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Cesarini G, Spani F, Patricelli R, Quattrocchi CC, Colasanti M, Scalici M. Assessing teratogenic risks of gadolinium in freshwater environments: Implications for environmental health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116442. [PMID: 38728946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is among the rare earth elements extensively utilized in both industrial and medical applications. The latter application appears to contribute to the rise in Gd levels in aquatic ecosystems, as it is excreted via urine from patients undergoing MRI scans and often not captured by wastewater treatment systems. The potential environmental and biological hazards posed by gadolinium exposure are still under investigation. This study aimed to assess the teratogenic risk posed by a gadolinium chelate on the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. The experimental design evaluated the impact of pure Gadodiamide (25 μg/l, 50 μg/l, 100 μg/l, 500 μg/l) and its commercial counterpart compound (Omniscan®; 100 μg/l, 500 μg/l, 782.7 mg/l) at varying concentrations using the Teratogenic Risk Index (TRI). Here we showed a moderate risk (Class III of TRI) following exposure to both tested formulations at concentrations ≥ 100 μg/l. Given the potential for similar concentrations in aquatic environments, particularly near wastewater discharge points, a teratogenic risk assessment using the Hydra regeneration assay was conducted on environmental samples collected from three rivers (Tiber, Almone, and Sacco) in Central Italy. Additionally, chemical analysis of field samples was performed using ICP-MS. Analysis of freshwater samples revealed low Gd concentrations (≤ 0.1 μg/l), despite localized increases near domestic and/or industrial wastewater discharge sites. Although teratogenic risk in environmental samples ranged from high (Class IV of TRI) to negligible (Class I of TRI), the low Gd concentrations, particularly when compared to higher levels of other contaminants like arsenic and heavy metals, preclude establishing a direct cause-effect relationship between Gd and observed teratogenic risks in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the teratogenic risks observed in laboratory tests warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cesarini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy; National Research Council-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), Corso Tonolli 50, Verbania, Pallanza 28922, Italy
| | - Federica Spani
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma 21 - 00128, Italy.
| | - Raoul Patricelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Carlo Cosimo Quattrocchi
- Centre for Medical Sciences-CISMed, University of Trento, Via S. Maria Maddalena 1, Trento 38122, Italy
| | - Marco Colasanti
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Scalici
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, Palermo 90133, Italy
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Moreau X, Claeys-Bruno M, Andraud JP, Macarie H, Martínez DE, Robin M, Sergent M, De Jong L. Hydra bioassay for the evaluation of chlordecone toxicity at environmental concentrations, alone or in complex mixtures with dechlorinated byproducts: experimental observations and modeling by experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:91017-91035. [PMID: 35881290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In chlordecone (CLD)-contaminated soils of the French West Indies, if microbial remediation or a physicochemical remediation process, e.g., in situ chemical reduction, is implemented, concentrations of degradation byproducts, such as hydrochlordecones, are expected to increase in the ecosystems. To study their impact in mixtures with CLD, bioassays were carried out. They consisted in evaluating the regenerative capacity of hydra polyps, from a clone whose phylogenetic analysis confirmed that it belonged to the species Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766. Hydra gastric sections were exposed to CLD alone or CLD plus dechlorinated byproducts (CLD-BP) for 96 h to assess regeneration. Based on chromatographic analysis, the CLD-BP mix was composed of the 5-monohydrochlordecone isomer (CAS nomenclature), four dihydrochlordecone isomers, and one trihydrochlordecone isomer representing 50%, 47%, and 3% of the total chromatographic area, respectively. A total of 18 mixtures of CLD and CLD-BP were tested. Six environmental concentrations of CLD (2.10-4 μM to 4.10-2 μM) and a similar range of CLD-BP were used. Results from exposures to CLD alone showed the following: (i) a significant decrease in the regenerative capacity of hydra, except at the lowest concentration (2.10-4 μM); (ii) a concentration-independent deleterious effect. The regeneration scores obtained after the exposure to the addition of CLD-BP were not significantly different from those obtained after exposure to CLD alone. Using an experimental design, a modeling of the regeneration scores of hydra exposed to mixtures is proposed. Interpreted carefully, since they are limited to only one type of bioassay, the present results suggest that the situation in the aquatic environments should not become worse in terms of toxicity, if soil remediation programs resulting in the formation of hydrochlordecones are put in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Macarie
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Maxime Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Michelle Sergent
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia De Jong
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
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Sornat R, Kalka J, Faron J, Napora-Rutkowska M, Krakowian D, Drzewiecka A. Developing a screening test for toxicity studies of prenatal development with the use of Hydra attenuata and embryos of zebrafish. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1742-1753. [PMID: 34660207 PMCID: PMC8503906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple alternative method may replace the laboratory animals in teratogenic studies. A scoring system evaluates the changes of Hydra attenuata and zebrafish embryos. A potentially teratogenic substance can be easily classified.
