1
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Zhong H, Zhang XY, Yao YM, Chen WM, Wang W, Tian X. Asymmetric Organocatalytic 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with β-Substituted Cyclic Enones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9721-9732. [PMID: 38949994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective and diastereoselective control of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to β-substituted cyclic enones has been developed. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of phthalazinium dicyanomethanides with cyclic dienones affords chiral tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]phthalazine derivatives 3 through vinylogous iminium ion activation by combining a cinchona-based primary amine C3 and a chiral camphorsulfonic acid additive. Conversely, with a weaker 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid additive, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of phthalazinium dicyanomethanides with β-substituted cyclic enones leads to chiral hexahydroisoindolo[1,2-a]phthalazin-10(8H)-one derivatives 4 with excellent stereocontrol via endo-dienamine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhong
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yong-Mou Yao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, P. R. China
| | - Xu Tian
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
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2
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Guo W, Huang J, Ishihara K. Chiral π-Cu(ii)-catalyzed site-, exo/ endo-, and enantioselective dearomative (3 + 2) cycloadditions of isoquinolinium ylides with enamides, dienamides, and a trienamide. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10926-10934. [PMID: 39027307 PMCID: PMC11253176 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a highly effective dearomative (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction between isoquinolinium ylides and α,β-enamides, α,β-γ,δ-dienamides, or an α,β-γ,δ-ε,ζ-trienamide, which is catalyzed by a chiral π-Cu(ii) complex (1-10 mol%) and proceeds in a site-selective, exo/endo-selective, and enantioselective manner. The (3 + 2) cycloaddition involving the α,β-enamides proceeds with high exo-selectivity and enantioselectivity. This method is applicable to various substrates including α-substituted, α,β-disubstituted, or β,β-disubstituted α,β-enamides, which are compounds with an intrinsically low reactivity. This method provides synthetic access to pyrroloisoquinoline derivatives with up to three chiral carbon centers, including those featuring fluorine and trifluoromethyl groups, as well as quaternary carbon centers. The (3 + 2) cycloaddition involving α,β-γ,δ-dienamides proceeds with high γ,δ-site-selectivity and enantioselectivity, whereby the exo/endo-selectivity depends on the substrates and ligands. Remarkably, the (3 + 2) cycloaddition of δ-phenyl-α,β-γ,δ-dienamide proceeds with high α,β-site-selectivity, exo-selectivity, and enantioselectivity. In a manner similar to the reaction with the α,β-γ,δ-dienamides, α,β-γ,δ-ε,ζ-trienamide furnishes a (3 + 2) cycloadduct with good ε,ζ-site-selectivity, endo-selectivity, and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Jianhao Huang
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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3
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Li Y, Briand M, Miqueu K, Anselmi E, Magnier E, Dagousset G. Electrophilic Fluorination of Silyl Dienol Ethers: a General and Selective Access to γ-Fluoro Enals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303545. [PMID: 38055212 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the direct synthesis of γ-fluoro enals from the corresponding silyl dienol ethers. This simple process operates under mild conditions and is compatible with a wide range of functionalities. The high γ regioselectivity of this protocol was rationalized by means of theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Marina Briand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
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4
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Escorihuela J, Fustero S. Fluorinated Imines in Tandem and Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200262. [PMID: 36633495 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of fluorinated compounds has experienced extraordinary growth in recent decades due to the many and varied properties which many of the compounds that contain fluorinated groups possess. Among all of them, fluorinated chiral imines, in particular the Ellman's imines, are of great importance since they are some of the most interesting building blocks for the synthesis of a large number of enantioenriched carbocycles and heterocycles with extraordinary biological and synthetic properties. This personal account covers the most significant results obtained in our research group in the last two decades concerning asymmetric tandem reactions, paying special attention to the intramolecular aza-Michael reaction (IMAMR), diversity oriented synthesis (DOS), asymmetric tandem reactions involving a p-tolylsulfinyl group as chiral inducer and cycloaddition processes, in particular, the Pauson-Khand reaction, [2+2+2]-cycloadditions and metathesis reactions, starting mainly from enyne compounds and through the use of fluorinated chiral N-sulfinyl imines and their derivatives as starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
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5
