrus with depressive-like behaviors in sigma-1 receptor knockout mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1275-86. [PMID: 25983018 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male sigma-1 receptor knockout (σ1R(-/-)) mice showed depressive-like phenotype with deficit in the survival of newly generated neuronal cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), but female σ1R(-/-) mice did not. The level of serum estradiol (E2) at proestrus or diestrus did not differ between female σ1R(-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Ovariectomized (OVX) female σ1R(-/-) mice, but not WT mice, presented the same depressive-like behaviors and neurogenesis decrease as male σ1R(-/-) mice. Treatment of male σ1R(-/-) mice with E2 could alleviate the depressive-like behaviors and rescue the neurogenesis decrease. In addition, E2 could correct the decline in the density of NMDA-activated current (INMDA) in granular cells of DG and the phosphorylation of NMDA receptor (NMDAr) subtype 2B (NR2B) in male σ1R(-/-) mice, which was associated with the elevation of Src phosphorylation. The neuroprotection and antidepressant effects of E2 in male σ1R(-/-) mice were blocked by the inhibitor of Src or NR2B. The NMDAr agonist showed also the neuroprotection and antidepressant effects in male σ1R(-/-) mice, which were insensitive to the Src inhibitor. On the other hand, either the deprivation of E2 or the inhibition of Src in female σ1R(-/-) mice rather than WT mice led to a distinct decline in INMDA and NR2B phosphorylation. Similarly, the Src inhibitor could cause neurogenesis decrease and depressive-like behaviors in female σ1R(-/-) mice, but not in WT mice. These results indicate that the σ1R deficiency impairs neurogenesis leading to a depressive-like phenotype, which is alleviated by the neuroprotection of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei-Jun Qu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zi-Hong Lu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wen-Feng Yu
- The Key Lab of Molecular Biology, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Miró J, Gurtubay-Antolin A, Ripollés P, Sierpowska J, Juncadella M, Fuentemilla L, Sánchez V, Falip M, Rodríguez- Fornells A. Interhemispheric microstructural connectivity in bitemporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Cortex 2015; 67:106-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vismer MS, Forcelli PA, Skopin MD, Gale K, Koubeissi MZ. The piriform, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex in seizure generation. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:27. [PMID: 26074779 PMCID: PMC4448038 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neural network behavior is essential to shed light on epileptogenesis and seizure propagation. The interconnectivity and plasticity of mammalian limbic and neocortical brain regions provide the substrate for the hypersynchrony and hyperexcitability associated with seizure activity. Recurrent unprovoked seizures are the hallmark of epilepsy, and limbic epilepsy is the most common type of medically-intractable focal epilepsy in adolescents and adults that necessitates surgical evaluation. In this review, we describe the role and relationships among the piriform (PIRC), perirhinal (PRC), and entorhinal cortex (ERC) in seizure-generation and epilepsy. The inherent function, anatomy, and histological composition of these cortical regions are discussed. In addition, the neurotransmitters, intrinsic and extrinsic connections, and the interaction of these regions are described. Furthermore, we provide evidence based on clinical research and animal models that suggest that these cortical regions may act as key seizure-trigger zones and, even, epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Vismer
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mark D Skopin
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karen Gale
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
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Saffarzadeh F, Eslamizade MJ, Ghadiri T, Modarres Mousavi SM, Hadjighassem M, Gorji A. Effects of TRPV1 on the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the epileptic rat brain. Synapse 2015; 69:375-83. [PMID: 25967571 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is often presented by medically intractable recurrent seizures due to dysfunction of temporal lobe structures, mostly the temporomesial structures. The role of transient receptor potential vaniloid 1 (TRPV1) activity on synaptic plasticity of the epileptic brain tissues was investigated. We studied hippocampal TRPV1 protein content and distribution in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Furthermore, the effects of pharmacologic modulation of TRPV1 receptors on field excitatory postsynaptic potentials have been analyzed after induction of long term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas after 1 day (acute phase) and 3 months (chronic phase) of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). A higher expression of TRPV1 protein in the hippocampus as well as a higher distribution of this channel in CA1 and CA3 areas in both acute and chronic phases of pilocarpine-induced SE was observed. Activation of TRPV1 using capsaicin (1 µM) enhanced LTP induction in CA1 region in non-epileptic rats. Inhibition of TRPV1 by capsazepine (10 µM) did not affect LTP induction in non-epileptic rats. In acute phase of SE, activation of TRPV1 enhanced LTP in both CA1 and CA3 areas but TRPV1 inhibition did not affect LTP. In chronic phase of SE, application of TRPV1 antagonist enhanced LTP induction in CA1 and CA3 regions but TRPV1 activation had no effect on LTP. These findings indicate that a higher expression of TRPV1 in epileptic conditions is accompanied by a functional impact on the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. This suggests TRPV1 as a potential target in treatment of seizure attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saffarzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Advanced Studies, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Eslamizade
