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Li X, Liu B, Pei B, Chen J, Zhou D, Peng J, Zhang X, Jia W, Xu T. Inkjet Bioprinting of Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10793-10833. [PMID: 32902959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inkjet technique has the capability of generating droplets in the picoliter volume range, firing thousands of times in a few seconds and printing in the noncontact manner. Since its emergence, inkjet technology has been widely utilized in the publishing industry for printing of text and pictures. As the technology developed, its applications have been expanded from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) and even used to fabricate components of electronic devices. At the end of the twentieth century, researchers were aware of the potential value of this technology in life sciences and tissue engineering because its picoliter-level printing unit is suitable for depositing biological components. Currently inkjet technology has been becoming a practical tool in modern medicine serving for drug development, scaffold building, and cell depositing. In this article, we first review the history, principles and different methods of developing this technology. Next, we focus on the recent achievements of inkjet printing in the biological field. Inkjet bioprinting of generic biomaterials, biomacromolecules, DNAs, and cells and their major applications are introduced in order of increasing complexity. The current limitations/challenges and corresponding solutions of this technology are also discussed. A new concept, biopixels, is put forward with a combination of the key characteristics of inkjet printing and basic biological units to bring a comprehensive view on inkjet-based bioprinting. Finally, a roadmap of the entire 3D bioprinting is depicted at the end of this review article, clearly demonstrating the past, present, and future of 3D bioprinting and our current progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinda Li
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxun Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Pei
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.,East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao 334000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Zhou
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhi Zhang
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Gungor-Ozkerim PS, Inci I, Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A, Dokmeci MR. Bioinks for 3D bioprinting: an overview. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:915-946. [PMID: 29492503 PMCID: PMC6439477 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an emerging technology with various applications in making functional tissue constructs to replace injured or diseased tissues. It is a relatively new approach that provides high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated manner, potentially enabling high-throughput production. During the bioprinting process, a solution of a biomaterial or a mixture of several biomaterials in the hydrogel form, usually encapsulating the desired cell types, termed the bioink, is used for creating tissue constructs. This bioink can be cross-linked or stabilized during or immediately after bioprinting to generate the final shape, structure, and architecture of the designed construct. Bioinks may be made from natural or synthetic biomaterials alone, or a combination of the two as hybrid materials. In certain cases, cell aggregates without any additional biomaterials can also be adopted for use as a bioink for bioprinting processes. An ideal bioink should possess proper mechanical, rheological, and biological properties of the target tissues, which are essential to ensure correct functionality of the bioprinted tissues and organs. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of the different bioinks currently employed for bioprinting, and outline some future perspectives in their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Selcan Gungor-Ozkerim
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Koch L, Deiwick A, Franke A, Schwanke K, Haverich A, Zweigerdt R, Chichkov B. Laser bioprinting of human induced pluripotent stem cells—the effect of printing and biomaterials on cell survival, pluripotency, and differentiation. Biofabrication 2018; 10:035005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aab981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pereira RF, Sousa A, Barrias CC, Bayat A, Granja PL, Bártolo PJ. Advances in bioprinted cell-laden hydrogels for skin tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40898-017-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Gardiner MD, Combellack E, Hawkins K, Whitaker IS. 3D bioprinting for reconstructive surgery: Principles, applications and challenges. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017; 70:1155-1170. [PMID: 28734756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing laboratory research in the growing field of 3D bioprinting, there are few reports of successful translation into surgical practice. This review outlines the principles of 3D bioprinting including software and hardware processes, biocompatible technological platforms and suitable bioinks. The advantages of 3D bioprinting over traditional tissue engineering techniques in assembling cells, biomaterials and biomolecules in a spatially controlled manner to reproduce native tissue macro-, micro- and nanoarchitectures are discussed, together with an overview of current progress in bioprinting tissue types relevant for plastic and reconstructive surgery. If successful, this platform technology has the potential to biomanufacture autologous tissue for reconstruction, obviating the need for donor sites or immunosuppression. The biological, technological and regulatory challenges are highlighted, with strategies to overcome these challenges by using an integrated approach from the fields of engineering, biomaterial science, cell biology and reconstructive microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Ayesha Al-Sabah
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Emman Combellack
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Karl Hawkins
- Rheology Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
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Ng WL, Yeong WY, Naing MW. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Based Bio-Ink Improves Cell Viability and Homogeneity during Drop-On-Demand Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E190. [PMID: 28772551 PMCID: PMC5459162 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drop-on-demand (DOD) bioprinting has attracted huge attention for numerous biological applications due to its precise control over material volume and deposition pattern in a contactless printing approach. 3D bioprinting is still an emerging field and more work is required to improve the viability and homogeneity of printed cells during the printing process. Here, a general purpose bio-ink was developed using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) macromolecules. Different PVP-based bio-inks (0%-3% w/v) were prepared and evaluated for their printability; the short-term and long-term viability of the printed cells were first investigated. The Z value of a bio-ink determines its printability; it is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number (Oh), which is the ratio between the Reynolds number and a square root of the Weber number, and is independent of the bio-ink velocity. The viability of printed cells is dependent on the Z values of the bio-inks; the results indicated that the cells can be printed without any significant impairment using a bio-ink with a threshold Z value of ≤9.30 (2% and 2.5% w/v). Next, the cell output was evaluated over a period of 30 min. The results indicated that PVP molecules mitigate the cell adhesion and sedimentation during the printing process; the 2.5% w/v PVP bio-ink demonstrated the most consistent cell output over a period of 30 min. Hence, PVP macromolecules can play a critical role in improving the cell viability and homogeneity during the bioprinting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long Ng
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637662, Singapore.
