1
|
Han G, Ren W, Zhang S, Zuo Z, He W. Application of chiral recyclable catalysts in asymmetric catalysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16520-16545. [PMID: 38774608 PMCID: PMC11106706 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral drugs hold a significant position within the contemporary pharmaceutical market, and the chiral catalysts play a crucial role in their synthesis. However, current chiral catalysts encounter challenges pertaining to their separation from products and the recycling process. The utilization of chiral recyclable catalysts not only reduces production costs but also aligns with the growing emphasis on environmentally-friendly chiral synthetic chemistry. These recyclable catalysts exhibit diverse carriers and distinct characteristics. Chemists employ the distinctive attributes of individual carriers to render them recyclable, thereby yielding time and cost savings. This review examines the asymmetric recyclable catalytic reactions reported between January 2017 and October 2023, categorizing them based on carrier solubility, and elucidates the loading techniques, catalytic impacts, recovery approaches, and recycling processes associated with these carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GuiPing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - WenQi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - ShengYong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - ZhenYu Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laue M, Schneider M, Gebauer M, Böhlmann W, Gläser R, Schneider C. General, Modular Access toward Immobilized Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysts and Their Application in Flow Chemistry. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5550-5559. [PMID: 38660609 PMCID: PMC11036403 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) are among the most frequently used organocatalysts, with an ever-increasing number of applications. However, these catalysts are only obtained in a multistep synthesis and are poorly recyclable, which significantly deteriorates their environmental and economic performance. We herein report a conceptually different, general strategy for the direct immobilization of CPAs on a broad scope of solid supports including silica, polystyrene, and aluminum oxide. Solid-state catalysts were obtained in high yields and thoroughly characterized with elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), nitrogen sorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM/EDX) images, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further, the immobilized catalysts were applied to a variety of synthetically valuable, highly stereoselective transformations under batch and flow conditions including transfer hydrogenations, a Friedländer condensation/transfer hydrogenation sequence, and Mannich reactions under cryogenic flow conditions. Generally, high yields and stereoselectivities were observed along with robust catalyst stability and reusability. After being used for 10 runs under batch conditions, no loss of selectivity or catalytic activity was observed. Under continuous-flow conditions, the heterogeneous system was in operation for 19 h and the high enantioselectivity remained unchanged throughout the entire process. We expect our approach to extend the applicability of CPAs to a higher level, with a focus on flow chemistry and a more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient use of these powerful catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Laue
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Markus Gebauer
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winfried Böhlmann
- Division
of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State
Physics, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sánchez-Molpeceres R, Martín L, Esteban N, Miguel JA, Maestro A, Andrés JM. Enantioselective Amination of 4-Substituted Pyrazolones Catalyzed by Oxindole-Containing Thioureas and by a Recyclable Linear-Polymer-Supported Analogue in a Continuous Flow Process. J Org Chem 2024; 89:330-344. [PMID: 38096132 PMCID: PMC10777414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A highly efficient organocatalytic amination of 4-substituted pyrazolones with azodicarboxylates mediated by a novel quinine-derived thiourea with a 3,3-diaryl-oxindole scaffold is reported. This synthetic method furnished 4-amino-5-pyrazolones in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97:3 er) at room temperature in short reaction times. Moreover, a linear-polymer-supported bifunctional thiourea, synthesized by reacting a bifunctional aromatic monomer (biphenyl) with isatin in superacidic media and further derivatization, was proven to be also an efficient heterogeneous organocatalyst for this α-amination reaction. The practical value of this process was demonstrated by the use of the immobilized catalyst in recycling experiments, maintaining the activity without additional reactivation, and in flow processes, allowing the synthesis of 4-amino-pyrazolone derivatives in a gram scale with high yield and enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Sánchez-Molpeceres
- SintACat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Laura Martín
- SintACat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Noelia Esteban
- CLiNuMat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Física y Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Miguel
- CLiNuMat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Física y Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- SintACat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - José M. Andrés
- SintACat,