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Subbi Reddy M, Nanubolu JB, Suresh S. Design and development of intramolecular doubly vinylogous Michael addition to access 3-aryl substituted 2-alkenyl-benzofurans and -indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37326590 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have disclosed a rare example of an intramolecular doubly vinylogous Michael addition (DVMA). The reaction design exploits the innate reactivity of ortho-heteroatom substituted para-quinone methide (p-QM) derivatives. The sequential reaction of p-QMs and activated allyl halides proceeds through heteroatom-allylation, DVMA and oxidation to furnish a diverse range of 2-alkenyl benzofuran and 2-alkenyl indole derivatives in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyam Subbi Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, Department of Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Xu J, Song Y, Yang J, Yang B, Su Z, Lin L, Feng X. Sterically Hindered and Deconjugative α-Regioselective Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Meinwald Rearrangement-Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217887. [PMID: 36700493 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Compared to γ-addition, the α-addition of α-branched β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes faces larger steric hindrance and disrupts the π-π conjugation, which might be why very few examples are reported. In this article, a highly diastereo- and enantioselective α-regioselective Mannich reaction of isatin-derived ketimines with α-, β- or γ-branched β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes, generated in situ from Meinwald rearrangement of vinyl epoxides, is realized by using chiral N,N'-dioxide/ScIII catalysts. A series of chiral α-quaternary allyl aldehydes and homoallylic alcohols with vicinal multisubstituted stereocenters are constructed in excellent yields, good d.r. and excellent ee values. Experimental studies and DFT (density functional theory) calculations reveal that the large steric hindrance of the ligand and the Boc (tButyloxy carbonyl) protecting group of imines are critical factors for the α-regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanji Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
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7
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Barløse CL, Faghtmann J, Bitsch RS, Gbubele JD, Jørgensen KA. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Cascade Reactions─Merging the pseudo-Halogen and Halogen Effect with Dienamine Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1209-1213. [PMID: 36787642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The combination of asymmetric organocatalysis with the (pseudo)-halogen effect enables the formation of chiral norcarane scaffolds in high yields and selectivities (up to 92% yield, >99% ee, and >95:5 d.r.). This was achieved by reacting (pseudo)-halogenated 3-vinyl chromones with in situ generated chiral dienamines in an inverse electron demand [4 + 2] cycloaddition followed by an intramolecular SN2 reaction. These scaffolds could easily undergo photoinduced rearrangements or lactonization to form intricate chiral ring structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Faghtmann
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - René Slot Bitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Reyes E, Prieto L, Milelli A. Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Survival Guide to Medicinal Chemists. Molecules 2022; 28:271. [PMID: 36615465 PMCID: PMC9822454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of drugs act by interacting with chiral counterparts, e.g., proteins, and we are, unfortunately, well-aware of how chirality can negatively impact the outcome of a therapeutic regime. The number of chiral, non-racemic drugs on the market is increasing, and it is becoming ever more important to prepare these compounds in a safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable fashion. Asymmetric organocatalysis has a long history, but it began its renaissance era only during the first years of the millennium. Since then, this field has reached an extraordinary level, as confirmed by the awarding of the 2021 Chemistry Nobel Prize. In the present review, we wish to highlight the application of organocatalysis in the synthesis of enantio-enriched molecules that may be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and the medicinal chemistry community. We aim to discuss the different activation modes observed for organocatalysts, examining, for each of them, the generally accepted mechanisms and the most important and developed reactions, that may be useful to medicinal chemists. For each of these types of organocatalytic activations, select examples from academic and industrial applications will be disclosed during the synthesis of drugs and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liher Prieto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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9
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Construction of novel penta cyclic indolo-furo[3,2-c]quinoline and dihydrochromeno-furo[2,3-b]indol via sequential annulation strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Yi Y, Xi C. Photo-catalyzed sequential dearomatization/carboxylation of benzyl o-halogenated aryl ether with CO2 leading to spirocyclic carboxylic acids. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Lin J, Wu C, Tian X. Nickel-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 2-Vinylanilines with gem-Dichloroalkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:4855-4859. [PMID: 35767682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient nickel-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-vinylanilines with gem-dichloroalkenes has been developed to deliver diversely substituted quinolines in good to high yields. This protocol enables effective access to quinolines bearing various functional groups in the cascade process from readily available feedstock chemicals. Mechanistic studies suggest that two plausible pathways are involved in the IPr-nickel catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lin
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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12
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Topolska A, Frankowski S, Albrecht Ł. Differentiating Catalysis in the Dearomative [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition Involving Enals and Heteroaromatic Aldehydes. Org Lett 2022; 24:955-959. [PMID: 35040652 PMCID: PMC8805123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this paper, the
application of differentiating catalysis in
the [4 + 2]-cycloaddition between 2-alkyl-3-formylheteroarenes and
α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is described. Within the developed
