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Cock IE, Cheesman MJ. A Review of the Antimicrobial Properties of Cyanobacterial Natural Products. Molecules 2023; 28:7127. [PMID: 37894609 PMCID: PMC10608859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multiple-drug-resistant pathogens has prompted medical research toward the development of new and effective antimicrobial therapies. Much research into novel antibiotics has focused on bacterial and fungal compounds, and on chemical modification of existing compounds to increase their efficacy or reactivate their antimicrobial properties. In contrast, cyanobacteria have been relatively overlooked for antibiotic discovery, and much more work is required. This may be because some cyanobacterial species produce environmental toxins, leading to concerns about the safety of cyanobacterial compounds in therapy. Despite this, several cyanobacterial-derived compounds have been identified with noteworthy inhibitory activity against bacterial, fungal and protozoal growth, as well as viral replication. Additionally, many of these compounds have relatively low toxicity and are therefore relevant targets for drug development. Of particular note, several linear and heterocyclic peptides and depsipeptides with potent activity and good safety indexes have been identified and are undergoing development as antimicrobial chemotherapies. However, substantial further studies are required to identify and screen the myriad other cyanobacterial-derived compounds to evaluate their therapeutic potential. This study reviews the known phytochemistry of cyanobacteria, and where relevant, the effects of those compounds against bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral pathogens, with the aim of highlighting gaps in the literature and focusing future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Cock
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
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2
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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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3
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Zahra QUA, Fang X, Luo Z, Ullah S, Fatima S, Batool S, Qiu B, Shahzad F. Graphene Based Nanohybrid Aptasensors in Environmental Monitoring: Concepts, Design and Future Outlook. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1433-1454. [PMID: 35085047 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2025758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In view of ever-increasing environmental pollution, there is an immediate requirement to promote cheap, multiplexed, sensitive and fast biosensing systems to monitor these pollutants or contaminants. Aptamers have shown numerous advantages in being used as molecular recognition elements in various biosensing devices. Graphene and graphene-based materials/nanohybrids combined with several detection methods exhibit great potential owing to their exceptional optical, electronic and physicochemical properties which can be employed extensively to monitor environmental contaminants. For environmental monitoring applications, aptamers have been successfully combined with graphene-based nanohybrids to produce a wide range of innovative methodologies. Aptamers are immobilized at the surface of graphene based nanohybrids via covalent and non-covalent strategies. This review highlights the design, working principle, recent developmental advances and applications of graphene based nanohybrid aptasensors (GNH-Apts) (since January 2014 to September 2021) with a special emphasis on two major signal-transduction methods, i.e., optical and electrochemical for the monitoring of pesticides, heavy metals, bacteria, antibiotics, and organic compounds from different environmental samples (e.g., water, soil and related). Lastly, the challenges confronted by scientists and the possible future outlook have also been addressed. It is expected that high-performance graphene-based nanohybrid aptasensors would find broad applications in the field of environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain Zahra
- Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhaofeng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Salim Ullah
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Shazia Fatima
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Batool
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Faisal Shahzad
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090660. [PMID: 34564664 PMCID: PMC8472772 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with many considered to be toxins. Although there are a number of toxicological outcomes with respect to cyanobacterial exposure, this review aims to examine those which affect the central nervous system (CNS) or have neurotoxicological properties. Such exposures can be acute or chronic, and we detail issues concerning CNS entry, detection and remediation. Exposure can occur through a variety of media but, increasingly, exposure through air via inhalation may have greater significance and requires further investigation. Even though cyanobacterial toxins have traditionally been classified based on their primary mode of toxicity, increasing evidence suggests that some also possess neurotoxic properties and include known cyanotoxins and unknown compounds. Furthermore, chronic long-term exposure to these compounds is increasingly being identified as adversely affecting human health.
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Tang Q, Lei L, Zhao L, Gu J, Xiao L, Han BP. Interactive effect of water level and flushing rate on population dynamics of a harmful cyanobacterial species: Raphidiopsis raciborskii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:936-944. [PMID: 33534070 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in water level and flushing rate directly affect to a large extent the biomass of harmful cyanobacteria, and drive the shift of phytoplankton composition between cyanobacteria dominance/non-dominance in eutrophic waters. Here, we gave a theoretical formula describing the combinational effect of water level and flushing rate on cyanobacterial biomass in eutrophic and well-mixed waters. We also formulated an equation predicting the water level and flushing rate at which cyanobacteria become non-dominating in such water columns. The formulae were confronted with field observations of a low-light adapted cyanobacterium in a large coastal reservoir of southern China. Our formulae demonstrate that water level and flushing rate have an interactive effect on the equilibrium biomass of low-light adapted cyanobacteria in mixed and turbid waters. The formulae were well fitted to the field observation of Raphidiopsis raciborskii population in the reservoir during four dry seasons. In agreement with the theoretical analysis, multiple regression analysis also showed that the interaction between water level and flushing rate is able to interpret the variation of R. raciborskii biomass in the water column. The two formulae are applicable for predicting the response of low-light adapted cyanobacteria to local climate change. Our findings have practical significance in designing measures against the dominance of low light-adapted cyanobacteria in reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quehui Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jiguang Gu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Bo-Ping Han