11 active substances used in pesticides were selected. Substances were divided into three groups depending the effect on embryos or fetuses of laboratory animals: 1 – damaging effect on embryos or fetuses (embryotoxic, fetotoxic or teratogenic), 2 – damaging effect on embryos or fetuses, but only at dose toxic for mother (maternal toxicity), 3 – no damaging effect. Changes for hydra in acute toxicity tests and recovery tests were assessed on an change scale from 0 to 10. The index of the effect on development (TI) for hydras was calculated for every compound. Changes in zebrafish embryos were assessed using a descriptive method. Pearson correlation coefficient showed the correlation between the concentration and the toxic effect in the zebrafish embryos for the substances of the first group. The study showed that substances having a strong damaging effect on fetuses cause changes that are apparent and easy to evaluate both in hydras and zebrafish embryos. A scoring system was introduced to evaluate the changes of hydras and zebrafish embryos. The point system of evaluation of changes allows quick classification of a substance as potentially embryotoxic, fetotoxic or teratogenic. It allows developing a cheap and fast method alternative to prenatal developmental toxicity studies, a screening method that enables substances of great teratogenic potential to be excluded from studies on laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sornat
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland.,Silesian University of Technology, The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- Silesian University of Technology, The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Justyna Faron
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Marta Napora-Rutkowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland.,Veterinary Clinic LUX-VET, Słoneczna 118, 43-384, Jaworze, Poland
| | - Daniel Krakowian
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Drzewiecka
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland
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Rougée LRA, Collier AC, Richmond RH. Chronic Exposure to 4-Nonylphenol Alters UDP-Glycosyltransferase and Sulfotransferase Clearance of Steroids in the Hard Coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:608056. [PMID: 33679431 PMCID: PMC7928297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.608056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (4NP) on endocrine and metabolic homeostasis in the reef building coral, Pocillopora damicornis were investigated. The aim was to understand if ubiquitous nonylphenol ethoxylate contaminants in the marine environment result in altered homeostatic function. Coral colonies were chronically exposed (6 weeks) to a sublethal concentration (1 ppb) of 4NP and sampled over the coral's lunar reproductive cycle. Although activity of steroidogenic enzymes [cytochrome P450 (CYP) 17, CYP 19, and 3-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] and the conjugation enzyme glutathione-S-transferase was not altered, significant increases in the activity of the steroid clearing enzyme UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) were observed. The natural fluctuation of UGT activity with the lunar cycle was replaced with consistently high UGT activity throughout the reproductive cycle during 4NP exposure. No effect of 4NP on the reverse reaction, mediated by β-glucuronidase, was observed. Thus, 4NP shifts the UGT:β-glucuronidase ratio toward greater clearance at points in the lunar cycle where retention of compounds is typically favored. Additionally, 4NP reduced activity of the steroid regeneration enzyme steroid sulfatase, further shifting the system toward clearance rather than regeneration. These data imply that environmentally relevant levels of 4NP may be impacting the reproductive health of corals and threatening the persistence of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc R A Rougée
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States.,Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Abby C Collier
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert H Richmond
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Colpaert R, Villard PH, de Jong L, Mambert M, Benbrahim K, Abraldes J, Cerini C, Pique V, Robin M, Moreau X. Multi-scale impact of chronic exposure to environmental concentrations of chlordecone in freshwater cnidarian, Hydra circumcincta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41052-41062. [PMID: 31919830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine pesticide widely used in the past to control pest insects in banana plantations in the French West Indies. Due to its persistence in the environment, CLD has contaminated the soils where it has been spread, as well as the waters, and is still present in them. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant CLD concentrations in an animal model, the freshwater hydra (Hydra circumcincta). In a multi-marker approach, we have studied the expression of some target stress genes, the morphology, and the asexual reproduction rates. Our data showed that exposure to low concentrations of chlordecone leads to (i) a modulation of the expression of target genes involved in oxidative stress, detoxification, and neurobiological processes, and (ii) morphological damages and asexual reproduction impairment. We have observed non-monotonic dose-response curves, which agree with endocrine-disrupting chemical effects. Thus, "U-shaped" dose-response curves were observed for SOD, GRed, Hym355, and potentially GST gene expressions; inverted "U-shaped" curves for GPx and CYP1A gene expressions and reproductive rates; and a biphasic dose-response curve for morphological damages. Therefore, in the range of environmental concentrations tested, very low concentrations of CLD can produce equally or more important deleterious effects than higher ones. Finally, to our knowledge, this study is the first one to fill the lack of knowledge concerning the effects of CLD in Hydra circumcincta and confirms that this diploblastic organism is a pertinent freshwater model in the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Colpaert