approach, the same aminocatalyst is employed for the independent activation
of both starting materials, differentiating their properties via LUMO-lowering
and HOMO-rising principles. By the combination of dearomative dienamine
activation with iminium ion chemistry high enantio- and diastereoselectivity
of the doubly asymmetric process was accomplished. Selected transformations
of products were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Topolska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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13
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Przydacz A, Topolska A, Skrzyńska A, Frankowski S, Albrecht Ł. Aminocatalytic Alkylation of Indene‐2‐Carbaldehydes via Pentaenamine Activation. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Wang B, Yan X, Zhong H, ouyang Q, Tian X. Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloaddition of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines with 3-Olefinic Oxindoles via Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two complementary regiodivergent Brønsted acid-catalyzed atom-economic [2+2] cycloaddition and ene reaction of 1,2-dihydroquinolines with 3-olefinic oxindoles are reported. In the presence of a chiral phosphoramide catalyst, the [2+2] cycloaddition affords...
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15
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Hussain Y, Tamanna, Sharma M, Kumar A, Chauhan P. Recent development in asymmetric organocatalytic domino reactions involving 1,6-addition as a key step. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights the significant development in stereoselective domino reactions involving 1,6-addition as a crucial step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
| | - Tamanna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DAV University, Pathankot – Jalandhar Road, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
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16
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Genet M, Takfaoui A, Marrot J, Greck C, Moreau X. Construction of Enantioenriched 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydrofuro[2,3‐
b
]pyridines through a Multicatalytic Sequence Merging Gold and Amine Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Genet
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) Univ. Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Univ Paris Saclay UMR CNRS 8180 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Abdelilah Takfaoui
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) Univ. Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Univ Paris Saclay UMR CNRS 8180 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) Univ. Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Univ Paris Saclay UMR CNRS 8180 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Christine Greck
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) Univ. Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Univ Paris Saclay UMR CNRS 8180 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) Univ. Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Univ Paris Saclay UMR CNRS 8180 78035 Versailles Cedex France
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17
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Tian Y, Shang Y, Su W. DBU‐Catalyzed Regioselective
α
‐Alkylation of Enones Using the Vinylogous Strategy. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Tian
- College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350108 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangqiao West Road 155 Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangqiao West Road 155 Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Chemistry Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350108 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangqiao West Road 155 Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
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18
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Xu J, Song Y, He J, Dong S, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic Vinylogous Addition Reactions Initiated by Meinwald Rearrangement of Vinyl Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14521-14527. [PMID: 33826200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first catalytic asymmetric multiple vinylogous addition reactions initiated by Meinwald rearrangement of vinyl epoxides were realized by employing chiral N,N'-dioxide/ScIII complex catalysts. The vinyl epoxides, as masked β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes, via direct vinylogous additions with isatins, 2-alkenoylpyridines or methyleneindolinones, provided a facile and efficient way for the synthesis of chiral 3-hydroxy-3-substituted oxindoles, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and spiro-cyclohexene indolinones, respectively with high efficiency and stereoselectivity. The control experiments and kinetic studies revealed that the Lewis acid acted as dual-tasking catalyst, controlling the initial rearrangement to match subsequent enantioselective vinylogous addition reactions. A catalytic cycle with a possible transition model was proposed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yanji Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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19
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Xu J, Song Y, He J, Dong S, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic Vinylogous Addition Reactions Initiated by Meinwald Rearrangement of Vinyl Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Yanji Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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20
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Stereoselective organocascades: from fundamentals to recent developments. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Reaction sequences where more bonds are sequentially formed (cascade reactions) may be started either by a stoichiometric or by a catalytic reagent, and proceed in an enantio- diastereo- or non-stereo- selective manner. A wide variety of such strategies has been developed, including both stoichiometric and catalytic ones.
