1
|
A Review on Electrospun Poly(amino acid) Nanofibers and Their Applications of Hemostasis and Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060794. [PMID: 35740919 PMCID: PMC9221312 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely and effective control and repair of wound bleeding is a key research issue all over the world. From traditional compression hemostasis to a variety of new hemostatic methods, people have a more comprehensive understanding of the hemostatic mechanism and the structure and function of different types of wound dressings. Electrospun nanofibers stand out with nano size, high specific surface area, higher porosity, and a variety of complex structures. They are high-quality materials that can effectively promote wound hemostasis and wound healing because they can imitate the structural characteristics of the skin extracellular matrix (ECM) and support cell adhesion and angiogenesis. At the same time, combined with amino acid polymers with good biocompatibility not only has high compatibility with the human body but can also be combined with a variety of drugs to further improve the effect of wound hemostatic dressing. This paper summarizes the application of different amino acid electrospun wound dressings, analyzes the characteristics of different materials in preparation and application, and looks forward to the development of directions of poly(amino acid) electrospun dressings in hemostasis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials have offered much more opportunities from an engineering standpoint for treating diseases and maintaining health. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs), as an outstanding family among such biomaterials, have risen overwhelmingly in the past decades. These synthetic polymers have easily and widely available raw materials and a diversity of synthetic approaches, which have attracted considerable attention. More importantly, combining the superiorities of polyamides and polyesters, PEAs have emerged with better functions. They could have improved biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cell-material interactions. The PEAs derived from α-amino acids even allow the introduction of pendant sites for further modification or functionalization. Meanwhile, it is gradually recognized that the chemical structures are closely related to the physiochemical and biological properties of PEAs so that their properties can be precisely controlled. PEAs therefore become significant materials in the biomedical fields. This review will attempt to summarize the recent progress in the development of PEAs with respect to the preparation materials and methods, structure-property relationships along with their latest biomedical accomplishments, especially for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang M, Lin S, Mequanint K. Electrospun Biodegradable α-Amino Acid-Substituted Poly(organophosphazene) Fiber Mats for Stem Cell Differentiation towards Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081555. [PMID: 35458303 PMCID: PMC9025042 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), are valuable for generating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for vascular tissue engineering applications. In this study, we synthesized biodegradable α-amino acid-substituted poly(organophosphazene) polymers and electrospun nano-fibrous scaffolds (~200 nm diameter) to evaluate their suitability as a matrix for differentiation of iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSC) into mature contractile SMCs. Both the polymer synthesis approach and the electrospinning parameters were optimized. Three types of cells, namely iMSC, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), and primary human coronary artery SMC, attached and spread on the materials. Although L-ascorbic acid (AA) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were able to differentiate iMSC along the smooth muscle lineage, we showed that the electrospun fibrous mats provided material cues for the enhanced differentiation of iMSCs. Differentiation of iMSC to SMC was characterized by increased transcriptional levels of early to late-stage smooth muscle marker proteins on electrospun fibrous mats. Our findings provide a feasible strategy for engineering functional vascular tissues.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bucci R, Georgilis E, Bittner AM, Gelmi ML, Clerici F. Peptide-Based Electrospun Fibers: Current Status and Emerging Developments. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1262. [PMID: 34065019 PMCID: PMC8151459 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a well-known, straightforward, and versatile technique, widely used for the preparation of fibers by electrifying a polymer solution. However, a high molecular weight is not essential for obtaining uniform electrospun fibers; in fact, the primary criterion to succeed is the presence of sufficient intermolecular interactions, which function similar to chain entanglements. Some small molecules able to self-assemble have been electrospun from solution into fibers and, among them, peptides containing both natural and non-natural amino acids are of particular relevance. Nowadays, the use of peptides for this purpose is at an early stage, but it is gaining more and more interest, and we are now witnessing the transition from basic research towards applications. Considering the novelty in the relevant processing, the aim of this review is to analyze the state of the art from the early 2000s on. Moreover, advantages and drawbacks in using peptides as the main or sole component for generating electrospun nanofibers will be discussed. Characterization techniques that are specifically targeted to the produced peptide fibers are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Evangelos Georgilis
- CIC nanoGUNE, (BRTA) Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (E.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Alexander M. Bittner
- CIC nanoGUNE, (BRTA) Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (E.G.); (A.M.B.)
