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Tacchi F, Orozco-Aguilar J, Gutiérrez D, Simon F, Salazar J, Vilos C, Cabello-Verrugio C. Scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2521-2538. [PMID: 34743611 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is integral to the functioning of the human body. Several pathological conditions, such as trauma (primary lesion) or genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), can affect and impair its functions or exceed its regeneration capacity. Tissue engineering (TE) based on natural, synthetic and hybrid biomaterials provides a robust platform for developing scaffolds that promote skeletal muscle regeneration, strength recovery, vascularization and innervation. Recent 3D-cell printing technology and the use of nanocarriers for the release of drugs, peptides and antisense oligonucleotides support unique therapeutic alternatives. Here, the authors present recent advances in scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and perspectives for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tacchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility & Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility & Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Danae Gutiérrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility & Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD),Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile
| | - Javier Salazar
- Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Medical Research, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Medical Research, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility & Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
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Biressi S, Filareto A, Rando TA. Stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5652-5664. [PMID: 32946430 DOI: 10.1172/jci142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Despite the intense investigation of different therapeutic options, a definitive treatment has not been developed for this debilitating class of pathologies. Cell-based therapies in muscular dystrophies have been pursued experimentally for the last three decades. Several cell types with different characteristics and tissues of origin, including myogenic stem and progenitor cells, stromal cells, and pluripotent stem cells, have been investigated over the years and have recently entered in the clinical arena with mixed results. In this Review, we do a roundup of the past attempts and describe the updated status of cell-based therapies aimed at counteracting the skeletal and cardiac myopathy present in dystrophic patients. We present current challenges, summarize recent progress, and make recommendations for future research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Conneticut, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Engineering an Environment for the Study of Fibrosis: A 3D Human Muscle Model with Endothelium Specificity and Endomysium. Cell Rep 2018; 25:3858-3868.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bersini S, Gilardi M, Mora M, Krol S, Arrigoni C, Candrian C, Zanotti S, Moretti M. Tackling muscle fibrosis: From molecular mechanisms to next generation engineered models to predict drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. [PMID: 29518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle fibrosis represents the end stage consequence of different diseases, among which muscular dystrophies, leading to severe impairment of muscle functions. Muscle fibrosis involves the production of several growth factors, cytokines and proteolytic enzymes and is strictly associated to inflammatory processes. Moreover, fibrosis causes profound changes in tissue properties, including increased stiffness and density, lower pH and oxygenation. Up to now, there is no therapeutic approach able to counteract the fibrotic process and treatments directed against muscle pathologies are severely impaired by the harsh conditions of the fibrotic environment. The design of new therapeutics thus need innovative tools mimicking the obstacles posed by the fibrotic environment to their delivery. This review will critically discuss the role of in vivo and 3D in vitro models in this context and the characteristics that an ideal model should possess to help the translation from bench to bedside of new candidate anti-fibrotic agents.