Within the widely developed cascade reactions field, this chapter is not meant to be omni-comprehensive, but to offer an as much as possible complete overview on organocatalytic stereoselective methods. We embrace the more general definitions by Tietze and Denmark, considering as cascade reactions all those one-pot processes that involve two or more bond formations, where each subsequent step is enabled by a structural change caused by the previous one. We will include both two- and multi-component reactions where one or more organocatalysts may be responsible either for all or just some of the occurring transformations. Organocascades will be reported according to the number of involved catalytic cycles.
In the following paragraphs, only cascade reactions that are stereoselective by means of a chiral catalyst will be considered. It will be shown that multiple possibilities, relying on different catalysis modes, are available to achieve the same reaction sequence.
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21
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Skrzyńska A, Frankowski S, Topolska A, Dyguda M, Gao XY, Xu CJ, Chen YC, Albrecht Ł. Enantioselective H-bond-directed vinylogous iminium ion strategy for the functionalization of vinyl-substituted heteroaryl aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1667-1670. [PMID: 33464255 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07765h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work the first H-bond-directed vinylogous iminium ion strategy has been developed as a convenient strategy for the γ,δ-functionalization of vinyl-substituted heteroaromatic aldehydes. Their reaction with α-mercaptoketones proceeds in a cascade manner involving 1,6-addition followed by intramolecular aldol reaction. Excellent stereoselectivities have been obtained as a result of the H-bond interactions controlling the outcome of the cyclization step. The application of the strategy for the synthesis of tricyclic compounds bearing furan, tetrahydrothiophene and dihydropyran moieties has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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22
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Wang J, Zheng XZ, Xiao JA, Chen K, Xiang HY, Chen XQ, Yang H. Enantioselectivity-Switchable Organocatalytic [4 + 2]-Annulation to Access the Spirooxindole–Norcamphor Scaffold. Org Lett 2021; 23:963-968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xian-Zhou Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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23
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Harish B, Yadav S, Suresh S. Design and application of intramolecular vinylogous Michael reaction for the construction of 2-alkenyl indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:231-234. [PMID: 33300907 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A base-mediated transformation based on a designed intramolecular vinylogous Michael addition (intra-VMA) is presented to access 3-substituted 2-alkenyl indole derivatives. The reaction represents the first example of the intra-VMA for the construction of indoles. A one-pot N-allylation of ortho-tosylamidocinnamates/congeners with γ-bromocrotonates followed by intra-VMA has been described to provide access to a diverse range of 2-alkenyl indole derivatives in reasonable to high yields. The synthetic value of the developed intra-VMA has been demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis of a representative indole derivative and also by the formal synthesis of MK-7246: a Merck's clinical CRTH2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battu Harish
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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24
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Jiang H, Zhou L, Mao B, Yuan C, Wang W, Wu Y, Zhang C, Guo H. Organocatalytic Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with 2,4‐Dienals: Construction of Remote Stereogenic Centers via 1,6‐Addition Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Biming Mao
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Department of Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
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25
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Chen X, Lin J, Wang B, Tian X. Nickel-Catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck/Amination Cascade Reactions of o-Dihaloarenes with Allylamines: Synthesis of Indoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:7704-7708. [PMID: 32910665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Mizoroki-Heck/amination cascade reaction of o-dihaloarenes with allylamines has been developed using nickel and IPr carbene ligand as catalyst. This protocol enables the synthesis of a broad range of substituted indoles by a cascade process, from readily available starting materials. Mechanistic studies suggest that the Mizoroki-Heck reaction occurred first under IPr-nickel catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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26
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Skrzyńska A, Frankowski S, Albrecht Ł. Cyclic 1‐Azadienes in the Organocatalytic Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Aza‐Diels‐Alder Cycloadditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Lodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Lodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Lodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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27