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Advanced Studies, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Neurochirurgie, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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12
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Martens-Mantai T, Speckmann EJ, Gorji A. Propagation of cortical spreading depression into the hippocampus: The role of the entorhinal cortex. Synapse 2014; 68:574-584. [PMID: 25049108 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Propagation of cortical spreading depression (CSD) to the subcortical structures could be the underlying mechanism of some neurological deficits in migraine with aura. The entorhinal cortex (EC) as a gray matter bridge between the neocortex and subcortical regions plays an important role in this propagation. In vitro combined neocortex-hippocampus brain slices were used to study the propagation pattern of CSD between the neocortex and the hippocampus. The effects of different compounds as well as tetanic electrical stimulations in the EC on propagation of CSD to the hippocampus were investigated. Repetitive induction of CSD by KCl injection in the somatosensory cortex enhanced the probability of CSD entrance to the hippocampus via EC. Local application of AMPA receptor blocker CNQX and cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55212-2 in EC facilitated the propagation of CSD to the hippocampus, whereas application of NMDA receptor blocker APV and GABAA receptor blocker bicuculline in this region reduced the probability of CSD penetration to the hippocampus. Application of tetanic stimulation in EC also facilitated the propagation of CSD entrance to the hippocampus. Our data suggest the importance of synaptic plasticity of EC in filtering the propagation of CSD into subcortical structures and possibly the occurrence of concomitant neurological deficits. Synapse 68:574-584, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Martens-Mantai
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Barker GRI, Warburton EC. Object-in-place associative recognition memory depends on glutamate receptor neurotransmission within two defined hippocampal-cortical circuits: a critical role for AMPA and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, perirhinal, and prefrontal cortices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:472-81. [PMID: 24035904 PMCID: PMC4380082 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Object-in-place associative recognition memory depends on an interaction between the hippocampus (HPC), perirhinal (PRH), and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortices, yet the contribution of glutamate receptor neurotransmission to these interactions is unknown. NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the HPC were critical for encoding of object-in-place memory but not for single-item object recognition. Next, a disconnection procedure was used to examine the importance of “concurrent” glutamate neurotransmission in the HPC-mPFC and HPC-PRH. Contralateral unilateral infusions of NBQX (AMPAR antagonist), into the HPC-mPFC, or HPC-PRH, either before acquisition or test, impaired object-in-place performance. Thus, both circuits are necessary for encoding and retrieval. Crossed unilateral AP5 (NMDAR antagonist) infusions into the HPC-mPFC or HPC-PRH impaired encoding, but not retrieval. Specifically crossed HPC-mPFC infusions impaired both short-term (5 min) and longer term (1 h) memory while HPC-PRH infusions impaired longer term memory only. This delay-dependent effect of AP5 in the HPC-PRH on object-in-place memory, accords with its effects in the PRH, on single item object recognition memory, thereby suggesting that a single PRH synaptic plasticity mechanism underpins different recognition memory processes. Further, blocking excitatory neurotransmission in any pair of structures within the networks impaired “both” encoding and retrieval, thus object-in-place memory clearly requires network interdependency across multiple structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Robert Issac Barker
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clea Warburton
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Karimzadeh F, Soleimani M, Mehdizadeh M, Jafarian M, Mohamadpour M, Kazemi H, Joghataei MT, Gorji A. Diminution of the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in cortical and subcortical areas of WAG/Rij rats. Synapse 2013; 67:839-46. [PMID: 23754322 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of glutamatergic NMDA receptors affects the synchronization of spike discharges in in WAG/Rij rats, a valid genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. In this study, we describe the alteration of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors expression in WAG/Rij rats in different somatosensory cortical layers and in hippocampal CA1 area. Experimental groups were divided into four groups of six rats of both WAG/Rij and Wistar strains with 2 and 6 months of age. The distribution of NR2B receptors was assessed by immunohistochemical staining in WAG/Rij and compared with age-matched Wistar rats. The expression of NR2B subunit was significantly decreased in different somatosensory cortical layers in 2- and 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats. In addition, the distribution of NR2B in hippocampal CA1 area was lower in 6-month-old WAG/Rij compared with age-matched Wistar rats. The reduction of NR2B receptors in different brain areas points to disturbance of glutamate receptors expression in cortical and subcortical areas in WAG/Rij rats. An altered subunit assembly of NMDA receptors may underlie cortical hyperexcitability in absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Karimzadeh
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
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