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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Rabelo JCS, Hanusch AL, de Jesus LWO, Mesquita LA, Franco FC, Silva RA, Sabóia-Morais SMT. DNA damage induced by cylindrospermopsin on different tissues of the biomonitor fish Poecilia reticulata. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1125-1134. [PMID: 33576126 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is the second biggest cause of poisoning worldwide, both in humans and animals. Although CYN primarily affects the aquatic environments and can be absorbed in fishes by multiple routes, data reporting its toxicity and mechanism of action are still scarce in this group. Using P. reticulata as model species, it was evaluated whether CYN promotes mutagenic and genotoxic effects in different fish target tissues. Adult females were exposed in a static way to 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg L-1 of pure CYN for 24 and 96 hours. For the first time, DNA damage was detected in fish brain after CYN exposition. In brain cells, a concentration-response DNA damage was observed for both exposure times, suggesting a direct or indirect action of CYN in neurotoxicity. For the liver cells, 96 hours caused an increase in DNA damage, as well the highest percentage of DNA in the tail was reached when used 1.5 μg L-1 of CYN. In peripheral blood cells, an increase in DNA damage was observed for all tested concentrations after 96 hours. In erythrocytes, micronuclei frequency was higher at 1.5 μg L-1 treatment while the erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency was significantly higher even at the lowest CYN concentration. Such data demonstrated that acute exposition to CYN promotes genotoxicity in the brain, liver, and blood cells of P. reticulata, as well mutagenicity in erythrocytes. It rises an alert regarding to the toxic effects of CYN for aquatic organisms as well as for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C S Rabelo
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alex L Hanusch
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetic, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Wender O de Jesus
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology, Histology and Embryology Section, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Lorena A Mesquita
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Franco
- Laboratory of Mutagenicity, Department of Genetic, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Simone M T Sabóia-Morais
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF HEPATOCELLULAR NEOPLASMS IN NILE LECHWE ( KOBUS MEGACEROS) FROM TWO FLORIDA ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:678-686. [PMID: 33480545 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This case series describes hepatocellular neoplasms in 10 Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros) at two separate zoological institutions in Florida. Histologically, the neoplasms were classified as hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 7), hepatocellular adenoma (n = 2), and hepatobiliary carcinoma (n = 1). Common clinical signs were nonspecific and included thin body condition (n =7), lethargy (n =6), lameness (n =3), and acute recumbency (n =5). Four males and six females were affected, and the mean age at death was 12.7 yr with a range of 4-18 yr. All cases were diagnosed postmortem, and metastasis to various sites, including lung, lymph nodes, and omentum, was found in 40% of cases (n = 4). A single case of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Nile lechwe was described in 2007; however, this is the first reported series of neoplasms in Reduncinae. The pathogenesis behind the development of hepatocellular neoplasms in Nile lechwe has not yet been identified.
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Evaluation of toxic effects induced by repeated exposure to Cylindrospermopsin in rats using a 28-day feeding study. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112108. [PMID: 33741479 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a toxin with a world-wide increasing occurrence. It can induce toxic effects both in humans and the environment, and toxicity studies are needed to complete its toxicological profile. In this sense, in vivo oral toxicity studies with pure CYN are scarce. The aim of this work was to perform a repeated dose 28-day oral study in rats following the OECD guideline 407 to provide information on health hazard likely to arise from this kind of exposure. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 18.75, 37.5 and 75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day. After the study period, no clinical signs or mortality and no significant differences in final body weight, body weight gain and total feed intake in both sexes were observed. Only in females some biochemical parameters (triglycerides (TRIG) levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity) as well as changes in the weight of organs (absolute liver weight values, relative kidney/body weight ratios or relative liver weight/brain weight ratios) were altered, but without toxicological relevance. Histopathological analysis revealed a very mild affectation of liver and kidney in rats. These results suggest the need to perform longer oral toxicity studies to define the potential consequences of long term CYN exposure.
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Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Hao Z, Ma J, Miao C, Song Y, Lian L, Yan S, Song W. Carbonate Radical Oxidation of Cylindrospermopsin (Cyanotoxin): Kinetic Studies and Mechanistic Consideration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10118-10127. [PMID: 32693577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is one of the most important cyanobacterial toxins frequently found in surface waters. We reported the detailed kinetics and pathways for the reaction of CYN with carbonate radicals (CO3•-). The rate constants of neutral and deprotonated CYN with CO3•- were found to be (1.2 ± 0.7) × 107 M-1 s-1 and (3.0 ± 0.4) × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. The transformation products for the oxidation of CYN by CO3•- were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, illustrating that the guanidine and bridged hydroxyl portions were the primary moieties attacked by CO3•-. Thus, three transformation pathways, including cleavage of the hydroxymethyluracil moiety, hydroxylation, and oxidation of the bridged hydroxyl group, are proposed for the CO3•- oxidation of CYN. Moreover, this study reported that dissolved organic matter (DOM) reduced the transformation rate of CYN by inhibiting the transformation of oxidation intermediates. Finally, the role of CO3•- in CYN degradation was estimated in both sunlit surface waters and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), demonstrating that CO3•- played an important role in CYN attenuation under nonacidic environmentally relevant conditions. The kinetic parameters and product information obtained in this study will be of considerable interest for the application of AOPs and predicting the environmental fate of CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Hao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Chenyong Miao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue Song
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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11
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Plastics in Cyanobacterial Blooms-Genotoxic Effects of Binary Mixtures of Cylindrospermopsin and Bisphenols in HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040219. [PMID: 32244372 PMCID: PMC7232240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever-expanding environmental pollution is causing a rise in cyanobacterial blooms and the accumulation of plastics in water bodies. Consequently, exposure to mixtures of cyanotoxins and plastic-related contaminants such as bisphenols (BPs) is of increasing concern. The present study describes genotoxic effects induced by co-exposure to one of the emerging cyanotoxins-cylindrospermopsin (CYN)-(0.5 µg/mL) and BPs (bisphenol A (BPA), S (BPS), and F (BPF); (10 µg/mL)) in HepG2 cells after 24 and 72 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity was evaluated with an MTS assay and genotoxicity was assessed through the measurement of the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) with the γH2AX assay. The deregulation of selected genes (xenobiotic metabolic enzyme genes, DNA damage, and oxidative response genes) was assessed using qPCR. The results showed a moderate reduction of cell viability and induction of DSBs after 72 h of exposure to the CYN/BPs mixtures and CYN alone. None of the BPs alone reduced cell viability or induced DSBs. No significant difference was observed between CYN and CYN/BPs exposed cells, except with CYN/BPA, where the antagonistic activity of BPA against CYN was indicated. The deregulation of some of the tested genes (CYP1A1, CDKN1A, GADD45A, and GCLC) was more pronounced after exposure to the CYN/BPs mixtures compared to single compounds, suggesting additive or synergistic action. The present study confirms the importance of co-exposure studies, as our results show pollutant mixtures to induce effects different from those confirmed for single compounds.