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Przydacz A, Dyguda M, Topolska A, Skrzyńska A, Xu CJ, Chen YC, Albrecht Ł. Doubly vinylogous and doubly rearomative functionalization of 2-alkyl-3-furfurals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5816-5821. [PMID: 32678401 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The manuscript describes a straightforward functionalization of 2-alkyl-3-furfurals via simple aminocatalytic conjugate addition. The reaction proceeds through the formation of dearomatized dienamine-like intermediate that undergoes 1,6-addition to 4-alkylidene-2,6-dialkylcyclohexa-2,5-dienones. This process can be described as doubly rearomative as it proceeds with the re-formation of both furan and phenyl aromatic moieties. Target products have been obtained in a highly stereoselective manner, providing an interesting example of 2-alkyl-3-furfural functionalization via doubly vinylogous Michael addition. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied by means of computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Przydacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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28
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Avila-Ortiz CG, Juaristi E. Novel Methodologies for Chemical Activation in Organic Synthesis under Solvent-Free Reaction Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:E3579. [PMID: 32781678 PMCID: PMC7464687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One central challenge for XXI century chemists is the development of sustainable processes that do not represent a risk either to humanity or to the environment. In this regard, the search for more efficient and clean alternatives to achieve the chemical activation of molecules involved in chemical transformations has played a prominent role in recent years. The use of microwave or UV-Vis light irradiation, and mechanochemical activation is already widespread in many laboratories. Nevertheless, an additional condition to achieve "green" processes comes from the point of view of so-called atom economy. The removal of solvents from chemical reactions generally leads to cleaner, more efficient and more economical processes. This review presents several illustrative applications of the use of sustainable protocols in the synthesis of organic compounds under solvent-free reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gabriela Avila-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- El Colegio Nacional, Donceles 104, Centro Histórico, 06020 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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29
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Pawar TJ, Mitkari SB, Peña‐Cabrera E, Villegas Gómez C, Cruz Cruz D. Polyenals and Polyenones in Aminocatalysis: A Decade Building Complex Frameworks from Simple Blocks. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Janardan Pawar
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Suhas Balasaheb Mitkari
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Eduardo Peña‐Cabrera
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Clarisa Villegas Gómez
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - David Cruz Cruz
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
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30
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Wang M, Tseng P, Chi W, Suresh S, Edukondalu A, Chen Y, Lin W. Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Spirocyclohexene Indane‐1,3‐diones and Coumarin‐Fused Cyclopentanes via an Organobase‐Controlled Cascade Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Ping‐Yao Tseng
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Woei‐Jye Chi
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Sundaram Suresh
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Athukuri Edukondalu
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ru Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4 Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
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31
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Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Rodeghiero G, Jansen TP, Perciaccante R. Stereoselective synergystic organo photoredox catalysis with enamines and iminiums. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Application of small chiral organic molecules in catalysis has been dominated by formation of chiral enamines or iminium ions. Nucleophiles – electrophiles reactivity has been exploited in many papers. Now, the possibility to combine organocatalysis with photochemistry open new “exciting” possibilities and opportunities, in reactions that are mediated by radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- Università degli Studi di Bologna , Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Università degli Studi di Bologna , Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giacomo Rodeghiero
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
| | - Thomas Paul Jansen
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
| | - Rossana Perciaccante
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
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32
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Improvement of primary-amine-catalyzed asymmetric α-benzoyloxylation of α-branched enals by a synergistic effect of water and sulfonic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Regio- and Enantioselective α,γ-Dialkylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Through Cascade Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Vargas EL, Velázquez JA, Rodrigo E, Reinecke H, Rodríguez-Hernández J, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Gallardo A, Cid MB. p Ka Modulation of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalytic Polymers Used for the Preparation of Glycosyl Hydrazides at Physiological pH and Temperature. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1955-1967. [PMID: 35025318 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the ability of enzymes to use the surrounding hydrophobic and/or polarizable groups to modulate the pKa of a given amino acid, we designed a series of soluble polymers able to decrease the basicity of pyrrolidine (from 11.2 to 8.6 pKa units), which clearly increases its aminocatalytic activity at physiological pH in C═N bond formation reactions via ion iminium activation. Other parameters such as charge density, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, and aggregation state have been studied as important factors in the catalytic activity of the polymers for a given substrate. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, an optimal pyrrolidine-based catalytic polymer has been used for the formation of C-N bonds between hydrazides and free sugars as the model system for the preparation of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Vargas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Antonio Velázquez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmut Reinecke
