1
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Wang C, Xu L, Zheng J, Zhu Z, Huang Z, Hu C, Liu B. Polyvinyl alcohol /chitosan biomimetic hydrogel enhanced by MXene for excellent electromagnetic shielding and pressure sensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134354. [PMID: 39098664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Traditional electromagnetic shielding materials are difficult to realize practical applications due to excessive fillers, poor mechanical properties, and difficulty in preservation, etc. Hydrogel is a biomaterial with good biocompatibility and sustainability, which not only can overcome the aforementioned issues, but its biomimetic hierarchical porous structure also enables multifunctional applications. In this paper, a honeycomb-like unidirectional porous wall structured hydrogel is prepared by a simple freeze-thaw cycle and salting out method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) form a double cross-linked network (DN) enhanced by MXene, resulting in excellent mechanical and flexibility. Due to the synergistic effects of MXene, water, Fe3O4, abundant interfaces and micrometer porous wall structure, the electromagnetic shielding performance is enhanced. EMI SE increases by 30.7 dB as the MXene concentration increases from 0 to 1.5 wt%, and EMI SE increases from 7.9 to 66.7 dB as the water content increases from 0 to 76 %. Besides this, we encapsulate the hydrogel into a simple sensor, the signal response is rapid, the response /recovery time is 50/100 ms respectively, and it exhibits good sensitivity (0.0187 kPa-1). Different signals are generated based on variations in pressure, which holds significant importance for the development of wearable flexible sensors and information encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhangmi Huang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Baojiang Liu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
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2
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Isari AA, Ghaffarkhah A, Hashemi SA, Wuttke S, Arjmand M. Structural Design for EMI Shielding: From Underlying Mechanisms to Common Pitfalls. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310683. [PMID: 38467559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Modern human civilization deeply relies on the rapid advancement of cutting-edge electronic systems that have revolutionized communication, education, aviation, and entertainment. However, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by digital systems poses a significant threat to the society, potentially leading to a future crisis. While numerous efforts are made to develop nanotechnological shielding systems to mitigate the detrimental effects of EMI, there is limited focus on creating absorption-dominant shielding solutions. Achieving absorption-dominant EMI shields requires careful structural design engineering, starting from the smallest components and considering the most effective electromagnetic wave attenuating factors. This review offers a comprehensive overview of shielding structures, emphasizing the critical elements of absorption-dominant shielding design, shielding mechanisms, limitations of both traditional and nanotechnological EMI shields, and common misconceptions about the foundational principles of EMI shielding science. This systematic review serves as a scientific guide for designing shielding structures that prioritize absorption, highlighting an often-overlooked aspect of shielding science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Isari
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor UPV/EHU Science Park Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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3
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Zecchi S, Cristoforo G, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A, Torsello D, Rosso C, Boccaccio M, Acerra F. A Comprehensive Review of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Composite Materials. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:187. [PMID: 38398916 PMCID: PMC10891677 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between matter and microwaves assumes critical significance due to the ubiquity of wireless communication technology. The selective shielding of microwaves represents the only way to achieve the control on crucial technological sectors. The implementation of microwave shielding ensures the proper functioning of electronic devices. By preventing electromagnetic pollution, shielding safeguards the integrity and optimal performances of devices, contributing to the reliability and efficiency of technological systems in various sectors and allowing the further step forwards in a safe and secure society. Nevertheless, the microwave shielding research is vast and can be quite hard to approach due to the large number and variety of studies regarding both theory and experiments. In this review, we focused our attention on the comprehensive discussion of the current state of the art of materials used for the production of electromagnetic interference shielding composites, with the aim of providing a solid reference point to explore this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zecchi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.Z.); (G.C.); (D.T.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Cristoforo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.Z.); (G.C.); (D.T.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.Z.); (G.C.); (D.T.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Daniele Torsello
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.Z.); (G.C.); (D.T.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Rosso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marco Boccaccio
- Leonardo Labs, OGR Tech, Corso Castelfidardo 22, 10138 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Acerra
- Leonardo Aircraft, Viale dell’Aeronautica Sns, 80038 Pomigliano d’Arco, Italy;
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4