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Pl. Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria L. Gelmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Clerici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arambula‐Maldonado R, Geraili A, Xing M, Mequanint K. Tissue engineering and regenerative therapeutics: The nexus of chemical engineering and translational medicine. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geraili A, Mequanint K. Systematic Studies on Surface Erosion of Photocrosslinked Polyanhydride Tablets and Data Correlation with Release Kinetic Models. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1105. [PMID: 32408683 PMCID: PMC7285269 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocrosslinkable polyanhydrides that undergo surface erosion are suitable materials for controlled-release drug delivery systems. Investigating the impact of different parameters on their erosion behavior is essential before use in drug delivery systems. Although their synthesis is well-established, parameters that may substantially affect the erosion of thiol-ene polyanhydrides including temperature and pH of the media, the geometry of the polymers, and the media shaking rate (the convective force for the polymer erosion), have not yet been studied. This study explores the effects of different environmental and geometric parameters on mass loss (erosion) profiles of polyanhydrides synthesized by thiol-ene photopolymerization. A comparative study on several release kinetic models fitting is also described for a better understanding of the polymer erosion behavior. The results demonstrated that although the temperature was the only parameter that affected the induction period substantially, the mass-loss rate was influenced by the polymer composition, tablet geometry, temperature, pH, and mass transfer (shaking) rate. With regard to geometrical parameters, polymers with the same surface area to volume ratios showed similar mass loss trends despite their various volumes and surface areas. The mass loss of polyanhydride tablets with more complicated geometries than a simple slab was shown to be non-linear, and the kinetic model study indicated the dominant surface erosion mechanism. The results of this study allow for designing and manufacturing efficient delivery systems with a high-predictable drug release required in precision medicine using surface-erodible polyanhydrides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Geraili
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada;
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada;
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aslankoohi N, Mequanint K. Poly(ester amide)–Bioactive Glass Hybrid Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Biomolecule Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3621-3630. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Aslankoohi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ort C, Dayekh K, Xing M, Mequanint K. Emerging Strategies for Stem Cell Lineage Commitment in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3644-3657. [PMID: 33429592 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have transformed the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and their potential to further advance these fields cannot be overstated. The stem cell niche is a dynamic microenvironment that determines cell fate during development and tissue repair following an injury. Classically, stem cells were studied in isolation of their microenvironment; however, contemporary research has produced a myriad of evidence that shows the importance of multiple aspects of the stem cell niche in regulating their processes. In the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies, the niche is an artificial environment provided by culture conditions. In vitro culture conditions may involve coculturing with other cell types, developing specific biomaterials, and applying relevant forces to promote the desired lineage commitment. Considerable advance has been made over the past few years toward directed stem cell differentiation; however, the unspecific differentiation of stem cells yielding a mixed population of cells has been a challenge. In this review, we provide a systematic review of the emerging strategies used for lineage commitment within the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These strategies include scaffold pore-size and pore-shape gradients, stress relaxation, sonic and electromagnetic effects, and magnetic forces. Finally, we provide insights and perspectives into future directions focusing on signaling pathways activated during lineage commitment using external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Awad NK, Niu H, Ali U, Morsi YS, Lin T. Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Small-Diameter Blood Vessels: A Review. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:E15. [PMID: 29509698 PMCID: PMC5872197 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter blood vessels (SDBVs) are still a challenging task to prepare due to the occurrence of thrombosis formation, intimal hyperplasia, and aneurysmal dilation. Electrospinning technique, as a promising tissue engineering approach, can fabricate polymer fibrous scaffolds that satisfy requirements on the construction of extracellular matrix (ECM) of native blood vessel and promote the adhesion, proliferation, and growth of cells. In this review, we summarize the polymers that are deployed for the fabrication of SDBVs and classify them into three categories, synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and hybrid polymers. Furthermore, the biomechanical properties and the biological activities of the electrospun SBVs including anti-thrombogenic ability and cell response are discussed. Polymer blends seem to be a strategic way to fabricate SDBVs because it combines both suitable biomechanical properties coming from synthetic polymers and favorable sites to cell attachment coming from natural polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser K Awad
- Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
- Electrochemistry and Corrosion Laboratory, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12422, Egypt.