IU CINQUIMA y Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dargó G, Erdélyi D, Molnár B, Kisszékelyi P, Garádi Z, Kupai J. A novel recyclable organocatalyst for the gram-scale enantioselective synthesis of ( S)-baclofen. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1811-1824. [PMID: 38033451 PMCID: PMC10682516 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesizing organocatalysts is often a long and cost-intensive process, therefore, the recovery and reuse of the catalysts are particularly important to establish sustainable organocatalytic transformations. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis, application, and recycling of a new lipophilic cinchona squaramide organocatalyst. The synthesized lipophilic organocatalyst was applied in Michael additions. The catalyst was utilized to promote the Michael addition of cyclohexyl Meldrum's acid to 4-chloro-trans-β-nitrostyrene (quantitative yield, up to 96% ee). Moreover, 1 mol % of the catalyst was feasible to conduct the gram-scale preparation of baclofen precursor (89% yield, 96% ee). Finally, thanks to the lipophilic character of the catalyst, it was easily recycled after the reaction by replacing the non-polar reaction solvent with a polar solvent, acetonitrile, with 91-100% efficiency, and the catalyst was reused in five reaction cycles without the loss of activity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Erdélyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Molnár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út. 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maestro A, Nagy BS, Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. A Telescoped Continuous Flow Enantioselective Process for Accessing Intermediates of 1-Aryl-1,3-diols as Chiral Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15523-15529. [PMID: 37844195 PMCID: PMC10629223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A telescoped continuous flow process is reported for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral precursors of 1-aryl-1,3-diols, intermediates in the synthesis of ezetimibe, dapoxetine, duloxetine, and atomoxetine. The two-step sequence consists of an asymmetric allylboration of readily available aldehydes using a polymer-supported chiral phosphoric acid catalyst to introduce asymmetry, followed by selective epoxidation of the resulting alkene. The process is highly stable for at least 7 h and represents a transition-metal free enantioselective approach to valuable 1-aryl-1,3-diols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou L, Zanda N, Chaudhari M, Da Silva MF, Pericàs MA. Development of Immobilized Carreira (Phosphoramidite, Olefin) Ligands and Application in Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2166-2173. [PMID: 36700541 PMCID: PMC9942233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A family of polystyrene-supported (phosphoramidite, olefin) ligands L1-L4, based on the original design by Defieber and Carreira, has been developed and applied in iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination of unmasked allylic alcohols (27 examples, up to 99% ee). Among them, functional resins L1 and L4 exhibit important advantages such as easy preparation, ligand recyclability, and easy handling for sequential use. As a distinctive advantage, the catalytic use of the iridium complexes of L1 and L4 allows the straightforward reuse of a high percentage of the expensive iridium metal involved in the complexes, which is not achievable under homogeneous conditions with the corresponding monomeric complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leijie Zhou
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nicola Zanda
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Moreshwar Chaudhari
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mariane Felicio Da Silva
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain,Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xia Y, Ning Y, Liu M, Che FE. Recoverable PEG-Supported Amino Alcohol Ligand for Copper-Catalyzed Enantio- and syn-Selective Henry Reaction with Nitroethanol: Sustainable and Straightforward Access to Chiral syn-2-Nitro-1,3-Diols. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
García-Monzón I, Borges-González J, Martín T. Solid‐Supported Tetrahydropyran‐Based Hybrid Dipeptide Catalysts for Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrostyrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología SPAIN
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herbrik F, Sanz M, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Benaglia M. Enantioselective Organophotocatalytic Telescoped Synthesis of a Chiral Privileged Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200164. [PMID: 35239197 PMCID: PMC9325444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow, enantioselective, organophotoredox catalytic asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes was studied, by using a homemade, custom‐designed photoreactor for reactions under cryogenic conditions. Going from microfluidic conditions up to a 10 mL mesofluidic reactor, an increase of productivity by almost 18000 % compared to the batch reaction was demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a stereoselective photoredox organocatalytic continuous flow reaction in a fully telescoped process for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)synthesis was successfully achieved. The final process consists of four units of operation: visible light‐driven asymmetric catalytic benzylation under continuous flow, inline continuous work‐up, neutralisation and a final oxidative amidation step afforded the pharmaceutically active molecule in 95 % e.e.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herbrik
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Sanz
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76 A, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
An JX, Yang FF, Wang P, Gu ZC, Li Y, Chen L, Zhao YL, He B. A solid-supported organocatalyst for asymmetric Mannich reaction to construct C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7040-7045. [PMID: 35424681 PMCID: PMC8982289 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and novel solid-supported organocatalyst from a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin-immobilized 4-hydroxyproline was developed, and this organocatalyst has been used for the asymmetric Mannich reaction of 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones and aldehydes/ketones. A series of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones were prepared in good yields (up to 83%) and with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 20 : 1) and enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). In addition, the organocatalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and also be reused for the asymmetric Mannich reaction without significant loss of catalytic efficiency. A simple and novel solid-supported organocatalyst from a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin-immobilized 4-hydroxyproline was developed, which has been used for the asymmetric Mannich reaction of 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones and aldehydes/ketones.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiong An