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Díez-Quijada L, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Cătunescu GM, Puerto M, Moyano R, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of cylindrospermopsin in rats using a combined micronucleus and comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110664. [PMID: 31279043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent cyanotoxin recognized as an emerging human threat due to its cytotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Although the genotoxicity of CYN has been extensively studied in vitro, limited data are available on its in vivo genotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of pure CYN (7.5-75 μg/kg body weight) after oral exposure of rats through a combined assay of the micronucleus test (MN) in bone marrow, and the standard and modified comet assay in stomach, liver and blood. Also, histopathological changes in stomach and liver were evaluated. Positive results in the MN test were observed in bone marrow in the exposed rats at all the tested concentrations. However, the comet assay revealed that CYN did not induce DNA strand breaks nor oxidative DNA damage in any of the tissues investigated. Finally, histopathological changes were observed in stomach and liver (7.5-75 μg/kg) in intoxicated rats. These results could indicate that CYN is able to induce irritation in stomach before its biotransformation in rats orally exposed, and genotoxicity in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain.
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville. Spain
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Raška J, Čtveráčková L, Dydowiczová A, Sovadinová I, Bláha L, Babica P. Cylindrospermopsin induces cellular stress and activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways in adult human liver stem cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:43-52. [PMID: 30981969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an emerging freshwater contaminant, whose expanding environmental occurrence might result into increased human health risks. CYN is potent hepatotoxin, with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity documented in primary hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines. However, there is only limited information about CYN effects on adult human liver stem cells (LSCs), which play an important role in liver tissue development, regeneration and repair. In our study with human liver cell line HL1-hT1 which expresses characteristics of LSCs, CYN was found to be cytotoxic and increasing cell death after 24-48 h exposure to concentrations >1 μM. Subcytotoxic 1 μM concentration did not induce cell death or membrane damage, but inhibited cellular processes related to energy production, leading to a growth stagnation after >72 h. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with increased DNA damage, reactive oxygen species production, or endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, CYN induced a sustained (24-48 h) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38, and increased expression of stress-related transcription factor ATF3. Thus, LSCs were not primarily affected by CYN-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress, but via activation of signaling and transcriptional pathways critical for regulation of cell proliferation, stress responses, cell survival and inflammation. Alterations of LSCs during CYN-induced liver injury, including the role of nongenotoxic mechanisms, should be therefore considered in mechanistic assessments of chronic CYN hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Raška
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Čtveráčková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, MasarykUniversity, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Cullen A, Pearson LA, Mazmouz R, Liu T, Soeriyadi AH, Ongley SE, Neilan BA. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterisation of cyanotoxin biosynthesis pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1117-1136. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses cyanotoxin biosynthetic pathways and highlights the heterologous expression and biochemical studies used to characterise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alescia Cullen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Leanne A. Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Angela H. Soeriyadi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Sarah E. Ongley
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
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16
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Pharmacologic inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A achieves durable immune-mediated antitumor activity when combined with PD-1 blockade. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2126. [PMID: 29844427 PMCID: PMC5974350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A), a serine/threonine phosphatase, could enhance anticancer immunity. However, drugs targeting PP2A are not currently available. Here, we report that a PP2A inhibitor, LB-100, when combined with anti-PD-1 (aPD-1) blockade can synergistically elicit a durable immune-mediated antitumor response in a murine CT26 colon cancer model. This effect is T-cell dependent, leading to regression of a significant proportion of tumors. Analysis of tumor lymphocytes demonstrates enhanced effector T-cell and reduced suppressive regulatory T-cell infiltration. Clearance of tumor establishes antigen-specific secondary protective immunity. A synergistic effect of LB-100 and aPD-1 blockade is also observed in B16 melanoma model. In addition, LB-100 activates the mTORC1 signaling pathway resulting in decreased differentiation of naive CD4 cells into regulatory T cells. There is also increased expression of Th1 and decreased expression of Th2 cytokines. These data highlight the translational potential of PP2A inhibition in combination with checkpoint inhibition.
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Pichardo S, Cameán AM, Jos A. In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120402. [PMID: 29258177 PMCID: PMC5744122 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial toxin that is gaining importance, owing to its increasing expansion worldwide and the increased frequency of its blooms. CYN mainly targets the liver, but also involves other organs. Various mechanisms have been associated with its toxicity, such as protein synthesis inhibition, oxidative stress, etc. However, its toxic effects are not yet fully elucidated and additional data for hazard characterization purposes are required. In this regard, in vitro methods can play an important role, owing to their advantages in comparison to in vivo trials. The aim of this work was to compile and evaluate the in vitro data dealing with CYN available in the scientific literature, focusing on its toxicokinetics and its main toxicity mechanisms. This analysis would be useful to identify research needs and data gaps in order to complete knowledge about the toxicity profile of CYN. For example, it has been shown that research on various aspects, such as new emerging toxicity effects, the toxicity of analogs, or the potential interaction of CYN with other cyanotoxins, among others, is still very scarce. New in vitro studies are therefore welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Electrochemical aptasensors for contaminants detection in food and environment: Recent advances. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 118:47-61. [PMID: 28715665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of contaminants requires the development of new analytical tools to meet the increasing demand for legislative actions on food safety and environmental pollution control. In this context, electrochemical aptamer-based sensors appear promising among all biosensors because they permit multiplexed analysis and provide fast response, sensitivity, specificity and low cost. The aim of this review is to give the readers an overview of recent important achievements in the development of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors for contaminant detection over the last two years. Special emphasis is placed on aptasensors based on screen-printed electrodes which show a substantial improvement of analytical performances.
