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Pharmacological and Clinical Efficacy of Picrorhiza kurroa and Its Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238316. [PMID: 36500409 PMCID: PMC9738980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.
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Ma S, Wang X, Lai F, Lou C. The beneficial pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of picroside II: Evidence of its benefits from in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 130:110421. [PMID: 32674016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used in China. Picroside II (PII), a glycoside derivative, is the main bioactive constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa. In the past several decades, bioactive components from Picrorhiza kurroa have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising therapeutic effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PII for the prevention and treatment of some diseases, such as organic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver damage, inflammation, cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. In the present paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the pharmacology of PII, focusing on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Meanwhile, the plant tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic properties were also described. Due to its beneficial pharmacological effects in I/R injury, PII may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for organic I/R injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chenghua Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Guo N, Jin C, Shen L, Wu F, Lin X, Feng Y. Chemical components, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of Rhizoma Picrorhizae. Phytother Res 2019; 34:1071-1082. [PMID: 31880854 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Picrorhizae (RP) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has always been used to treat many diseases like infantile epilepsy and malnutrition. In modern applications, it has been used to treat hepatitis B and various liver injuries with remarkable curative effects. So far, more than 90 chemical components have been reported in RP, mainly including iridoid glycosides, cucurbitacins, phenylethanoid glycosides, and phenolic glycosides. Among these, iridoid glycosides are the most important active ingredients, and about 30 such compounds have been isolated at present. In pharmacology, RP is beneficial to the choleresis, liver protection, anti-inflammation, asthma relief, immune regulation, and protection of heart, brain, kidney, and other organs. There have been many investigations on this medicinal herb in recent years, and it has attracted much attention in the medicine domain. In this paper, through systematically consulting the relevant books and electronic databases, we analyzed, arranged, and summarized the available information on this herb to provide reference for its further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Shen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zainab R, Akram M, Daniyal M, Riaz M. Awareness and Current Therapeutics of Asthma. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819870900. [PMID: 31523203 PMCID: PMC6728691 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819870900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Asthma is a serious allergic disorder of the respiratory system. It affects
about 300 million people worldwide. This has a great burden on medical
treatment. Several medicines are available, but they have many serious side
effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for a new therapeutic agent
with no or minimal side effects while most economical for patients. In folk
medicine, antiasthmatics herbal medicine has been used and showed potential
therapeutic antiasthmatic efficacy due to the presence of potential
bioactive compounds. Methods: Different databases were searched (ie, Embase, PubMed, CBM, AMED, and
CINAHL). We have reviewed the published data of the last 20 years. We used
MeSH terms “asthma” herbal treatment of asthma, allopathic treatment of
asthma, and treatment strategies for asthma. The traditional medicine was
compared with modern medicine and the same pharmacotherapies alone or with
placebo. The methodology was evaluated by using the GRADE summary of Finding
tables and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results: There have been some clear-cut indications toward the recognition of further
molecular and cellular mechanisms of asthma. Most of them recommend a
further target for treatment. The novel procedures, biologics, and
pharmaceuticals are evaluated. Both allopathic and herbal treatments of
asthma are effective. Due to none or lesser side effects, herbal medicines
are safer than conventional medicine. Conclusion: The preliminary documentation of the plants discussed in the review show the
presence of several secondary metabolites that are responsible for the
management of asthma and its relevant complications. Further research
studies are needed to identify the bioactive compounds from these plants
that have potential efficacy to cure asthma, and clinically based studies
are needed to search for a complete cure for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Zainab
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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"Picrosides" from Picrorhiza kurroa as potential anti-carcinogenic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1680-1687. [PMID: 30551422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The steady rise in life expectancy, modern life style and changing environmental conditions are responsible for increasing incidence of cancer. A number of chemical drugs have been used for cancer treatment; however the induction of genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects limits their use. Alternatively, plant phytochemicals have been proven effective chemopreventive agents. This review illustrates the use of "picrosides" derived from Picrorhiza kurroa for the treatment of cancer. We have detailed the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action of picrosides as the key mechanism in reducing oncogenesis. Action of picrosides on detoxifying enzymes, cell cyle regulation and induction of signal transducers inhibiting apoptosis has also been reviewed. The present review highlights the use of picrosides as an important therapeutic agent against different types of cancer.
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Jia D, Barwal I, Thakur S, Yadav SC. Methodology to nanoencapsulate hepatoprotective components from Picrorhiza kurroa as food supplement. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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A Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, picroliv, attenuates the development of dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:751629. [PMID: 23125487 PMCID: PMC3480037 DOI: 10.1155/2012/751629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Free radicals and proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Picroliv, a Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of picroliv on experimental model of UC in mice. Materials and Methods. Picroliv was administrated orally by gavage to mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histology score were observed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and SOD, MDA concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the expression of cytokine mRNAs was studied by real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and also ELISA. The expression of NF-κB p65 was observed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Results. A significant improvement was observed in DAI and histological score in mice treated with picroliv, and incerased MPO activity, MDA concentrations, and the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 in mice with DSS-induced colitis were significantly reduced while decreased SOD level increased following administration of picroliv. Conclusion. The administration of picroliv leads to an amelioration of DSS-induced colitis, suggesting administration of picroliv may provide a therapeutic approach for UC.