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen-Fen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine, TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chaudhari MB, Gupta P, Llanes P, Zhou L, Zanda N, Pericàs MA. An enantio- and diastereoselective approach to indoloquinolizidines in continuous flow. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8273-8279. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free enantioselective Michael addition mediated by a polymer-supported Jørgensen–Hayashi catalyst and a domino Pictet–Spengler plus lactamisation sequence has been reported in continuous flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moreshwar B. Chaudhari
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nicola Zanda
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Westphal H, Warias R, Weise C, Ragno D, Becker H, Spanka M, Massi A, Gläser R, Schneider C, Belder D. An integrated resource-efficient microfluidic device for parallelised studies of immobilised chiral catalysts in continuous flow via miniaturized LC/MS-analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-μReactor catalysis screening: a novel method combining multiple miniaturized packed-bed reactors and on-line HPLC/MS-analysis on one single microfluidic device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Westphal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| | - Chris Weise
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Italy
| | - Holger Becker
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| | - Matthias Spanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Germany
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Italy
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Chiral Heterogeneous Scandium Lewis Acid Catalysts for Continuous‐Flow Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Chiral Heterogeneous Scandium Lewis Acid Catalysts for Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26566-26570. [PMID: 34661969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While continuous-flow reactions with chiral heterogeneous catalysts provide a highly efficient method to synthesize optically active compounds, chiral heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysis has been less extensively explored. We have developed the first example of chiral heterogeneous Sc catalysts, which demonstrated excellent activity and selectivity for continuous-flow enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reactions of isatins with indoles. Noncovalent interactions between chiral Sc complexes and heteropoly acid-anchored amine-functionalized SiO2 as support were utilized for the synthesis. The heteropoly acid was found to be crucial for the preparation, activity, and selectivity of the catalysts. The chiral ligand could be easily tuned without chemical modification and the continuous-flow synthesis of a biologically active compound was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang S, Zhelavskyi O, Lee J, Argüelles AJ, Khomutnyk YY, Mensah E, Guo H, Hourani R, Zimmerman PM, Nagorny P. Studies of Catalyst-Controlled Regioselective Acetalization and Its Application to Single-Pot Synthesis of Differentially Protected Saccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18592-18604. [PMID: 34705439 PMCID: PMC8585716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes studies on the regioselective acetal protection of monosaccharide-based diols using chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) and their immobilized polymeric variants, (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS and (S)-SPINOL-PS, as the catalysts. These catalyst-controlled regioselective acetalizations were found to proceed with high regioselectivities (up to >25:1 rr) on various d-glucose-, d-galactose-, d-mannose-, and l-fucose-derived 1,2-diols and could be carried out in a regiodivergent fashion depending on the choice of chiral catalyst. The polymeric catalysts were conveniently recycled and reused multiple times for gram-scale functionalizations with catalytic loadings as low as 0.1 mol %, and their performance was often found to be superior to the performance of their monomeric variants. These regioselective CPA-catalyzed acetalizations were successfully combined with common hydroxyl group functionalizations as single-pot telescoped procedures to produce 32 regioisomerically pure differentially protected mono- and disaccharide derivatives. To further demonstrate the utility of the polymeric catalysts, the same batch of (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS catalyst was recycled and reused to accomplish single-pot gram-scale syntheses of 6 differentially protected d-glucose derivatives. The subsequent exploration of the reaction mechanism using NMR studies of deuterated and nondeuterated substrates revealed that low-temperature acetalizations happen via a syn-addition mechanism and that the reaction regioselectivity exhibits strong dependence on the temperature. The computational studies indicate a complex temperature-dependent interplay of two reaction mechanisms, one involving an anomeric phosphate intermediate and another via concerted asynchronous formation of an acetal, that results in syn-addition products. The computational models also explain the steric factors responsible for the observed C2 selectivities and are consistent with experimentally observed selectivity trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibin Wang
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Oleksii Zhelavskyi
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jeonghyo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Alonso J. Argüelles
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E. Merrill St. Indianapolis, IN 46225
| | | | - Enoch Mensah
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd. New Albany, IN 47150
| | - Hao Guo
- Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Rami Hourani