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Đorđević NB, Matić SL, Simić SB, Stanić SM, Mihailović VB, Stanković NM, Stanković VD, Ćirić AR. Impact of the toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju on laboratory rats in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14259-14272. [PMID: 28421526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo laboratory studies of toxicity were performed on Wistar rats using a methanol extract produced by the natural population of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (abundance of 2.13 × 105 trichomes mL-1) collected at Aleksandrovac Lake (Serbia). HPLC analysis showed that the extract contains 6.65 μg cylindrospermopsin (CYN) mg-1. The rats were killed 24 or 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of C. raciborskii extract in concentrations of 1500, 3000, 6000 and 12,000 μg kg-1 body weight (bw) and an equivalent amount of CYN as present in the highest dose of the extract (79.80 μg CYN kg-1 bw). The genotoxic effect on the livers treated with C. raciborskii was evaluated using comet assay and potential induction of oxidative stress as the toxicity mechanism associated with the presence of CYN in extract. The results from the analyses of DNA damage in the comet tail length, tail moment and percentage of DNA in the tail in the liver indicated that administration of extract and CYN present statistically significant difference when compared with the negative control group. Although an increase in the frequency of selected parameters induced by the CYN was observed in the liver, this damage was less than the damage resulting from the administration of the highest dose of extract. The changes in the biochemical parameters of the hepatic damage showed that the application of single doses of the extract and CYN did not cause serious liver damage in rats. The extract and CYN significantly increased oxidative stress in rats' liver after a single exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena B Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Sanja Lj Matić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Snežana B Simić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia.
| | - Snežana M Stanić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Mihailović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Nevena M Stanković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Vesna D Stanković
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Andrija R Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mohamed Z. Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water Sources and Their Impacts on Human Health. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a group of phytoplankton of marine and freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of water sources by agricultural and industrial run-off has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of particular concern because of their production for potent hepato-, neuro-, and dermatoxins, being hazardous to human health. Dissemination of knowledge about cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins assists water supply authorities in developing monitoring and management plans, and provides the public with appropriate information to avoid exposure to these toxins. This chapter provides a broad overview and up-to-date information on cyanobacteria and their toxins in terms of their occurrence, chemical and toxicological characteristics, fate in the environment, guideline limits, and effective treatment techniques to remove these toxins from drinking water. Future research directions were also suggested to fill knowledge and research gaps, and advance the abilities of utilities and water treatment plant designers to deal with these toxins.
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Zhao Z, Chen H, Ma L, Liu D, Wang Z. A label-free electrochemical impedance aptasensor for cylindrospermopsin detection based on thionine-graphene nanocomposites. Analyst 2016; 140:5570-7. [PMID: 26111280 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to develop methods to determine cylindrospermopsin (CYN) at trace levels since CYN is a kind of widespread cyanobacterial toxin in water sources. In this study, a label-free impedimetric aptasensor has been fabricated for detecting CYN. In this case, the amino-substituted aptamer of CYN was covalently grafted onto the surface of the thionine-graphene (TH-G) nanocomposite through the cross-linker glutaraldehyde (GA). The reaction of the aptamer with CYN was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy because the CYN induced conformation change of the aptamer can cause a remarkable decrease of the electron transfer resistance. Under optimum conditions, the aptasensor exhibits high sensitivity and a low detection limit for CYN determination. The CYN can be quantified in a wide range of 0.39 to 78 ng mL(-1) with a good linearity (R(2) = 0.9968) and a low detection limit of 0.117 ng mL(-1). In addition, the proposed aptasensor displays excellent stability, reusability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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Takser L, Benachour N, Husk B, Cabana H, Gris D. Cyanotoxins at low doses induce apoptosis and inflammatory effects in murine brain cells: Potential implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:180-189. [PMID: 28959538 PMCID: PMC5615428 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have been shown to be highly toxic for mammalian cells, including brain cells. However, little is known about their effect on inflammatory pathways. This study investigated whether mammalian brain and immune cells can be a target of certain cyanotoxins, at doses approximating those in the guideline levels for drinking water, either alone or in mixtures. We examined the effects on cellular viability, apoptosis and inflammation signalling of several toxins on murine macrophage-like RAW264.7, microglial BV-2 and neuroblastoma N2a cell lines. We tested cylindrospermopsin (CYN), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), individually as well as their mixture. In addition, we studied the neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and its isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), as well as the mixture of both. Cellular viability was determined by the MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was assessed by measuring the activation of caspases 3/7. Cell death and inflammation are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, our final step was to quantify the expression of a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α by ELISA. Our results show that CYN, MC-LR and ATX-a, but not BMAA and DAB, at low doses, especially when present in a mixture at threefold less concentrations than individual compounds are 3–15 times more potent at inducing apoptosis and inflammation. Our results suggest that common cyanotoxins at low doses have a potential to induce inflammation and apoptosis in immune and brain cells. Further research of the neuroinflammatory effects of these compounds in vivo is needed to improve safety limit levels for cyanotoxins in drinking water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Takser
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
| | - Nora Benachour
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
| | - Barry Husk
- BlueLeaf Inc., 310 Chapleau Street, Drummondville, J2B 5E9 Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
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25
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Bioaccessibility and changes on cylindrospermopsin concentration in edible mussels with storage and processing time. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Esterhuizen-Londt M, Kühn S, Pflugmacher S. Development and validation of an in-house quantitative analysis method for cylindrospermopsin using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Quantification demonstrated in 4 aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2878-2883. [PMID: 26126753 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is of great concern in aquatic environments because of its incidence, multiple toxicity endpoints, and, therefore, the severity of health implications. It may bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs, resulting in high exposure concentrations to higher-order trophic levels, particularly humans. Because of accumulation at primary levels resulting from exposure to trace amounts of toxin, a sensitive analytical technique with proven aquatic applications is required. In the present study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method with a lower limit of detection of 200 fg on column (signal-to-noise ratio = 3, n = 9) and a lower limit of quantification of 1 pg on column (signal-to-noise ratio = 11, n = 9) with demonstrated application in 4 aquatic organisms is described. The analytical method was optimized and validated with a linear range (r(2) = 0.999) from 0.1 ng mL(-1) to 100 ng mL(-1) CYN. Mean recovery of the extraction method was 98 ± 2%. Application of the method was demonstrated by quantifying CYN uptake in Scenedesmus subspicatus (green algae), Egeria densa (Brazilian waterweed), Daphnia magna (water flea), and Lumbriculus variegatus (blackworm) after 24 h of static exposure to 50 μg L(-1) CYN. Uptake ranged from 0.05% to 0.11% of the nominal CYN exposure amount. This constitutes a sensitive and reproducible method for extraction and quantification of unconjugated CYN with demonstrated application in 4 aquatic organisms, which can be used in further aquatic toxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Kühn
- Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Chen L, Zhao C, Dionysiou DD, O’Shea KE. TiO2 photocatalytic degradation and detoxification of cylindrospermopsin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Integrative monitoring of marine and freshwater harmful algae in Washington State for public health protection. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1206-34. [PMID: 25860160 PMCID: PMC4417964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The more frequent occurrence of both marine and freshwater toxic algal blooms and recent problems with new toxic events have increased the risk for illness and negatively impacted sustainable public access to safe shellfish and recreational waters in Washington State. Marine toxins that affect safe shellfish harvest in the state are the saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), domoic acid that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and the first ever US closure in 2011 due to diarrhetic shellfish toxins that cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Likewise, the freshwater toxins microcystins, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, and saxitoxins have been measured in state lakes, although cylindrospermopsins have not yet been measured above state regulatory guidance levels. This increased incidence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has necessitated the partnering of state regulatory programs with citizen and user-fee sponsored monitoring efforts such as SoundToxins, the Olympic Region Harmful Algal Bloom (ORHAB) partnership and the state’s freshwater harmful algal bloom passive (opportunistic) surveillance program that allow citizens to share their observations with scientists. Through such integrated programs that provide an effective interface between formalized state and federal programs and observations by the general public, county staff and trained citizen volunteers, the best possible early warning systems can be instituted for surveillance of known HABs, as well as for the reporting and diagnosis of unusual events that may impact the future health of oceans, lakes, wildlife, and humans.
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Oliveira VR, Avila MB, Carvalho GMC, Azevedo SMF, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Carvalho AR, Zin WA. Investigating the therapeutic effects of LASSBio-596 in an in vivo model of cylindrospermopsin-induced lung injury. Toxicon 2015; 94:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Fernández DA, Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Fraga M, Espiña B, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Evaluation of the intestinal permeability and cytotoxic effects of cylindrospermopsin. Toxicon 2014; 91:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Sieroslawska A, Rymuszka A. Cylindrospermopsin induces oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in the fish CLC cell line. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:426-33. [PMID: 25219470 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin detected in water reservoirs worldwide. The toxin is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor capable of adversely influencing a wide range of cell functions. While data on the prooxidative potency of CYN are inconsistent, genotoxic effects towards certain mammalian cell types have been described. However, such a potential on fish cells has not yet been investigated. Hence, the aim of the study was to elucidate the prooxidative and genotoxic impact of CYN on a common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocyte cell line (CLC). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 or 1 µg ml⁻¹. After 24 h, cytotoxic activity of CYN at the highest used concentration was confirmed by decreased cell membrane integrity and inhibited cell proliferation. Additionally, CYN at 0.5 and 1 µg ml⁻¹ increased intracellular ATP levels and decreased the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio. Furthermore, a significant increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with concomitant changes in superoxide dismutase activity was observed after a 3.5-h exposure of the cells to the toxin. Genotoxic activity of CYN, manifested as oxidative DNA damage and elevated number of micronuclei, was also detected in exposed cells. The obtained results indicate that CYN is able to exert a wide range of adverse effects, including oxidative stress and genotoxicity in fish leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sieroslawska
- Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 I, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
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Burgos L, Lehmann M, Simon D, de Andrade HHR, de Abreu BRR, Nabinger DD, Grivicich I, Juliano VB, Dihl RR. Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:679-685. [PMID: 24887195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects on human health of cyanobacterial compounds that cause taste and odor, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GEO) using the MTT assay and the in vitro comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN-Cyt) assays in human HepG2 cells. The toxicogenomics of genes responsive to DNA damage and metabolization by the exposure of cells to 2-MIB and GEO were also investigated. The results showed that concentrations of 2-MIB and GEO above 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively, were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Doses of 2-MIB (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and GEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) were unable to induce neither DNA damage nor events associated with chromosomal instability. Similarly, no concentration of each compound induced increments in the expression of CDKN1A, GADD45α, MDM2 and TP53 DNA damage responsive genes as well as in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 metabolizing genes. Although cytotoxicity was observed, concentrations that caused it are much higher than those expected to occur in aquatic environments. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of both compounds are not expected to exhibit cytotoxicity or genotoxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Burgos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena Rodrigues de Andrade
- Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Regina Ribas de Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane Berwanger Juliano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Boopathi T, Ki JS. Impact of environmental factors on the regulation of cyanotoxin production. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1951-78. [PMID: 24967641 PMCID: PMC4113735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of thriving in almost all environments. Recent changes in climatic conditions due to increased human activities favor the occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial bloom all over the world. Knowledge of the regulation of cyanotoxins by the various environmental factors is essential for effective management of toxic cyanobacterial bloom. In recent years, progress in the field of molecular mechanisms involved in cyanotoxin production has paved the way for assessing the role of various factors on the cyanotoxin production. In this review, we present an overview of the influence of various environmental factors on the production of major group of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins and saxitoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Korea.