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Kim SC. Performance Evaluation of Radiation-Shielding Materials and Process Technology for Manufacturing Skin Protection Cream. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3059. [PMID: 37109895 PMCID: PMC10146880 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Personnel using X-ray devices, the main source of radiation in medical institutions, are primarily affected by scattered rays. When interventionists use radiation for examinations/treatments, their hands may enter the radiation-generating area. The shielding gloves used for protection against these rays restrict movement and cause discomfort. Here, a shielding cream that directly adheres to the skin was developed and examined as a personal protective device; further, its shielding performance was verified. Bismuth oxide and barium sulfate were selected as shielding materials and comparatively evaluated in terms of thickness, concentration, and energy. With increasing wt% of the shielding material, the protective cream became thicker, resulting in improved protection. Furthermore, the shielding performance improved with increasing mixing temperature. Because the shielding cream is applied to the skin and has a protective effect, it must be stable on the skin and easy to remove. During manufacturing, the bubbles were removed, and the dispersion improved by 5% with increasing stirring speed. During mixing, the temperature increased as the shielding performance increased by 5% in the low-energy region. In terms of the shielding performance, bismuth oxide was superior to barium sulfate by approximately 10%. This study is expected to facilitate the mass production of cream in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yang Y, Wan C, Huang Q, Hua J. Pore-Rich Cellulose-Derived Carbon Fiber@Graphene Core-Shell Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:174. [PMID: 36616083 PMCID: PMC9824699 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because of serious electromagnetic pollution caused by the widespread use of radio frequency equipment, the study of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials has been a long-standing topic. Carbon fiber and graphene composites have great potential as EMI shielding materials due to their unique microstructure and electrical conductivity. In this work, a novel kind of core-shell composite is fabricated based on the pore-rich pine needles-derived carbon fibers (coded as PNCFs) core and the graphene shell. The pore-rich PNCFs are created by KOH activation, and the integration between the pore-rich PNCFs and the graphene relies on a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. The conductivity of the pore-rich PNCFs@graphene core-shell composite reaches 4.97 S cm−1, and the composite has an excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (SE > 70 dB over X-band (8.2−12.4 GHz)) and achieves a maximum value of ~77 dB at 10.4 GHz, which is higher than many biobased EMI shielding materials in the recent literature. By calculation and comparison, the large absorption loss (accounting for 90.8% of total loss) contributes to reducing secondary radiation, which is quite beneficial for stealth uses. Thus, this work demonstrates a promising design method for the preparation of green high-performance composites for EMI shielding and stealth applications (such as warcrafts, missiles, and stealth wears).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- College of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Caichao Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Huaidong Industrial Zone, Lianxia Town, Chenghai District, Shantou 515834, China
| | - Qiongtao Huang
- Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Huaidong Industrial Zone, Lianxia Town, Chenghai District, Shantou 515834, China
| | - Jun Hua
- College of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
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6
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Wu H, Zhu C, Li X, Hu X, Xie H, Lu X, Qu JP. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Multifunctional NR/MXene/CNTs Composite Films with Exceptional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances and Excellent Mechanical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200387. [PMID: 35689512 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid advance of electronics, the light, flexible, and multifunctional composite films with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness and excellent thermal management are highly desirable for next-generation portable and wearable electronic devices. Herein, a series of flexible and ultrathin natural rubber/MXene/carbon nanotubes (NR/MXene/CNTs) composite films with sandwich structure are constructed layer by layer through a facile vacuum-assisted filtration method for EMI shielding and Joule heating application. The fabricated NR/MXene/CNTs-50 composite film, with NR/MXene as inner layer and NR/CNTs as out layers, not only has high EMI shielding efficient, but also has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties at the thickness of only 200 µm. In addition, the superior environmental durability, high electrothermal conversion efficiency, hydrophobicity, and fine performance stability after periodic cyclic bending make the film possess more value in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (South China University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Chuanbiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinpeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Heng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jin-Ping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (South China University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
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7
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Wu B, Zhu K, Yang Y, Wen X, Liu R, Zhu H, Yang J. Constructing
PA6
/
PS