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - May Win Naing
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637662, Singapore.
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Pepper M, Cass CAP, Jenkins L, Burg TC, Groff RE, Booth BW, Burg KJL. Thermal inkjet printing for precision histological staining. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023611y.0000000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ferris CJ, Gilmore KG, Wallace GG, In het Panhuis M. Biofabrication: an overview of the approaches used for printing of living cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4243-58. [PMID: 23525900 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell printing is vital for establishing biofabrication approaches as clinically relevant tools. Achieving this requires bio-inks which must not only be easily printable, but also allow controllable and reproducible printing of cells. This review outlines the general principles and current progress and compares the advantages and challenges for the most widely used biofabrication techniques for printing cells: extrusion, laser, microvalve, inkjet and tissue fragment printing. It is expected that significant advances in cell printing will result from synergistic combinations of these techniques and lead to optimised resolution, throughput and the overall complexity of printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Ferris
- Soft Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Ferris CJ, Gilmore KJ, Beirne S, McCallum D, Wallace GG, in het Panhuis M. Bio-ink for on-demand printing of living cells. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:224-230. [DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhu X, Zheng Q, Yang H, Cai J, Huang L, Duan Y, Xu Z, Cen P. Recent advances in inkjet dispensing technologies: applications in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:761-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.697892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Pepper ME, Seshadri V, Burg T, Booth BW, Burg KJL, Groff RE. Cell settling effects on a thermal inkjet bioprinter. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:3609-12. [PMID: 22255120 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper seeks to quantify cell settling in the print media reservoir of a bioprinter in order to determine its effect on consistent cell delivery per printed drop. The bioprinter studied here is based on the thermal inkjet HP26A cartridge, but any system that dispenses controlled volumes of fluid may be affected similarly. A simple model based on Stokes' law suggests that the cell concentration in the bottom of the reservoir should increase linearly up to some maximum and that the cell concentration in the printed drops should follow this trend. The results show that cell output initially followed the predicted increasing trend, but then peaked and decreased. The timing and rate of the decrease related to the number of use cycles for the cartridges. The results provide guidance for modifications to the printing process to ensure consistent printing of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pepper
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering at Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0915, USA
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Pepper ME, Groff RE, Cass CAP, Mattimore JP, Burg T, Burg KJL. A quantitative metric for pattern fidelity of bioprinted cocultures. Artif Organs 2012; 36:E151-62. [PMID: 22591403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a quantitative metric for coculture pattern fidelity and its use in the assessment of bioprinting systems. Increasingly, bioprinting is used to create in vitro cell and tissue models for the purpose of studying cell behavior and cell-cell interaction. To create meaningful models, a bioprinting system must be able to place cells in biologically relevant patterns with sufficient fidelity. A metric for assessing fidelity would be valuable for tuning experimental processes and parameters within a bioprinting system and for comparing performance between different systems. Toward this end, the "bioprinting fidelity index" (BFI), a metric which rates a bioprinted patterned coculture with a single number based on the proportions of correctly placed cells, is proposed. Additionally, a mathematical model of drop-on-demand printing is introduced, which predicts an upper bound on the BFI based on drop placement statistics. A proof-of-concept study was conducted in which patterned cocultures of D1 and 4T07 cells were produced in two different demonstration patterns. The BFI for the patterned cocultures was calculated and compared to the printing model fidelity prediction. The printing model successfully predicted the best BFI observed in the samples, and the BFI showed quantitatively that post-processing techniques negatively impacted the final fidelity of the samples. The BFI provides a principled method for comparing printing and post-processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pepper
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering Bioengineering, Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Pepper ME, Seshadri V, Burg TC, Burg KJL, Groff RE. Characterizing the effects of cell settling on bioprinter output. Biofabrication 2012; 4:011001. [PMID: 22257751 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/4/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The time variation in bioprinter output, i.e. the number of cells per printed drop, was studied over the length of a typical printing experiment. This variation impacts the cell population size of bioprinted samples, which should ideally be consistent. The variation in output was specifically studied in the context of cell settling. The bioprinter studied is based on the thermal inkjet HP26A cartridge; however, the results are relevant to other cell delivery systems that draw fluid from a reservoir. A simple mathematical model suggests that the cell concentration in the bottom of the reservoir should increase linearly over time, up to some maximum, and that the cell output should be proportional to this concentration. Two studies were performed in which D1 murine stem cells and similarly sized polystyrene latex beads were printed. The bead output profiles were consistent with the model. The cell output profiles initially followed the increasing trend predicted by the settling model, but after several minutes the cell output peaked and then decreased. The decrease in cell output was found to be associated with the number of use cycles the cartridge had experienced. The differing results for beads and cells suggest that a biological process, such as adhesion, causes the decrease in cell output. Further work will be required to identify the exact process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pepper