| | - Haitao Niu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Usman Ali
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
- College of Textile Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Yosry S Morsi
- Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Tong Lin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao Y, Yi T, Shinoka T, Lee YU, Reneker DH, Breuer CK, Becker ML. Pilot Mouse Study of 1 mm Inner Diameter (ID) Vascular Graft Using Electrospun Poly(ester urea) Nanofibers. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2427-36. [PMID: 27390286 PMCID: PMC5951289 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An off-the-shelf, small diameter tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG) would be transformative to surgeons in multiple subspecialties. Herein, the results of a small diameter (ID ≈ 1 mm) vascular graft constructed from resorbable, amino acid-based poly(ester urea) (PEU) are reported. Electrospun PEU grafts of two different wall thicknesses (type A: 250 μm; type B: 350 μm) are implanted as abdominal infra-renal aortic grafts in a severe combined immune deficient/beige mouse model and evaluated for vessel remodeling over one year. Significantly, the small diameter TEVG does not rupture or lead to acute thrombogenic events during the intervals tested. The pilot TEVG in vivo shows long-term patency and extensive tissue remodeling with type A grafts. Extensive tissue remodeling in type A grafts leads to the development of well-circumscribed neovessels with an endothelial inner lining, a neointima containing smooth muscle cells. However, due to slow degradation of the PEU scaffold materials in vivo, the grafts remain after one year. The type B grafts, which have 350 μm thick walls, experience occlusion over the one year interval due to intimal hyperplasia. This study affords significant findings that will guide the design of future generations of small diameter vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Gao
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tai Yi
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Yong Ung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Darrell H Reneker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | | | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao Y, Childers EP, Becker ML. l-Leucine-Based Poly(ester urea)s for Vascular Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:795-804. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Erin P. Childers
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Knight DK, Gillies ER, Mequanint K. Biomimetic L-aspartic acid-derived functional poly(ester amide)s for vascular tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3484-96. [PMID: 24769110 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of polymeric biomaterials permits the conjugation of cell signaling molecules capable of directing cell function. In this study, l-phenylalanine and l-aspartic acid were used to synthesize poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) with pendant carboxylic acid groups through an interfacial polycondensation approach. Human coronary artery smooth muscle cell (HCASMC) attachment, spreading and proliferation was observed on all PEA films. Vinculin expression at the cell periphery suggested that HCASMCs formed focal adhesions on the functional PEAs, while the absence of smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) expression implied the cells adopted a proliferative phenotype. The PEAs were also electrospun to yield nanoscale three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with average fiber diameters ranging from 130 to 294nm. Immunoblotting studies suggested a potential increase in SMαA and calponin expression from HCASMCs cultured on 3-D fibrous scaffolds when compared to 2-D films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and immunofluorescence demonstrated the conjugation of transforming growth factor-β1 to the surface of the functional PEA through the pendant carboxylic acid groups. Taken together, this study demonstrates that PEAs containing aspartic acid are viable biomaterials for further investigation in vascular tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl K Knight
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; The Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; The Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Said SS, Pickering JG, Mequanint K. Controlled Delivery of Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 from Biodegradable Poly(ester amide) Fibers for Building Functional Neovasculature. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3335-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
14
|