composite foam with porous and hybrid isolation structure to synergistically control absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozhen Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqi Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghan Wen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Renrong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Honghao Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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8
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Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Polyethylene Composites Containing Cobalt Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051876. [PMID: 35269106 PMCID: PMC8912063 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites with electrically conductive inclusions are intensively developed for microwave shielding applications, where lightweight and elastic coatings are necessary. In this paper, dielectric properties of hybrid polyethylene composites containing cobalt nanoparticles and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated in the wide frequency range of 20–40 GHz for electromagnetic shielding applications. The percolation threshold in the hybrid system is close to 6.95 wt% MWCNT and 0.56 Co wt%. Cobalt nanoparticles (up to highest investigated concentration 4.8 wt%) had no impact on the percolation threshold, and for the fixed total concentration of fillers, the complex dielectric permittivity is higher for composites with bigger MWCNT concentrations. Moreover, the microwave complex dielectric permittivity of composites with high concentration of fillers is quite high (for composites with 13.4 wt% MWCNT and 1.1 wt% Co ε′ ≈ ε″ ≈ 20 at 30 GHz, it corresponds to microwave absorption 50% of 1 mm thickness plate); therefore, these composites are suitable for electromagnetic shielding applications.
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9
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Reis FCD, Rezende MC, Ribeiro B. The influence of the transparent layer thickness on the absorption capacity of epoxy/carbon nanotube buckypaper at
X‐band. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Carlos dos Reis
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Mirabel Cerqueira Rezende
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Bruno Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
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10
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Luk Yanchuk B, Vasilyak LM, Pecherkin VY, Vetchinin SP, Fortov VE, Wang ZB, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Fedyanin AA. Colossal magnetic fields in high refractive index materials at microwave frequencies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23453. [PMID: 34873201 PMCID: PMC8648870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant scattering of electromagnetic waves is a widely studied phenomenon with a vast range of applications that span completely different fields, from astronomy or meteorology to spectroscopy and optical circuitry. Despite being subject of intensive research for many decades, new fundamental aspects are still being uncovered, in connection with emerging areas, such as metamaterials and metasurfaces or quantum and topological optics, to mention some. In this work, we demonstrate yet one more novel phenomenon arising in the scattered near field of medium sized objects comprising high refractive index materials, which allows the generation of colossal local magnetic fields. In particular, we show that GHz radiation illuminating a high refractive index ceramic sphere creates instant magnetic near-fields comparable to those in neutron stars, opening up a new paradigm for creation of giant magnetic fields on the millimeter's scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luk Yanchuk
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - L M Vasilyak
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 125412
| | - V Ya Pecherkin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 125412
| | - S P Vetchinin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 125412
| | - V E Fortov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 125412
| | - Z B Wang
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, UK
| | - R Paniagua-Domínguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - A A Fedyanin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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11
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Latko-Durałek P, Bertasius P, Macutkevic J, Banys J, Boczkowska A. Fibers of Thermoplastic Copolyamides with Carbon Nanotubes for Electromagnetic Shielding Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5699. [PMID: 34640094 PMCID: PMC8510411 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites containing carbon nanofillers are extensively developed for electromagnetic shielding applications, where lightweight and flexible materials are required. One example of the microwave absorbers can be thermoplastic fibers fabricated from copolyamide hot melt adhesives and 7 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, as presented in this paper. A broadband dielectric spectroscopy confirmed that the addition of carbon nanotubes significantly increased microwave electrical properties of the thin (diameter about 100 μm) thermoplastic fibers. Moreover, the dielectric properties are improved for the thicker fibers, and they are almost stable at the frequency range 26-40 GHz and not dependent on the temperature. The variances in the dielectric properties of the fibers are associated with the degree of orientation of carbon nanotubes and the presence of bundles, which were examined using a high-resolution scanning microscope. Analyzing the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite fibers, as an effect of the carbon nanotubes addition, an improvement in the stiffness of the fibers was observed, together with a decrease in the fibers' elongation and tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Latko-Durałek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (P.L.-D.); (A.B.)
