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Li M, Dai M, Cheng B, Li S, Guo E, Fu J, Ma T, Yu B. Strategies that regulate LSD1 for novel therapeutics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1494-1507. [PMID: 38572094 PMCID: PMC10985039 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays crucial roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene transcription in epigenetic modifications. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, is universally overexpressed in various diseases. LSD1 dysregulation is closely associated with cancer, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, etc., making it a promising therapeutic target. Several LSD1 inhibitors and two small-molecule degraders (UM171 and BEA-17) have entered the clinical stage. LSD1 can remove methyl groups from histone 3 at lysine 4 or lysine 9 (H3K4 or H3K9), resulting in either transcription repression or activation. While the roles of LSD1 in transcriptional regulation are well-established, studies have revealed that LSD1 can also be dynamically regulated by other factors. For example, the expression or activity of LSD1 can be regulated by many proteins that form transcriptional corepressor complexes with LSD1. Moreover, some post-transcriptional modifications and cellular metabolites can also regulate LSD1 expression or its demethylase activity. Therefore, in this review, we will systematically summarize how proteins involved in the transcriptional corepressor complex, various post-translational modifications, and metabolites act as regulatory factors for LSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengge Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaotong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Enhui Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junwei Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Ota Y, Itoh Y, Takada Y, Yamashita Y, Hu C, Horinaka M, Sowa Y, Masuda M, Sakai T, Suzuki T. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phenylcyclopropylamine-entinostat conjugates that selectively target cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117632. [PMID: 38340642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule-based selective cancer cell-targeting can be a desirable anticancer therapeutic strategy. Aiming to discover such small molecules, we previously developed phenylcyclopropylamine (PCPA)-drug conjugates (PDCs) that selectively release anticancer agents in cancer cells where lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed. In this work, we designed PCPA-entinostat conjugates for selective cancer cell targeting. PCPA-entinostat conjugate 12 with a 4-oxybenzyl group linker released entinostat in the presence of LSD1 in in vitro assays and selectively inhibited the growth of cancer cells in preference to normal cells, suggesting the potential of PCPA-entinostat conjugates as novel anticancer drug delivery small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ota
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan; SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuri Takada
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | | | - Chenliang Hu
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Masuda
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-0823, Japan; SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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3
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Yan G, Zhang H, Li Y, Miao G, Liu X, Lv Q. Viscosalactone B, a natural LSD1 inhibitor, inhibits proliferation in vitro and in vivo against prostate cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2023; 41:134-141. [PMID: 36692618 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has been a promising target to treat prostate cancer, and discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors would have great clinical significance. In this work, viscosalactone B was first identified as a novel LSD1 inhibitor. Viscosalactone B isolated from Withania Somnifera displayed antiproliferative activity against PC3, DU145, C42B, PC3/MDVR, DU145/MDVR, and C42B/MDVR cells with IC50 values of 1.17, 0.72, 3.86, 2.06, 0.96 and 1.15 μM, respectively. In comparison, it was a selective LSD1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 970.27 nM and could induce a significant accumulation of LSD1 substrates H3K9me1, H3K9me2, and H3K4me1 in a concentration-dependent manner in DU145 cells. According to docking studies, it formed hydrogen bonds with the Thr11, Lys14, and Arg8 residues of LSD1. Importantly, while it displayed potent antitumor efficacy in vivo, it did not show obvious cytotoxicity on the major organs of nude mice. Therefore, viscosalactone B, as a novel LSD1 inhibitor, is a potential candidate that can be used for the treatment of prostate cancer in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Yan
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China
| | - Yan Li
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China
| | - Guoqiang Miao
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China
| | - Qifan Lv
- Dandong Center Hospital Laboratory, Dandong, 118002, China
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4