Ingavle GC, Leach JK. Advancements in electrospinning of polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:277-93. [PMID: 24004443 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibers have potential as tissue engineering scaffolds, as they mimic the nanoscale properties and structural characteristics of native extracellular matrix (ECM). Nanofibers composed of natural and synthetic polymers, biomimetic composites, ceramics, and metals have been fabricated by electrospinning for various tissue engineering applications. The inherent advantages of electrospinning nanofibers include the generation of substrata with high surface area-to-volume ratios, the capacity to precisely control material and mechanical properties, and a tendency for cellular in-growth due to interconnectivity within the pores. Furthermore, the electrospinning process affords the opportunity to engineer scaffolds with micro- to nanoscale topography similar to the natural ECM. This review describes the fundamental aspects of the electrospinning process when applied to spinnable natural and synthetic polymers; particularly, those parameters that influence fiber geometry, morphology, mesh porosity, and scaffold mechanical properties. We describe cellular responses to fiber morphology achieved by varying processing parameters and highlight successful applications of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds when used to tissue engineer bone, skin, and vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh C Ingavle
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
El-Faham A, Hassan HH, Khattab SN. Synthesis and characterization of new polyamides derived from alanine and valine derivatives. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:128. [PMID: 23122321 PMCID: PMC3537673 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many efforts have been recently devoted to design, investigate and synthesize biocompatible, biodegradable polymers for applications in medicine for either the fabrication of biodegradable devices or as drug delivery systems. Many of them consist of condensation of polymers having incorporated peptide linkages susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. Polyamides (PAs) containing α-amino acid residues such as L-leucine, L-alanine and L-phenylalanine have been reported as biodegradable materials. Furthermore, polyamides (PAs) derived from C10 and C14 dicarboxylic acids and amide-diamines derived from 1,6-hexanediamine or 1,12-dodecanediamine and L-phenylalanine, L-valyl-L-phenylalanine or L-phenylalanyl-L-valine residues have been reported as biocompatible polymers. We have previously described the synthesis and thermal properties of a new type of polyamides-containing amino acids based on eight new symmetric meta-oriented protected diamines derived from coupling of amino acids namely; Fomc-glycine, Fmoc-alanine, Fomc-valine and Fomc-leucine with m-phenylene diamine or 2,6-diaminopyridine. Results revealed that incorporation of pyridine onto the polymeric backbone of all series decreases the thermal stability. Here we describe another family of polyamides based on benzene dicarboxylic acid, pyridine dicarboxylic acid, and α-amino acid linked to benzidine and 4,4′-oxydianiline to study the effect of the dicarboxylic acid as well as the amino acids on the nature and thermal stability of the polymers. Results We report here the preparation of a new type of polyamides based on benzene dicarboxylic acid, pyridine dicarboxylic acid, and α-amino acid linked to benzidine and 4,4′-oxydianiline to study the effect of the dicarboxylic acid as well as the amino acids on the nature and thermal stability of polymers. The thermal properties of the polymers were evaluated by different techniques. Results revealed that structure-thermal property correlation based on changing the dicarboxylic acid monomer or the diamine monomer demonstrated an interesting connection between a single change (changing the dicarboxylic acids in each series while the diamine is fixed) and thermal properties. The newly prepared polymers may possess biodegradability and thus may find some applications as novel biomaterials. Conclusions The thermal properties of the new type of polyamides based on benzene dicarboxylic acid, pyridine dicarboxylic acid, and α-amino acid (alanine and valine) linked to benzidine and 4,4′-oxydianiline were evaluated by thermal gravimetric (TG), differential thermal gravimetric (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. Results revealed that the structure-thermal property correlation based on changing the dicarboxylic acid monomer or the diamine monomer demonstrated an interesting connection between a single change (changing the dicarboxylic acids in each series while the diamine is fixed) and thermal properties. In addition, pyridine-containing polymers exhibited semicrystalline characteristic with melting temperature, Tm. where none of the valine-containing polymers showed a melting and crystallization peak indicating that the polymers were amorphous. This is expected since L-valine side chain can inhibit close packing and eliminate crystallization. The newly prepared polymers may possess biodegradability and thus may find some applications as novel biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P,O, Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|