- Technology Partners Foundation, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Povilas Bertasius
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Macutkevic
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Juras Banys
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (P.L.-D.); (A.B.)
- Technology Partners Foundation, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Synergistic Manipulation of Zero-Dimension and One-Dimension Hybrid Nanofillers in Multi-Layer Two-Dimension Thin Films to Construct Light Weight Electromagnetic Interference Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193278. [PMID: 34641093 PMCID: PMC8513059 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite foam with a large expansion ratio and thin cell walls is promising for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, due to the low electromagnetic (EM) reflection and high EM absorption. To overcome the dimensional limitation from two-dimension (2D) thin walls on the construction of conductive network, a strategy combining hybrid conductive nanofillers in semi-crystalline matrix together with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming was applied: (1) one-dimension (1D) CNTs with moderate aspect ratio was used to minimize the dimensional confinement from 2D thin walls while constructing the main EM absorbing network; (2) zero-dimension (0D) carbon black (CB) with no dimensional confinement was used to connect the separated CNTs in thin walls and to expand the EM absorbing network; (3) scCO2 foaming was applied to obtain a cellular structure with multi-layer thin walls and a large amount of air cells to reduce the reflected EM; (4) semi-crystalline polymer was selected so that the rheological behavior could be adjusted by optimizing crystallization and filler content to regulate the cellular structure. Consequently, an advanced material featured as lightweight, high EM absorption and low EM reflection was obtained at 0.48 vol.% hybrid nanofillers and a density of 0.067 g/cm3, whose specific EMI shielding performance was 183 dB cm3/g.
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13
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High Frequency Electromagnetic Shielding by Biochar-Based Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092383. [PMID: 34578699 PMCID: PMC8469314 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on the microwave shielding efficiency of non-structural composites, where inclusions of biochar—a cost effective and eco-friendly material—are dispersed in matrices of interest for building construction. We directly measured the complex permittivity of raw materials and composites, in the frequency range 100 MHz–8 GHz. A proper permittivity mixing formula allows obtaining other combinations, to enlarge the case studies. From complex permittivity, finally, we calculated the shielding efficiency, showing that tailoring the content of biochar allows obtaining a desired value of electromagnetic shielding, potentially useful for different applications. This approach represents a quick preliminary evaluation tool to design composites with desired shielding properties starting from physical parameters.
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14
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Fine-grained and electrically conductive NdB6/SiO2: A promising electromagnetic interference shielding material with good thermal and mechanical properties. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Madinehei M, Kuester S, Kaydanova T, Moghimian N, David É. Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelet Lateral Size on the Electrical Conductivity and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance of Polyester Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152567. [PMID: 34372170 PMCID: PMC8347779 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester nanocomposites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) with two different lateral sizes are prepared by high shear mixing, followed by compression molding. The effects of the size and concentration of GnP, as well as of the processing method, on the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding behavior of these nanocomposites are experimentally investigated. The in-plane electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites with larger-size GnPs is approximately one order of magnitude higher than the cross-plane volume conductivity. According to the SEM images, the compression-induced alignments of GnPs is found to be responsible for this anisotropic behavior. The orientation of the small size GnPs in the composite is not influenced by the compression process as strongly, and consequently, the electrical conductivity of these nanocomposites exhibits only a slight anisotropy. The maximum EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 27 dB (reduction of 99.8% of the incident radiation) is achieved at 25 wt.% of the smaller-size GnP loading. Experimental results show that the EMI shielding mechanism of these composites has a strong dependency on the lateral dimension of GnPs. The non-aligned smaller-size GnPs are leveraged to obtain a relatively high absorption coefficient (≈40%). This absorption coefficient is superior to the existing single-filler bulk polymer composite with a similar thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Madinehei