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Ota Y, Itoh Y, Kurohara T, Singh R, Elboray EE, Hu C, Zamani F, Mukherjee A, Takada Y, Yamashita Y, Morita M, Horinaka M, Sowa Y, Masuda M, Sakai T, Suzuki T. Cancer-Cell-Selective Targeting by Arylcyclopropylamine-Vorinostat Conjugates. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1568-1573. [PMID: 36262394 PMCID: PMC9575174 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug delivery by small molecules offers a number of advantages over conventional macromolecular drug delivery systems. We previously developed phenylcyclopropylamine (PCPA)-drug conjugates (PDCs) as small-molecule-based drug delivery vehicles for targeting lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1)-overexpressing cancers. In this study, we applied this PDC strategy to the HDAC-inhibitory anticancer agent vorinostat. Among three synthesized PCPA or arylcyclopropylamine (ACPA)-vorinostat conjugates 1, 9, and 32, conjugate 32 with a 4-oxybenzyl linker showed sufficient stability in buffer solutions, potent LSD1 inhibition, efficient LSD1-dependent vorinostat release, and potent and selective antiproliferative activity toward LSD1-expressing human breast cancer and small-cell lung cancer cell lines. These results indicate that the conjugate selectively releases vorinostat in cancer cells. A similar strategy may be applicable to other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ota
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurohara
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ritesh Singh
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Elghareeb E. Elboray
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- Department,
Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Chenliang Hu
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Farzad Zamani
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | | | - Yuri Takada
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | | | - Mie Morita
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Masuda
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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5
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Kim D, Kim KI, Baek SH. Roles of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in homeostasis and diseases. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:41. [PMID: 34082769 PMCID: PMC8175190 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) targets mono- or di-methylated histone H3K4 and H3K9 as well as non-histone substrates and functions in the regulation of gene expression as a transcriptional repressor or activator. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes, including development, differentiation, inflammation, thermogenesis, neuronal and cerebral physiology, and the maintenance of stemness in stem cells. LSD1 also participates in pathological processes, including cancer as the most representative disease. It promotes oncogenesis by facilitating the survival of cancer cells and by generating a pro-cancer microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of LSD1 in several aspects of cancer, such as hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, stemness versus differentiation of cancer stem cells, as well as anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, the current understanding of the involvement of LSD1 in various other pathological processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Dai XJ, Liu Y, Xue LP, Xiong XP, Zhou Y, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Reversible Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors: A Promising Wrench to Impair LSD1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2466-2488. [PMID: 33619958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monoamine oxidase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) functions as a transcription coactivator or corepressor to regulate the methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 and 9 (H3K4/9), and it has emerged as a promising epigenetic target for anticancer treatment. To date, numerous inhibitors targeting LSD1 have been developed, some of which are undergoing clinical trials for cancer therapy. Although only two reversible LSD1 inhibitors CC-90011 and SP-2577 are in the clinical stage, the past decade has seen remarkable advances in the development of reversible LSD1 inhibitors. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review about structures, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of reversible LSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lei-Peng Xue
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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7
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He X, Gao Y, Hui Z, Shen G, Wang S, Xie T, Ye XY. 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzofuran-2-carbohydrazones as novel LSD1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127109. [PMID: 32201021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A) is a potential therapeutic target in oncology due to its overexpression in various human tumors. We report herein a new class of benzofuran acylhydrazones as potent LSD1 inhibitors. Among the 31 compounds prepared, 14 compounds exhibited excellent LSD1 inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 7.2 to 68.8 nM. In cellular assays, several compounds inhibited the proliferations of various cancer cell lines, including PC-3, MCG-803, U87 MG, PANC-1, HT-29 and MCF-7. This opens up the opportunity for further optimization and investigation of this class compounds for potential cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui He
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, PR China; Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China; School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China
| | - Zi Hui
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, PR China; Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Guodong Shen
- School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, PR China; Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, PR China; Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China.