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Huguet A, Hatton A, Villot R, Quenault H, Blanchard Y, Fessard V. Modulation of chromatin remodelling induced by the freshwater cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin in human intestinal caco-2 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99121. [PMID: 24921660 PMCID: PMC4055761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin that has been recognised as an emerging potential public health risk. Although CYN toxicity has been demonstrated, the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterised. To identify some key pathways related to this toxicity, we studied the transcriptomic profile of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to a sub-toxic concentration of CYN (1.6 µM for 24hrs) using a non-targeted approach. CYN was shown to modulate different biological functions which were related to growth arrest (with down-regulation of cdkn1a and uhrf1 genes), and DNA recombination and repair (with up-regulation of aptx and pms2 genes). Our main results reported an increased expression of some histone-modifying enzymes (histone acetyl and methyltransferases MYST1, KAT5 and EHMT2) involved in chromatin remodelling, which is essential for initiating transcription. We also detected greater levels of acetylated histone H2A (Lys5) and dimethylated histone H3 (Lys4), two products of these enzymes. In conclusion, CYN overexpressed proteins involved in DNA damage repair and transcription, including modifications of nucleosomal histones. Our results highlighted some new cell processes induced by CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguet
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Aurélie Hatton
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Romain Villot
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Anses, Site des Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Anses, Site des Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
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Zhao C, Pelaez M, Dionysiou DD, Pillai SC, Byrne JA, O'Shea KE. UV and visible light activated TiO2 photocatalysis of 6-hydroxymethyl uracil, a model compound for the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Evans DM, Horton PN, Hursthouse MB, Murphy PJ. Preparation of an ABC tricyclic model of the cylindrospermopsin alkaloids via a biomimetically inspired pathway. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protected guanidine18was convertedviaa 4-step sequence (Boc-deprotection, tethered Biginelli condensation, deallylation/decarboxylation and reduction) to give the tricyclic guanidines26and27, models of the tricyclic core of cylindrospermopsin1.
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Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Piccin-Santos V, Moura AN, Aragão-Tavares NKC, Cordeiro-Araújo MK. Cyanobacteria, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in public drinking supply reservoirs of Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 86:297-310. [PMID: 24676169 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201302512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil has a history of blooms and contamination of freshwater systems by cyanobacterial toxins. The monitoring relevance of toxins from cyanobacteria in reservoirs for public supply is notorious given its high toxicity to mammals, included humans beings. The most recurrent toxins in Brazilian water bodies are microcystins (MC). However, the recent record of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in northeastern Brazil, Pernambuco state, alerts us to the possibility that this could be escalating. This study reports occurrence of MC and CYN, quantified with ELISA, in 10 reservoirs, devoted to public drinking supply in northeastern Brazil. The composition and quantification of the cyanobacteria community associated with these water bodies is also presented. From 23 samples investigated for the presence of MC, and CYN, 22 and 8 out were positive, respectively. Considering the similarity of the cyanobacteria communities found in reservoirs from Pernambuco, including toxin-producing species associated to MC and CYN, we suggest that geographic spreading can be favored by these factors. These issues emphasize the need for increased monitoring of MC and CYN in drinking supply reservoirs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Piccin-Santos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Ariadne N Moura
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Nísia K C Aragão-Tavares
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Micheline K Cordeiro-Araújo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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38
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Nováková K, Kohoutek J, Adamovský O, Brack W, Krauss M, Bláha L. Novel metabolites in cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with potencies to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:571-579. [PMID: 24095997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive research into toxic bloom-forming cyanobacteria, the majority of their metabolites remain unknown. The present study explored in detail a novel bioactivity identified in cyanobacteria, i.e. inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), a marker of tumor promotion. The extracellular mixture (exudate) of the cyanobacterial strain Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (SAG 1.97) was fractionated by semi-preparative reversed phase HPLC, and the fractions assessed for their potencies to inhibit GJIC. Two non-polar fractions that significantly inhibited GJIC were further fractionated, tested and analyzed using multiple mass spectrometric methods. Investigations led to the identification of a putative chemical compound (molecular formula C18H34O3, m/z 299.2581 for the [M+H](+) ion) responsible for observed bioactivities. Specific inhibitors of signaling pathways were used to screen for biochemical mechanisms beyond GJIC inhibition, and the results indicate the involvement of ERK1/2 kinases via a mechanism related to the action of epidermal growth factor EGF but clearly distinct from other anthropogenic tumor promoters like polychlorinated biphenyls or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The chemical and in vitro toxicological characterizations of the newly described metabolite provide important insights into the still poorly understood health impacts of complex toxic cyanobacterial blooms and indicate that currently applied monitoring practices may underestimate actual risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nováková
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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39