- Mechanical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada;
| | - Scheyla Kuester
- NanoXplore Inc., 4500 Boulevard Thimens, Saint-Laurent, QC H4R 2P2, Canada; (S.K.); (T.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Tatiana Kaydanova
- NanoXplore Inc., 4500 Boulevard Thimens, Saint-Laurent, QC H4R 2P2, Canada; (S.K.); (T.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Nima Moghimian
- NanoXplore Inc., 4500 Boulevard Thimens, Saint-Laurent, QC H4R 2P2, Canada; (S.K.); (T.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Éric David
- Mechanical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Sushmita K, Formanek P, Fischer D, Pötschke P, Madras G, Bose S. Ultrathin structures derived from interfacially modified polymeric nanocomposites to curb electromagnetic pollution. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2632-2648. [PMID: 36134148 PMCID: PMC9419275 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01071e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic devices and wireless networks is increasing rapidly, and electromagnetic (EM) pollution remediation remains a challenge. We employed a unique approach to fabricate two ultrathin (approx. 53 μm) multilayered assemblies to address this. By sequentially stacking thin films of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites and interfacially locking them with a mutually miscible polymer (PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate), materials with enhanced structural properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance can be designed. Utilizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a template, ferrite was grown on the surface to design two different nanohybrid structures (rGO-Fe3O4 and MoS2-Fe3O4). PVDF was composited with either rGO-Fe3O4 or MoS2-Fe3O4, and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed in the PC component. As PC and PVDF are immiscible, their poor interface would result in inferior structural properties, which can be challenging in designing EMI shielding materials due to cyclic thermal fatigue. Hence, PMMA is sandwiched to interfacially stitch the components (PC and PVDF) and improve interfacial adhesion. This was confirmed using SEM/EDS and Raman mapping/imaging. The mechanical stability of the multilayered assemblies was characterized using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and the storage modulus was found to be as high as 2767 MPa at 40 °C (@constant frequency and strain amplitude), for the multilayered film with rGO-Fe3O4 in PVDF, PMMA as a sandwich layer and CNTs in PC. A typical assembly of 9 multilayers (∼480 μm) with rGO-Fe3O4 in PVDF, and CNTs in PC, and interfacially stitched with PMMA gave rise to a high EMI shield effectiveness (SET) of -26.3 dB @ 26.5 GHz. This unique arrangement of a multilayered assembly suppressed EMI primarily by absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sushmita
- Centre for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF) Dresden-01069 Germany
| | - Dieter Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF) Dresden-01069 Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF) Dresden-01069 Germany
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Hložeková K, Hudec I. Progress in polymers and polymer composites used as efficient materials for EMI shielding. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:123-172. [PMID: 36131869 PMCID: PMC9417728 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The explosive progress of electronic devices and communication systems results in the production of undesirable electromagnetic pollution, known as electromagnetic interference. The accumulation of electromagnetic radiation in space results in the malfunction of commercial and military electronic appliances, and it may have a negative impact on human health. Thus, the shielding of undesirable electromagnetic interference has become a serious concern of the modern society, and has been a very perspective field of research and development. This paper provides detailed insight into current trends in the advancement of various polymer-based materials with the effects of electromagnetic interference shielding. First, the theoretical aspects of shielding are outlined. Then, the comprehensive description of the structure, morphology and functionalization of the intrinsic conductive polymers, polymers filled with the different types of inorganic and organic fillers, as well as multifunctional polymer architectures are provided with respect to their conductive, dielectric, magnetic and shielding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Klaudia Hložeková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
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18
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Silva AMG, Pereira IM, Silva TI, Silva MR, Rocha RA, Silva MC. Magnetic foams from polyurethane and magnetite applied as attenuators of electromagnetic radiation in X band. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria G. Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de materiais compósitos e poliméricos (LIMCOP) Instituto de Engenharias Integradas (IEI), Universidade Federal de Itajubá Itabira Brazil
| | - Iaci M Pereira
- Laboratório de Materiais Centro Tecnológico do Exército ‐ Divisão Bélica Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Tamara I. Silva