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8
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Itoh Y. Drug Discovery Researches on Modulators of Lysine-Modifying Enzymes Based on Strategic Chemistry Approaches. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:34-45. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Oing C, Skowron MA, Bokemeyer C, Nettersheim D. Epigenetic treatment combinations to effectively target cisplatin-resistant germ cell tumors: past, present, and future considerations. Andrology 2019; 7:487-497. [PMID: 30924611 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II germ cell tumors represent the most common solid malignancy in men aged 15-45 years. Despite high cure rates of >90% over all stages, 10-15% of advanced patients develop treatment resistance and potentially succumb to their disease. Treatment of refractory germ cell tumors remains unsatisfactory, and new approaches are needed to further improve outcomes. OBJECTIVES With this narrative review, we highlight epigenetic mechanisms related to resistance to standard systemic treatment, which may act as promising targets for novel combined epigenetic treatment approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted to identify original and review articles on resistance mechanisms and/or epigenetic treatment of germ cell tumors in vitro and in vivo. Review articles were hand-searched to identify additional articles. RESULTS Distinct epigenetic phenomena have been linked to chemotherapy resistance in germ cell tumors, among which DNA hypermethylation, histone acetylation, and bromodomain proteins appear as promising targets for therapeutic exploitation. Inhibitors of key regulators, for example DNA methyltransferases (e.g. decitabine, guadecitabine), histone deacetylases (e.g. romidepsin), and bromodomain proteins (e.g. JQ1) decreased cell viability, triggered apoptosis, and growth arrest. Additionally, these epigenetic drugs induced differentiation and led to loss of pluripotency and re-sensitization towards cisplatin in cell lines and animal models. DISCUSSION Epigenetic treatments hold promise to (i) reduce the treatment burden of and (ii) overcome resistance to standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Combined approaches may enhance activity, while the ideal target and treatment combination of epigenetic drugs, either with another epigenetic agent or conventional cytotoxic agents need to be defined. CONCLUSION Epigenetic (combination) treatment for germ cell tumors should be further explored in pre-clinical and clinical research for its potential to further improve germ cell tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oing
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Lab, Translational Urooncology, University Medical School Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - C Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Lab, Translational Urooncology, University Medical School Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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10
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Wu LW, Zhou DM, Zhang ZY, Zhang JK, Zhu HJ, Lin NM, Zhang C. Suppression of LSD1 enhances the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of regorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:852-858. [PMID: 30929918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regorafenib has been approved to treat patients who have HCC progression after sorafenib failure, however, regorafenib also faces the risk of drug resistance and subsequent progression of HCC patients. As LSD1 inhibitors can alleviate acquired resistance to sorafenib, in this context, we are interested to investigate the role of LSD1 in regorafenib treatment. Firstly, over-expressed LSD1 was observed in HCC patients and predicted poor prognosis. However, regorafenib failed to suppress the expression of LSD1 in HCC cells. Thus, we hypothesized that LSD1 inhibition could enhance the anti-HCC activity of regorafenib. As expected, LSD1 knockdown could enhance anti-proliferation effect of regorafenib in HCC cells. LSD1 inhibitor SP2509 could enhance the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of regorafenib in HCC cells. In addition, clinically used LSD1 inhibitor tranylcypromine also enhanced anti-HCC effect of regorafenib. Furthermore, LSD1 suppressed by SP2590 or tranylcypromine could alleviate the activated p-AKT (ser473) induced by regorafenib in HCC cells. Thus, inhibiting LSD1 might be an attractive target for regorafenib sensitization and clinical HCC therapy, our findings could help to elucidate more effective therapeutic options for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Wen Wu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Zuo-Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hua-Jian Zhu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Neng-Ming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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11
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Miyake Y, Itoh Y, Hatanaka A, Suzuma Y, Suzuki M, Kodama H, Arai Y, Suzuki T. Identification of novel lysine demethylase 5-selective inhibitors by inhibitor-based fragment merging strategy. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1119-1129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yang GJ, Lei PM, Wong SY, Ma DL, Leung CH. Pharmacological Inhibition of LSD1 for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:E3194. [PMID: 30518104 PMCID: PMC6320820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1, also named KDM1A) is a demethylase that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2. It is aberrantly expressed in many cancers, where it impedes differentiation and contributes to cancer cell proliferation, cell metastasis and invasiveness, and is associated with inferior prognosis. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 has been reported to significantly attenuate tumor progression in vitro and in vivo in a range of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. This review will present the structural aspects of LSD1, its role in carcinogenesis, a comparison of currently available approaches for screening LSD1 inhibitors, a classification of LSD1 inhibitors, and its potential as a drug target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Pui-Man Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Suk-Yu Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
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