1
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Al-Hadedi AAM, Sawyer S, Elliott SJ, Green RA, O'Leary DJ, Brown RCD, Brown LJ. A flow electrochemistry-enabled synthesis of 2-substituted N-(methyl-d)piperidines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:361-368. [PMID: 36272110 PMCID: PMC10098938 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of N-monodeuteriomethyl-2-substituted piperidines is described. An efficient and readily scalable anodic methoxylation of N-formylpiperidine in an undivided microfluidic electrolysis cell delivers methoxylated piperidine 3, which is a precursor to a N-formyliminium ion and enables C-nucleophiles to be introduced at the 2-position. The isotopically labelled N-deuteriomethyl group is installed using the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction with formic acid-d2 and unlabelled formaldehyde. Monodeuterated N-methyl groups in these molecular systems possess small isotropic proton chemical shift differences important in the investigation of molecules that are able to support long-lived nuclear spin states in solution nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzam A M Al-Hadedi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Stuart Sawyer
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart J Elliott
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert A Green
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA
| | | | - Lynda J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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An Electrochemical Oscillatory Flow Reactor with Pillar Array Electrodes Improving Mass Transfer in Electrosynthesis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Lee DS, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical
Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor
vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day–1 (based on 32.2 mmol h–1), using a modified version
of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev.2021, 25, 7, 1619–1627], consisting
of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner
electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial
outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode.
We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum
anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying
the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for
either
the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day–1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration
of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture
investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration
time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We
show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source
(dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency.
We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been
used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology
produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity
and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected
productivity of >100 g day–1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - David C. Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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4
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Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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5
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Alvarez E, Romero-Fernandez M, Iglesias D, Martinez-Cuenca R, Okafor O, Delorme A, Lozano P, Goodridge R, Paradisi F, Walsh DA, Sans V. Electrochemical Oscillatory Baffled Reactors Fabricated with Additive Manufacturing for Efficient Continuous-Flow Oxidations. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:2388-2396. [PMID: 35223215 PMCID: PMC8864614 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical continuous-flow reactors offer a great opportunity for enhanced and sustainable chemical syntheses. Here, we present a novel application of electrochemical continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (ECOBRs) that combines advanced mixing features with electrochemical transformations to enable efficient electrochemical oxidations under continuous flow at a millimeter distance between electrodes. Different additive manufacturing techniques have been employed to rapidly fabricate reactors. The electrochemical oxidation of NADH, a very sensitive substrate key for the regeneration of enzymes in biocatalytic transformations, has been employed as a benchmark reaction. The oscillatory conditions improved bulk mixing, facilitating the contact of reagents to electrodes. Under oscillatory conditions, the ECOBR demonstrated improved performance in the electrochemical oxidation of NADH, which is attributed to improved mass transfer associated with the oscillatory regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez
- Departamento
de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Reg Excelencia Int Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Romero-Fernandez
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Iglesias
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Raul Martinez-Cuenca
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Obinna Okafor
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Delorme
- The GSK Carbon
Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento
de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Reg Excelencia Int Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ruth Goodridge
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darren A. Walsh
- The GSK Carbon
Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Sans
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
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6
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Hou X, Kaplaneris N, Yuan B, Frey J, Ohyama T, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed C–H Acyloxylation for Late-Stage Tyrosine and Oligopeptide Diversification. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3461-3467. [PMID: 35432858 PMCID: PMC8943857 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07267f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenaelectro(ii/iv)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H acyloxylations of phenols have been developed by guidance of experimental, CV and computational insights. The use of electricity bypassed the need for stoichiometric chemical oxidants. The sustainable electrocatalysis strategy was characterized by ample scope, and its unique robustness enabled the late-stage C–H diversification of tyrosine-derived peptides. Ruthenaelectro(ii/iv)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H acyloxylations of oligopeptides have been developed by the guidance of key experimental, CV and computational insights.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johanna Frey
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohyama
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Potsdamer Straße 58 10785 Berlin Germany
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7
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Liu L, Hong X, Hu X. Direct electrochemical reduction of ethyl isonicotinate to 4-pyridinemethanol in an undivided flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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