- Chemistry Department, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5080
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leonardi C, Brandolese A, Preti L, Bortolini O, Polo E, Dambruoso P, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Massi A. Expanding the Toolbox of Heterogeneous Asymmetric Organocatalysts: Bifunctional Cyclopropenimine Superbases for Enantioselective Catalysis in Batch and Continuous Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Eleonora Polo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Dambruoso
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Westphal H, Warias R, Becker H, Spanka M, Ragno D, Gläser R, Schneider C, Massi A, Belder D. Unveiling Organocatalysts Action – Investigating Immobilized Catalysts at Steady‐State Operation via Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Technology. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Westphal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Institute of Chemical Technology Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Matthias Spanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Leipzig University Johannisallee 28 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Leipzig University Johannisallee 28 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han B, He XH, Liu YQ, He G, Peng C, Li JL. Asymmetric organocatalysis: an enabling technology for medicinal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1522-1586. [PMID: 33496291 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and synthetic versatility of asymmetric organocatalysis have contributed enormously to the field of organic synthesis since the early 2000s. As asymmetric organocatalytic methods mature, they have extended beyond the academia and undergone scale-up for the production of chiral drugs, natural products, and enantiomerically enriched bioactive molecules. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in medicinal chemistry. A general picture of asymmetric organocatalytic strategies in medicinal chemistry is firstly presented, and the specific applications of these strategies in pharmaceutical synthesis are systematically described, with a focus on the preparation of antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular, antibacterial, and antiparasitic agents, as well as several miscellaneous bioactive agents. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges, limitations and future prospects for organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of medicinally valuable compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jun-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China. and Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Borah P, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Assessing the Role of Site Isolation and Compartmentalization in Packed-Bed Flow Reactors for Processes Involving Wolf-and-Lamb Scenarios. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Borah
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brandolese A, Greenhalgh MD, Desrues T, Liu X, Qu S, Bressy C, Smith AD. Horeau amplification in the sequential acylative kinetic resolution of (±)-1,2-diols and (±)-1,3-diols in flow. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3620-3627. [PMID: 33908571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sequential acylative kinetic resolution (KR) of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols using a packed bed microreactor loaded with the polystyrene-supported isothiourea, HyperBTM, is demonstrated in flow. The sequential KRs of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols exploits Horeau amplification, with each composed of two successive KR processes, with each substrate class significantly differing in the relative rate constants for each KR process. Optimisation of the continuous flow set-up for both C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diol substrate classes allowed isolation of reaction products in both high enantiopurity and yield. In addition to the successful KR of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols, the application of this process to the more conceptually-complex scenario involving the sequential KR of C1-symmetric (±)-1,3-anti-diols was demonstrated, which involves eight independent rate constants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. and Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Titouan Desrues
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Shen Qu
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lizandara-Pueyo C, Fan X, Ayats C, Pericàs MA. Calcium carbonate as heterogeneous support for recyclable organocatalysts. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Okuno Y, Shibata T, Ohyou A, Suzuki R, Takegami M, Kato S, Isomura S, Aoki S, Kanno J, Sato Y. Synthesis of Bi‐functional Immobilized Polymer Catalysts via a Two‐step Radiation‐induced Graft Polymerization Process. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Okuno
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Takako Shibata
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Akie Ohyou
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Mayuko Takegami
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Shigeki Isomura
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| | - Shoji Aoki
- ECE Co. Ltd. Technical Development Group 4-2-1 Honfujisawa Fujisawa 251-8502 Japan
| | - Junichi Kanno
- ECE Co. Ltd. Technical Development Group 4-2-1 Honfujisawa Fujisawa 251-8502 Japan
| | - Yasuo Sato
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku Yokohama 245-0066 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lai J, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Development of Immobilized SPINOL-Derived Chiral Phosphoric Acids for Catalytic Continuous Flow Processes. Use in the Catalytic Desymmetrization of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liao J, Zhang S, Wang Z, Song X, Zhang D, Kumar R, Jin J, Ren P, You H, Chen FE. Transition-metal catalyzed asymmetric reactions under continuous flow from 2015 to early 2020. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
27
|