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Assessment of the mutagenic potential of cyanobacterial extracts and pure cyanotoxins. Toxicon 2013; 74:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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de la Cruz AA, Hiskia A, Kaloudis T, Chernoff N, Hill D, Antoniou MG, He X, Loftin K, O'Shea K, Zhao C, Pelaez M, Han C, Lynch TJ, Dionysiou DD. A review on cylindrospermopsin: the global occurrence, detection, toxicity and degradation of a potent cyanotoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1979-2003. [PMID: 24056894 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin is an important cyanobacterial toxin found in water bodies worldwide. The ever-increasing and global occurrence of massive and prolonged blooms of cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria poses a potential threat to both human and ecosystem health. Its toxicity is associated with metabolic activation and may involve mechanisms that adversely affect a wide variety of targets in an organism. Cylindrospermopsin has been shown to be cytotoxic, dermatotoxic, genotoxic, hepatotoxic in vivo, developmentally toxic, and may be carcinogenic. Human exposure may occur through drinking water, during recreational activities and by consuming foods in which the toxin may have bioaccumulated. Drinking water shortages of sufficient quality coupled with growing human pressures and climate variability and change necessitate an integrated and sustainable water management program. This review presents an overview of the importance of cylindrospermopsin, its detection, toxicity, worldwide distribution, and lastly, its chemical and biological degradation and removal by natural processes and drinking water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armah A de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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41
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Zhang M, Yogesha SD, Mayfield JE, Gill GN, Zhang Y. Viewing serine/threonine protein phosphatases through the eyes of drug designers. FEBS J 2013; 280:4739-60. [PMID: 23937612 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases, as the counterpart to protein kinases, are essential for homeostatic balance of cell signaling. Small chemical compounds that modulate the specific activity of phosphatases can be powerful tools to elucidate the biological functions of these enzymes. More importantly, many phosphatases are central players in the development of pathological pathways where inactivation can reverse or delay the onset of human diseases. Therefore, potent inhibitors for such phosphatases can be of great therapeutic benefit. In contrast to the seemingly identical enzymatic mechanism and structural characterization of eukaryotic protein kinases, protein phosphatases evolved from diverse ancestors, resulting in different domain architectures, reaction mechanisms and active site properties. In this review, we discuss for each family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases their involvement in biological processes and corresponding strategies for small chemical intervention. Recent advances in modern drug discovery technologies have markedly facilitated the identification of selective inhibitors for some members of the phosphatase family. Furthermore, the rapid growth in knowledge about structure-activity relationships related to possible new drug targets has aided the discovery of natural product inhibitors for the phosphatase family. This review summarizes the current state of investigation of the small molecules that regulate the function of serine/threonine phosphatases, the challenges presented and also strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
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42
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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43
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Štraser A, Filipič M, Žegura B. Cylindrospermopsin induced transcriptional responses in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1809-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Oral exposure to cylindrospermopsin in pregnant rats: reproduction and foetal toxicity studies. Toxicon 2013; 74:127-9. [PMID: 23988391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) induces toxicity in pregnant mice when administered intraperitoneally. This study investigated whether oral exposure to CYN (0.03, 0.3 and 3 μg/kg) during pregnancy causes toxic effects and impairs gestation in rats. The results of reproductive performance and teratology studies were similar between the control and experimental dams. Our findings suggest that CYN consumption within the guideline values for drinking water is not able to promote foetal toxicity or alterations in rat reproductive performance.
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45
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Alja Š, Filipič M, Novak M, Žegura B. Double strand breaks and cell-cycle arrest induced by the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in HepG2 cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3077-90. [PMID: 23966038 PMCID: PMC3766883 DOI: 10.3390/md11083077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerging cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is increasingly found in surface freshwaters, worldwide. It poses a potential threat to humans after chronic exposure as it was shown to be genotoxic in a range of test systems and is potentially carcinogenic. However, the mechanisms of CYN toxicity and genotoxicity are not well understood. In the present study CYN induced formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), after prolonged exposure (72 h), in human hepatoma cells, HepG2. CYN (0.1–0.5 µg/mL, 24–96 h) induced morphological changes and reduced cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner. No significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage could be observed after CYN exposure, indicating that the reduction in cell number was due to decreased cell proliferation and not due to cytotoxicity. This was confirmed by imunocytochemical analysis of the cell-proliferation marker Ki67. Analysis of the cell-cycle using flow-cytometry showed that CYN has an impact on the cell cycle, indicating G0/G1 arrest after 24 h and S-phase arrest after longer exposure (72 and 96 h). Our results provide new evidence that CYN is a direct acting genotoxin, causing DSBs, and these facts need to be considered in the human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štraser Alja
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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46
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Kokociński M, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Jurczak T, Spoof L, Meriluoto J, Rejmonczyk E, Hautala H, Vehniäinen M, Pawełczyk J, Soininen J. Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5243-64. [PMID: 23378259 PMCID: PMC3713259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distributed C. raciborskii have not yet been observed in European waters. The aims of this work were to assess the occurrence of CYN in lakes of western Poland and to identify the CYN producers. The ELISA tests, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD, and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS were conducted to assess the occurrence of CYN in 36 lakes. The cyrJ, cyrA, and pks genes were amplified to identify toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria that are capable of producing CYN. The toxicity and toxigenicity of the C. raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from the studied lakes were examined. Overall, CYN was detected in 13 lakes using HPLC-MS/MS, and its concentrations varied from trace levels to 3.0 μg L(-1). CYN was widely observed in lakes of western Poland during the whole summer under different environmental conditions. Mineral forms of nutrients and temperature were related to CYN production. The molecular studies confirmed the presence of toxigenic cyanobacterial populations in all of the samples where CYN was detected. The toxicity and toxigenicity analyses of isolated cyanobacteria strains revealed that A. gracile was the major producer of CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kokociński
- Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kościuszki 1, 69-100, Słubice, Poland.