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a de Polı́meros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a de Polı́meros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Gallardo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a de Polı́meros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Cid
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Curti C, Battistini L, Sartori A, Zanardi F. New Developments of the Principle of Vinylogy as Applied to π-Extended Enolate-Type Donor Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2448-2612. [PMID: 32040305 PMCID: PMC7993750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The principle of vinylogy states that the electronic effects of a functional group in a molecule are possibly transmitted to a distal position through interposed conjugated multiple bonds. As an emblematic case, the nucleophilic character of a π-extended enolate-type chain system may be relayed from the legitimate α-site to the vinylogous γ, ε, ..., ω remote carbon sites along the chain, provided that suitable HOMO-raising strategies are adopted to transform the unsaturated pronucleophilic precursors into the reactive polyenolate species. On the other hand, when "unnatural" carbonyl ipso-sites are activated as nucleophiles (umpolung), vinylogation extends the nucleophilic character to "unnatural" β, δ, ... remote sites. Merging the principle of vinylogy with activation modalities and concepts such as iminium ion/enamine organocatalysis, NHC-organocatalysis, cooperative organo/metal catalysis, bifunctional organocatalysis, dicyanoalkylidene activation, and organocascade reactions represents an impressive step forward for all vinylogous transformations. This review article celebrates this evolutionary progress, by collecting, comparing, and critically describing the achievements made over the nine year period 2010-2018, in the generation of vinylogous enolate-type donor substrates and their use in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Zanardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli
Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università
di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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36
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Kowalczyk-Dworak D, Kwit M, Albrecht Ł. Allylic-Allylic Alkylation with 3,5-Dimethyl-4-nitroisoxazole: A Route to Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2938-2944. [PMID: 32040920 PMCID: PMC7497636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In this work, the
first application of 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitroisoxazole as a vinylogous
pronucleophile in the allylic–allylic alkylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman
(MBH) carbonates is described. The reaction has been realized under
nucleophilic catalysis conditions with dimeric cinchona alkaloids,
providing excellent enantiocontrol of the process. The usefulness
of the products thus obtained has been confirmed in selected chemoselective
reactions. The most important one involves the transformation of the
isoxazole moiety into a carboxylic acid group, thus opening access
to dicarboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalczyk-Dworak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Kwit
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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37
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Xu K, Chen W, Chen X, Wang B, Huang J, Tian X. Organocatalytic asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation/hemiketalization/lactonization cascade reactions: highly enantioselective synthesis of furo[2,3-b]benzofuranones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereo- and enantioselective organocatalytic Friedel–Crafts alkylation/hemiketalization/lactonization cascade reaction generating furo[2,3-b]benzofuranones in good to excellent yields with high stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Production Center
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha
- China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jun Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
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Frankowski S, Romaniszyn M, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht Ł. The Game of Electrons: Organocatalytic Higher‐Order Cycloadditions Involving Fulvene‐ and Tropone‐Derived Systems. Chemistry 2019; 26:2120-2132. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Marta Romaniszyn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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39
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Olaizola O, Iriarte I, Zanella G, Gómez‐Bengoa E, Ganboa I, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Brønsted Base Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Stereodefined Six‐Member Carbocycles Featuring Transient Trienolates and a Key Intramolecular 1,6‐Addition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Olaizola
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Igor Iriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Giovanna Zanella
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez‐Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Iñaki Ganboa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