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
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Pepper ME, Cass CAP, Mattimore JP, Burg T, Booth BW, Burg KJL, Groff RE. Post-bioprinting processing methods to improve cell viability and pattern fidelity in heterogeneous tissue test systems. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2010:259-62. [PMID: 21096750 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5627467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinted tissue test systems show promise as a powerful tool for studying cell-cell interaction in heterogeneous, tissue-like co-culture. Several challenges were encountered while attempting to consistently fabricate samples with high viability and pattern fidelity. This paper evaluates four methods for processing samples after bioprinting but prior to adding media for incubation. These methods, composed of various combinations of three techniques meant to promote cell hydration, are evaluated with respect to sample viability and pattern preservation. In the best performing method, Hank's Balanced Salt Solution was applied immediately after fabrication and a collagen overlayer was applied one hour thereafter. The success of this method highlights the ability of the collagen substrate to absorb moisture, which promotes cell health without disturbing the cell's printed location. An addendum to the main study is an investigation of the limits of an HP26 print cartridge to deposit cells at a faster rate for the purpose of creating cell layers with densities that approach confluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pepper
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering at Clemson University, SC 29634-0915 USA
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BINDER KYLEW, ALLEN ARTHURJ, YOO JAMESJ, ATALA ANTHONY. DROP-ON-DEMAND INKJET BIOPRINTING: A PRIMER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s1568558611000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Burg T, Cass CAP, Groff R, Pepper M, Burg KJL. Building off-the-shelf tissue-engineered composites. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:1839-1862. [PMID: 20308106 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in technology have created the realistic possibility of personalized medicine. In 2000, Time magazine listed tissue engineering as one of the 'hottest 10 career choices'. However, in the past decade, only a handful of tissue-engineered products were translated to the clinical market and none were financially viable. The reality of complex business planning and the high-investment, high-technology environment was not apparent, and the promise of tissue engineering was overstated. In the meantime, biologists were steadily applying three-dimensional benchtop tissue-culture systems for cellular research, but the systems were gelatinous and thus limited in their ability to facilitate the development of complex tissues. Now, the bioengineering literature has seen an emergence of literature describing biofabrication of tissues and organs. However, if one looks closely, again, the viable products appear distant. 'Rapid' prototyping to reproduce the intricate patterns of whole organs using large volumes of cellular components faces daunting challenges. Homogenous forms are being labelled 'tissues', but, in fact, do not represent the heterogeneous structure of the native biological system. In 2003, we disclosed the concept of combining rapid prototyping techniques with tissue engineering technologies to facilitate precision development of heterogeneous complex tissue-test systems, i.e. systems to be used for drug discovery and the study of cellular behaviour, biomedical devices and progression of disease. The focus of this paper is on the challenges we have faced since that time, moving this concept towards reality, using the case of breast tissue as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Burg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Pepper ME, Parzel CA, Burg T, Boland T, Burg KJL, Groff RE. Design and implementation of a two-dimensional inkjet bioprinter. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:6001-6005. [PMID: 19963663 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5332513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has the potential to improve the current methods for replacing organs and tissues and for investigating cellular process within the scope of a tissue test system. Bioprinting technology can aid in the difficult task of arranging live mammalian cells and biomaterials in viable structures for tissue engineering purposes. This paper describes a system, based on HP26 series print cartridge technology, capable of precisely depositing multiple cell types in precise patterns. The paper discusses the research, design, and implementation of the printing system, which permits control of droplet firing parameters, including firing energy, speed, and spacing. The results demonstrate the system's fine patterning ability of viable cells, including two-dimensional patterned co-cultures of two cell types. The system has been specifically designed with the flexibility to be extended to print more than two cell types and/or materials simultaneously and to layer printed patterns to form three-dimensional constructs. With these features, the printing system will serve as the foundation for a biofabrication system capable of three-dimensional cell co-cultures, i.e. tissue test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pepper
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0915, USA
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