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Patel R, Garg R, Erande S, B Maru G. Chemopreventive herbal anti-oxidants: current status and future perspectives. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 40:82-91. [PMID: 18188409 PMCID: PMC2127226 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.40.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention is fast becoming a lucrative approach for controlling cancer. Carcinogenesis being a complex multi-step, multi-factorial process, a number of chemopreventive interventions can be employed. These strategies are generally directed against two broad events of carcinogenesis viz., initiation and promotion/progression. Anti-initiation interventions principally involve inhibition of carcinogen activation, scavenging of free radicals and reactive carcinogen metabolites along with enhanced detoxification of carcinogens by modulating cellular metabolism. Anti-promotion strategies involve attenuation of enhanced cellular proliferation along with induction of cellular apoptosis and differentiation. Dietary agents or herbal anti-oxidants due to low toxicity and relative safety are promising chemopreventive agents. These agents after emerging successful through a series of in vitro and in vivo assays enter clinical trials. Many dietary compounds have emerged as promising chemopreventive agents in empirical experiments. However, in clinical trials these compounds have met with limited success. This emphasizes the need for further detailed research on the mechanisms of observed chemoprevention and choice, dose, duration and bioavailability of chemopreventive agent used. Complex issues such as choice and nutritional status of target population, genetic variation, gene-environment interactions and relevance of biomarkers analyzed also warrant further research and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Patel
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi-Mumbai-410 208, India
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Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Harikumar KB, Ahn KS, Badmaev V, Aggarwal BB. Modification of cysteine residue in p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by picroliv suppresses NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiates apoptosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8861-70. [PMID: 18974130 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Picroliv, an iridoid glycoside derived from the plant Picrorhiza kurroa, is used traditionally to treat fever, asthma, hepatitis, and other inflammatory conditions. However, the exact mechanism of its therapeutic action is still unknown. Because nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation plays a major role in inflammation and carcinogenesis, we postulated that picroliv must interfere with this pathway by inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB-mediated signal cascade. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that pretreatment with picroliv abrogated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB. The glycoside also inhibited NF-kappaB activated by carcinogenic and inflammatory agents, such as cigarette smoke condensate, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharide, and epidermal growth factor. When examined for the mechanism of action, we found that picroliv inhibited activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, leading to inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. It also inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Further studies revealed that picroliv directly inhibits the binding of p65 to DNA, which was reversed by the treatment with reducing agents, suggesting a role for a cysteine residue in interaction with picroliv. Mutation of Cys(38) in p65 to serine abolished this effect of picroliv. NF-kappaB inhibition by picroliv leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated proteins, including those linked with cell survival (inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and TNF receptor-associated factor 2), proliferation (cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), and invasion (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9). Suppression of these proteins enhanced apoptosis induced by TNF. Overall, our results show that picroliv inhibits the NF-kappaB activation pathway, which may explain its anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Anand
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Pharmacological activities of iridoids biosynthesized by route II. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART L) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rajeshkumar NV, Kuttan R. Modulation of carcinogenic response and antioxidant enzymes of rats administered with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by Picroliv. Cancer Lett 2003; 191:137-43. [PMID: 12618326 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Picroliv treatment on the carcinogenic response and, hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes of rats administered with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. DMH-induced hepatic carcinogenic response and necrosis were inhibited by oral administration of Picroliv (40 and 200 mg/kg). Liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which was elevated to 0.41 +/- 0.06 nmol/mg protein by DMH administration was found to be reduced to 0.22 +/- 0.04 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg protein by Picroliv treatment 40 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Elevated number of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region dots and clusters, an index of proliferation, of DMH treated rat liver was reduced by Picroliv treatment. DMH-induced depletion of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were restored to normal by Picroliv treatment. Picroliv treatment reduced the DMH-induced elevation of lipidperoxidation in liver, kidney and serum. Elevated levels of serum total bilirubin by DMH administration was reduced by Picroliv treatment. Depleted renal glutathione S-transferase and hepatic glutathione levels after DMH administered rats were found to be significantly increased by Picroliv treatment. Histological analysis of the DMH administered rat liver showed hepatic cell necrosis, coalescent nodular areas and cystic hyperplasia of the bile ducts with inflammation. Picroliv treated liver resembled normal liver except the presence of a few degenerating cells. Renal anatomy was not altered by DMH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Rajeshkumar
- Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala 680 553, India
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