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40
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Olaizola O, Iriarte I, Zanella G, Gómez‐Bengoa E, Ganboa I, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Brønsted Base Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Stereodefined Six‐Member Carbocycles Featuring Transient Trienolates and a Key Intramolecular 1,6‐Addition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14250-14254. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Olaizola
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Igor Iriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Giovanna Zanella
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez‐Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Iñaki Ganboa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
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41
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Lang J, Li Y, Kang T, Feng X, Liu X. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael/Dieckmann Cyclization Reaction of Alkynones To Construct Spirocyclopentene Oxindoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:6897-6902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tengfei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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42
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Dyguda M, Przydacz A, Krzemińska A, Albrecht Ł. On the origins of stereoselectivity in the aminocatalytic remote alkylation of 5-alkylfurfurals. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6025-6031. [PMID: 31161185 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00914k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the manuscript, computational studies on the remote alkylation of 5-alkylfurfurals proceeding via formation of the corresponding trienamine intermediate are presented. By the means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) method, interesting insights into the mechanism of the reaction have been provided explaining the influence and contribution of different molecular interactions on the observed reactivity as well as on the enantio- and diastereoselectivity of the process. The studies have been extended to the thiophene analogue of the starting furfural derivative and the results obtained verified experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dyguda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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43
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Muthusamy S, Kesavan V. Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions of Oxindole α-Keto Esters via Cascade Dienamine-Enamine and Trienamine Strategies. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Muthusamy
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences Building; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; -600036 Chennai India
| | - Venkitasamy Kesavan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences Building; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; -600036 Chennai India
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44
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Romaniszyn M, Gronowska K, Albrecht Ł. 2-Substituted 1,4-Naphthoquinones in [6 + 4]-Cycloaddition with 8,8-Dicyanoheptafulvene. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9929-9936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Romaniszyn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gronowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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45
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Vega-Peñaloza A, Paria S, Bonchio M, Dell’Amico L, Companyó X. Profiling the Privileges of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis: From Polar to Light-Driven Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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46
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Bojanowski J, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht A. Dearomatizative and Decarboxylative Reaction Cascade in the Aminocatalytic Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bojanowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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47
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Bojanowski J, Albrecht A. Carboxylic‐Acid‐Activated Olefins in Decarboxylative Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bojanowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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48
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Bojanowski J, Albrecht A. The First Vinylogous, Decarboxylative Michael Reaction with 3‐Cyano‐4‐methylcoumarins as Pronucleophiles. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bojanowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Albrecht
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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49
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Grzelak P, Saktura M, Sieroń L, Albrecht Ł. Intramolecular [2+2]‐Cycloaddition in the Synthesis of Polycyclic Tetrahydrothiopyran Derivatives Bearing a Cyclobutane Scaffold. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Grzelak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Maciej Saktura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Lesław Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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50
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Apel C, Hartmann SS, Lentz D, Christmann M. Dienamine‐Induced Divinylcyclopropane–Cycloheptadiene Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5075-5079. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Apel
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Sören Hartmann
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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