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47
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Štraser A, Filipič M, Gorenc I, Žegura B. The influence of cylindrospermopsin on oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:24-30. [PMID: 23601126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) a potent cyanobacterial cytotoxin and protein synthesis inhibitor is increasingly being found in surface freshwaters worldwide. Due to its genotoxic activity and potential carcinogenicity it was recognized as a potential threat to humans. However, the mechanisms of CYN genotoxicity are not well understood. We explored whether CYN at non-cytotoxic exposure conditions causes DNA damage through induction of oxidative stress and whether it induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. With the DCFH-DA probe a significant increase in the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, which steadily increased with incubation. Induction of oxidative DNA damage was determined with the modified comet assay with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) digestion. No DNA damage was observed after 4h exposure to CYN. After 12 and 24 h exposure, CYN (at 0.25 and 0.5 μg mL(-1)) induced significant increase of DNA strand breaks, but not oxidative DNA damage, suggesting minor role of oxidative stress in CYN mediated genotoxicity. CYN also significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), determined with the JC-1 probe, while no induction of caspase 3 and 7 activity and no increase in the number of apoptotic cells, measured with Annexin V/PI staining, could be determined. These results show that at non-cytotoxic concentrations CYN induced DNA damage was not the consequence of oxidative stress and that CYN did not induce apoptosis, which may add to the hazard of this toxin, as cells with damaged DNA are not removed from the population, enhancing the risk of mutations and consequently carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Štraser
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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48
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Guzmán-Guillén R, Prieto AI, Vázquez CM, Vasconcelos V, Cameán AM. The protective role of l-carnitine against cylindrospermopsin-induced oxidative stress in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:141-150. [PMID: 23501490 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is one of the most important cyanotoxins in terms of both human health and environmental quality and is produced by several different species of cyanobacteria, including Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. The principal mechanisms of action of CYN involve inhibition of protein and glutathione synthesis. In addition, CYN-mediated genotoxicity results from DNA fragmentation. The results of both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that oxidative stress also plays a significant role in CYN pathogenesis in fish. We investigated the protective effects of l-carnitine (LC) pre-treatment on A. ovalisporum-induced oxidative stress in cells containing CYN and deoxy-CYN, or pure standard CYN, in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that had been acutely exposed via oral administration. Various oxidative stress markers, including lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, DNA oxidation, and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and the activities of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), were evaluated in the livers and kidneys of fish in the absence and presence of 400 or 880mgLC/kgfish/day during a 21 day period prior to CYN-intoxication. The results of our study demonstrated for the first time the beneficial antioxidant effects of LC dietary supplementation on oxidative stress status in fish. No pro-oxidant effects were detected at any of the LC doses assayed, suggesting that LC is a chemoprotectant that reduces hepatic and renal oxidative stress and may be effective when used for the prophylaxis and treatment of CYN-related intoxication in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Professor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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49
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López-Alonso H, Rubiolo JA, Vega F, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Protein synthesis inhibition and oxidative stress induced by cylindrospermopsin elicit apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:203-12. [PMID: 23270326 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing presence of cyanotoxin producers in several regions of the world is hazardous for humans and animals. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is nowadays recognized as a widely distributed freshwater cyanobacterial toxin. This toxin has been shown to induce protein synthesis inhibition as well as inhibition of glutathione synthesis. Given that the liver seems to be the main target of cylindrospermopsin, in this work we used cultures of primary rat hepatocytes to study the type of cell death induced by CYN nanomolar concentrations. The involvement of reactive oxygen species in toxin induced cell death, the relationship between protein synthesis inhibition and toxicity, and the cell endogenous antioxidant response regulation were studied. We show that cylindrospermopsin induces apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. At the concentrations used in this work, protein synthesis inhibition and oxidative stress were involved in the cytotoxic effect elicited by the toxin. Finally, activation of the cell antioxidant response was observed at the transcriptional and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar López-Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fac. Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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50
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Goss MJ, Tubeileh A, Goorahoo D. A Review of the Use of Organic Amendments and the Risk to Human Health. ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY 2013; 120. [PMCID: PMC7173535 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407686-0.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Historically, organic amendments—organic wastes—have been the main source of plant nutrients, especially N. Their use allows better management of often-finite resources to counter changes in soils that result from essential practices for crop production. Organic amendments provide macro- and micronutrients, including carbon for the restoration of soil physical and chemical properties. Challenges from the use of organic amendments arise from the presence of heavy metals and the inability to control the transformations required to convert the organic forms of N and P into the minerals available to crops, and particularly to minimize the losses of these nutrients in forms that may present a threat to human health. Animal manure and sewage biosolids, the organic amendments in greatest abundance, contain components that can be hazardous to human health, other animals and plants. Pathogens pose an immediate threat. Antibiotics, other pharmaceuticals and naturally produced hormones may pose a threat if they increase the number of zoonotic disease organisms that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs or interfere with reproductive processes. Some approaches aimed at limiting N losses (e.g. covered liquid or slurry storage, rapid incorporation into the soil, timing applications to minimize delay before plant uptake) also tend to favor survival of pathogens. Risks to human health, through the food chain and drinking water, from the pathogens, antibiotics and hormonal substances that may be present in organic amendments can be reduced by treatment before land application, such as in the case of sewage biosolids. Other sources, such as livestock and poultry manures, are largely managed by ensuring that they are applied at the rate, time and place most appropriate to the crops and soils. A more holistic approach to management is required as intensification of agriculture increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Goss
- University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, Kemptville, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Ashraf Tubeileh
- University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, Kemptville, ON, Canada
| | - Dave Goorahoo
- Plant Science Department, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
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