- Laboratório de Materiais Centro Tecnológico do Exército ‐ Divisão Bélica Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Manoel R. Silva
- Instituto de Física e Química Universidade Federal de Itajubá Itajubá Brazil
| | - Renata A. Rocha
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André Brazil
| | - Mercês C. Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de materiais compósitos e poliméricos (LIMCOP) Instituto de Engenharias Integradas (IEI), Universidade Federal de Itajubá Itabira Brazil
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19
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Moseenkov SI, Kuznetsov VL, Zavorin AV, Golubtsov GV, Korovin EY, Suslyaev VI, Ishchenko AV, Serkova AN, Sergeenko DI, Velikanov DA. Electrophysical Properties of Composites Based on Polyethylene Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with High Content of Fe–Co-Catalyst. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722004014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Li J, Chen JL, Tang XH, Cai JH, Liu JH, Wang M. Constructing nanopores in poly(oxymethylene)/multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites via poly(l-lactide) assisting for improving electromagnetic interference shielding. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 565:536-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Yuan X, Wang R, Huang W, Kong L, Guo S, Cheng L. Morphology Design of Co-electrospinning MnO-VN/C Nanofibers for Enhancing the Microwave Absorption Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13208-13216. [PMID: 32092255 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To enhance microwave loss abilities, constructing composites with one-dimensional (1D) structure is an excellent scheme. In this work, a high-efficiency microwave absorber of MnO nanograins decorated vanadium nitride/carbon nanofibers (MnO-VN/C NFs) was successfully prepared for the first time via co-electrospinning technology and subsequent nitriding treatment. Studying in detail the specific relationship between nitriding time and the morphology of the as-prepared NFs, the precipitations of MnO nanoparticles with tailored structures were attached on the surface of VN/C NFs to optimize their electromagnetic parameters. When the nitriding time was 2.0 h at 600 °C, the MnO-VN/C NFs displayed good microwave absorption performances: the minimum reflection loss (RL) value was -63.2 dB at 8.8 GHz, and the bandwidth of RL < -10 dB was up to 6.4 GHz from 11.6 to 18 GHz at the thickness of 2.8 mm. Meanwhile, the absorption bandwidth (RL< -10 dB) could cover the whole X and Ku band by adjusting the thickness, respectively. The outstanding performances could be attributed to the good impedance matching and various loss pathways including conductive loss and interfacial and dipole polarizations. In these regards, MnO-VN/C NFs are likely to be utilized as a high-efficiency microwave absorber. And the strategy in this work can provide great help to design other 1D structural microwave absorbers with a broader absorbing band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ruiqin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Wenrui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Luo Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shouwu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Laifei Cheng
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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22
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Darwish MSA, Bakry A, Al-Harbi LM, Khowdiary MM, El-Henawy AA, Yoon J. Core/shell PA6 @ Fe3O4 nanofibers: Magnetic and shielding behavior. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1635025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. A. Darwish
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, El Zohour Region , Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Bakry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Laila M. Al-Harbi
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Khowdiary
- School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
- Chemistry Department, Lieth University Collage, Umm el Qura University , Mecca , Saudi Arabia
| | - A. A. El-Henawy
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Albaha University, Mikkah Branch , Albaha , Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Jungwon Yoon
- School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
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23
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Jiang D, Murugadoss V, Wang Y, Lin J, Ding T, Wang Z, Shao Q, Wang C, Liu H, Lu N, Wei R, Subramania A, Guo Z. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Polymers and Nanocomposites - A Review. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2018.1546737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Vignesh Murugadoss
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Electrochemical Energy Research Lab, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qian Shao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renbo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Angaiah Subramania
- Electrochemical Energy Research Lab, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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