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Bioinductive Scaffolds—Powerhouses of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fasolino I, Guarino V, Cirillo V, Ambrosio L. 5-Azacytidine-mediated hMSC behavior on electrospun scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2551-2561. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Fasolino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council of Italy; Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Keneedy 54 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council of Italy; Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Keneedy 54 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Valentina Cirillo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council of Italy; Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Keneedy 54 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council of Italy; Mostra D'Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Keneedy 54 80125 Naples Italy
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Grasman JM, Zayas MJ, Page RL, Pins GD. Biomimetic scaffolds for regeneration of volumetric muscle loss in skeletal muscle injuries. Acta Biomater 2015. [PMID: 26219862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries typically result from traumatic incidents such as combat injuries where soft-tissue extremity injuries are present in one of four cases. Further, about 4.5 million reconstructive surgical procedures are performed annually as a result of car accidents, cancer ablation, or cosmetic procedures. These combat- and trauma-induced skeletal muscle injuries are characterized by volumetric muscle loss (VML), which significantly reduces the functionality of the injured muscle. While skeletal muscle has an innate repair mechanism, it is unable to compensate for VML injuries because large amounts of tissue including connective tissue and basement membrane are removed or destroyed. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, the structure and organization of native skeletal muscle tissue is described in order to reveal clear design parameters that are necessary for scaffolds to mimic in order to successfully regenerate muscular tissue. We review the literature with respect to the materials and methodologies used to develop scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration as well as the limitations of these materials. We further discuss the variety of cell sources and different injury models to provide some context for the multiple approaches used to evaluate these scaffold materials. Recent findings are highlighted to address the state of the field and directions are outlined for future strategies, both in scaffold design and in the use of different injury models to evaluate these materials, for regenerating functional skeletal muscle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result from traumatic incidents such as those presented from combat missions, where soft-tissue extremity injuries are represented in one of four cases. These injuries remove or destroy large amounts of skeletal muscle including the basement membrane and connective tissue, removing the structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues that usually direct its repair. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. In this review, we examine current strategies for the development of scaffold materials designed for skeletal muscle regeneration, highlighting advances and limitations associated with these methodologies. Finally, we identify future approaches to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Sicari BM, Londono R, Badylak SF. Strategies for skeletal muscle tissue engineering: seed vs. soil. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7881-7895. [PMID: 32262901 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used tissue engineering approach includes the ex vivo combination of site-appropriate cell(s) and scaffold material(s) to create three-dimensional constructs for tissue replacement or reconstruction. These three-dimensional combinations are typically subjected to a period of culture and conditioning (i.e., self-assembly and maturation) to promote the development of ex vivo constructs which closely mimic native target tissue. This cell-based approach is challenged by the host response to the engineered tissue construct following surgical implantation. As an alternative to the cell-based approach, acellular biologic scaffolds attract endogenous cells and remodel into partially functional mimics of native tissue upon implantation. The present review examines cell-types (i.e., seed), scaffold materials (i.e., soil), and challenges associated with functional tissue engineering. Skeletal muscle is used as the target tissue prototype but the discussed principles will largely apply to most body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sicari
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 300, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA.
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Mu X, Tang Y, Lu A, Takayama K, Usas A, Wang B, Weiss K, Huard J. The role of Notch signaling in muscle progenitor cell depletion and the rapid onset of histopathology in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2923-37. [PMID: 25678553 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been speculated that stem cell depletion plays a role in the rapid progression of the muscle histopathology associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for stem cell depletion remain poorly understood. The rapid depletion of muscle stem cells has not been observed in the dystrophin-deficient model of DMD (mdx mouse), which may explain the relatively mild dystrophic phenotype observed in this animal model. In contrast, we have observed a rapid occurrence of stem cell depletion in the dystrophin/utrophin double knockout (dKO) mouse model, which exhibits histopathological features that more closely recapitulate the phenotype observed in DMD patients compared with the mdx mouse. Notch signaling has been found to be a key regulator of stem cell self-renewal and myogenesis in normal skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the role that Notch plays in the development of the dystrophic histopathology associated with DMD. Our results revealed an over-activation of Notch in the skeletal muscles of dKO mice, which correlated with sustained inflammation, impaired muscle regeneration and the rapid depletion and senescence of the muscle progenitor cells (MPCs, i.e. Pax7+ cells). Consequently, the repression of Notch in the skeletal muscle of dKO mice delayed/reduced the depletion and senescence of MPCs, and restored the myogenesis capacity while reducing inflammation and fibrosis. We suggest that the down-regulation of Notch could represent a viable approach to reduce the dystrophic histopathologies associated with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Mu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Koji Takayama