Ötvös SB, Llanes P, Pericàs MA, Kappe CO. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of Optically Active γ-Nitrobutyric Acids as Key Intermediates of Baclofen, Phenibut, and Fluorophenibut. Org Lett 2020; 22:8122-8126. [PMID: 33026815 PMCID: PMC7573919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The two-step flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral γ-nitrobutyric acids as key intermediates of the GABA analogues baclofen, phenibut, and fluorophenibut is reported on a multigram scale. The telescoped process comprises an enantioselective Michael-type addition facilitated by a polystyrene-supported heterogeneous organocatalyst under neat conditions followed by in situ-generated performic acid-mediated aldehyde oxidation. Simple access to valuable optically active substances is provided with key advances in terms of productivity and sustainability compared to those of previous batch approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ochiai H, Nishiyama A, Haraguchi N, Itsuno S. Polymer-Supported Chiral Cis-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Catalysts and Their Application to Batch and Continuous-Flow Systems. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ochiai
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Naoki Haraguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Development of Robust Heterogeneous Chiral Rhodium Catalysts Utilizing Acid-Base and Electrostatic Interactions for Efficient Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16546-16551. [PMID: 32902272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous chiral Rh catalysts based on acid-base and electrostatic interactions have been developed. The robust catalysts demonstrate high activity and selectivity in the continuous-flow asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide variety of enamides and dehydroamino acids, providing optically active amides without leaching of metal species. The chiral environments can be easily tuned by changing the chiral ligands, demonstrating the high versatility of the heterogeneous catalysts. By applying these efficient catalysts, continuous synthesis of several active pharmaceutical ingredient intermediates was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qu S, Smith SM, Laina‐Martín V, Neyyappadath RM, Greenhalgh MD, Smith AD. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary α-Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16572-16578. [PMID: 32491267 PMCID: PMC7540711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective isothiourea-catalyzed acylative kinetic resolution (KR) of acyclic tertiary alcohols has been developed. Selectivity factors of up to 200 were achieved for the KR of tertiary alcohols bearing an adjacent ester substituent, with both reaction conversion and enantioselectivity found to be sensitive to the steric and electronic environment at the stereogenic tertiary carbinol centre. For more sterically congested alcohols, the use of a recently-developed isoselenourea catalyst was optimal, with equivalent enantioselectivity but higher conversion achieved in comparison to the isothiourea HyperBTM. Diastereomeric acylation transition state models are proposed to rationalize the origins of enantiodiscrimination in this process. This KR procedure was also translated to a continuous-flow process using a polymer-supported variant of the catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Samuel M. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Víctor Laina‐Martín
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Qu S, Smith SM, Laina‐Martín V, Neyyappadath RM, Greenhalgh MD, Smith AD. Isothiourea‐Catalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Samuel M. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Víctor Laina‐Martín
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lai J, Neyyappadath RM, Smith AD, Pericàs MA. Continuous Flow Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure BINOL(s) by Acylative Kinetic Resolution. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona (UB) 08028 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yu T, Ding Z, Nie W, Jiao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xue C, Duan X, Yamada YMA, Li P. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:5729-5747. [PMID: 31916323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for more efficient, safe, and green production in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry calls for the development of continuous-flow manufacturing, and for chiral chemicals in particular, enantioselective catalytic processes. In recent years, this emerging direction has received considerable attention and has seen rapid progress. In most cases, catalytic enantioselective flow processes using homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts have shown significant advantages over the conventional batch mode, such as shortened reaction times, lower catalysts loadings, and higher selectivities in addition to the normal merits of non-enantioselective flow operations. In this Minireview, the advancements, key strategies, methods, and technologies developed the last six years as well as remaining challenges are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Development and, Utilization of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Assessing the Recyclability of Supramolecularly Assembled Organocatalytic Species: A Theoretical Insight. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
37
|
De Risi C, Bortolini O, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A. Recent advances in continuous-flow organocatalysis for process intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progresses on continuous-flow organocatalysis from 2016 to early 2020 are reviewed with focus on transition from batch to flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vega-Peñaloza A, Paria S, Bonchio M, Dell’Amico L, Companyó X. Profiling the Privileges of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis: From Polar to Light-Driven Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rudisch BM, Pfeiffer SA, Geissler D, Speckmeier E, Robitzki AA, Zeitler K, Belder D. Nonaqueous Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Continuous Separation of Reaction Mixtures in Organic Media. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6689-6694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rudisch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|