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kurt Weiss
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Cei D, Malena A, de Maria C, Loro E, Sandri F, del Moro G, Bettio S, Vergani L, Vozzi G. In vitrodevelopment of engineered muscle using a scaffold based on the pressure-activated microsyringe (PAM) technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:138-152. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cei
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
| | - Adriana Malena
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Carmelo de Maria
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
- Department of Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Pisa Italy
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Federica Sandri
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Giulia del Moro
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Sara Bettio
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
- Department of Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Pisa Italy
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Sicari BM, Dearth CL, Badylak SF. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches to Enhance the Functional Response to Skeletal Muscle Injury. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:51-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Sicari
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher L. Dearth
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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An SH, Matsumoto T, Miyajima H, Nakahira A, Kim KH, Imazato S. Porous zirconia/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone reconstruction. Dent Mater 2012; 28:1221-31. [PMID: 23018082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Highly porous apatite-based bioceramic scaffolds have been widely investigated as three-dimensional (3D) templates for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation promoting the bone regeneration. Their fragility, however, limits their clinical application especially for a large bone defect. METHODS To address the hypothesis that using a ZrO(2)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite might improve both the mechanical properties and cellular compatibility of the porous material, we fabricated ZrO(2)/HAp composite scaffolds with different ZrO(2)/HAp ratios, and evaluated their characteristics. In addition, porous ZrO(2)/HAp scaffolds containing bone marrow derived stromal cells (BMSCs) were implanted into critical-size bone defects for 6 weeks in order to evaluate the bone tissue reconstruction with this material. RESULTS The porosity of a ZrO(2)/HAp scaffold can be adjusted from 72% to 91%, and the compressive strength of the scaffold increased from 2.5 to 13.8MPa when the ZrO(2) content increased from 50 to 100wt%. The cell adhesion and proliferation in the ZrO(2)/HAp scaffold was greatly improved when compared to the scaffold made with ZrO(2) alone. Moreover, in vivo study showed that a BMSCs-loaded ZrO(2)/HAp scaffold provided a suitable 3D environment for BMSC survival and enhanced bone regeneration around the implanted material. SIGNIFICANCE We thus showed that a porous ZrO(2)/HAp composite scaffold has excellent mechanical properties, and cellular/tissue compatibility, and would be a promising substrate to achieve both bone reconstruction and regeneration needed in the treatment of large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun An
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a solid scaffold and signals to cells through ECM receptors. The cell-matrix interactions are crucial for normal biological processes and when disrupted they may lead to pathological processes. In particular, the biological importance of ECM-cell membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in skeletal muscle is accentuated by the number of inherited muscle diseases caused by mutations in proteins conferring these interactions. In this review we introduce laminins, collagens, dystroglycan, integrins, dystrophin and sarcoglycans. Mutations in corresponding genes cause various forms of muscular dystrophy. The muscle disorders are presented as well as advances toward the development of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Carmignac
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Rossi CA, Flaibani M, Blaauw B, Pozzobon M, Figallo E, Reggiani C, Vitiello L, Elvassore N, De Coppi P. In vivo tissue engineering of functional skeletal muscle by freshly isolated satellite cells embedded in a photopolymerizable hydrogel. FASEB J 2011; 25:2296-304. [PMID: 21450908 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-174755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The success of skeletal muscle reconstruction depends on finding the most effective, clinically suitable strategy to engineer myogenic cells and biocompatible scaffolds. Satellite cells (SCs), freshly isolated or transplanted within their niche, are presently considered the best source for muscle regeneration. Here, we designed and developed the delivery of either SCs or muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) via an in situ photo-cross-linkable hyaluronan-based hydrogel, hyaluronic acid-photoinitiator (HA-PI) complex. Partially ablated tibialis anterior (TA) of C57BL/6J mice engrafted with freshly isolated satellite cells embedded in hydrogel showed a major improvement in muscle structure and number of new myofibers, compared to muscles receiving hydrogel + MPCs or hydrogel alone. Notably, SCs embedded in HA-PI also promoted functional recovery, as assessed by contractile force measurements. Tissue reconstruction was associated with the formation of both neural and vascular networks and the reconstitution of a functional SC niche. This innovative approach could overcome previous limitations in skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Rossi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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