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laetitia de Jong
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Marina Mambert
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Karim Benbrahim
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Joelle Abraldes
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Cerini
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm U1263, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Pique
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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6
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Desbiolles F, Moreau X, de Jong L, Malleret L, Grandet-Marchant Q, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Laffont-Schwob I. Advances and limits of two model species for ecotoxicological assessment of carbamazepine, two by-products and their mixture at environmental level in freshwater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115267. [PMID: 31731244 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the presence of low-level of pharmaceuticals in waters, chronic ecotoxicity of carbamazepine (CBZ), oxcarbazepine (OxCBZ) and acridine 9-carboxylic acid (9-CAA) and their mixture was investigated using two species from different trophic levels. Innovative approaches were developed by monitoring: (i) phytometabolites in the duckweed Lemna minor L. and, (ii) alterations at the population, cellular and molecular levels on the cnidarian Hydra circumcincta Schulze 1914, to assess the effects of 14-day chronic exposure. On H. circumcincta, the approach was conducted at 19.5 °C, the optimal growth temperature, and at 23 °C, to simulate global warming impact. In L. minor, results showed alterations of the nitrogen balance and the chlorophyll indices for OxCBZ and 9-CAA separately at environmental concentrations and for the mixture of the three studied products. However, phenolic compound index deeply varied depending on pharmaceuticals and time of exposure with no specific trend. In H. circumcincta, effects on morphology, reproduction and lipid peroxidation were observed at low level of CBZ. OxCBZ impacted the total antioxidant capacity of H. circumcincta, whereas exposure to 9-CAA affected all parameters, except the reproduction rate. Finally, 14-day exposure to the mixture of the three products also slowed the reproduction rate and altered the morphology of this cnidarian. Higher damages were detected when experiments were conducted at a temperature 3.5 °C above the optimum for Hydra growth, suggesting the relevance of taking into account possible ecotoxicological consequences of global warming. Our results confirmed the necessity of selecting sensitive organisms at different trophic levels to better assess ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals and their mixture, especially at environmental levels and facing global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Desbiolles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, ECCOREV FR, 3098, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR, 7263, Marseille, France.
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR, 7263, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia de Jong
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR, 7263, Marseille, France.
| | - Laure Malleret
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, ECCOREV FR, 3098, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Isabelle Laffont-Schwob
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR, 7263, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, LPED, UMR 151, Marseille, France.
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Castro VL, Clemente Z, Jonsson C, Silva M, Vallim JH, de Medeiros AMZ, Martinez DST. Nanoecotoxicity assessment of graphene oxide and its relationship with humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1998-2012. [PMID: 29608220 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of nanomaterials is essential for regulatory purposes and for sustainable nanotechnological development. Although the application of graphene oxide has been widely exploited, its environmental risk is not well understood because several environmental conditions can affect its behavior and toxicity. In the present study, the graphene oxide effect from aquatic ecosystems was assessed considering the interaction with humic acid on 9 organisms: Raphidocelis subcapitata (green algae), Lemna minor (aquatic plant), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Daphnia magna (planktonic microcrustacean), Artemia salina (brine shrimp), Chironomus sancticaroli (Chironomidae), Hydra attenuata (freshwater polyp), and Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrolaimus sp. (nematodes). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was calculated for each organism. The different criteria used to calculate NOEC values were transformed and plotted as a log-logistic function. The hypothetical 5 to 50% hazardous concentration values were, respectively, 0.023 (0.005-0.056) and 0.10 (0.031-0.31) mg L-1 for graphene oxide with and without humic acid, respectively. The safest scenario associated with the predicted no-effect concentration values for graphene oxide in the aquatic compartment were estimated as 20 to 100 μg L-1 (in the absence of humic acid) and 5 to 23 μg L-1 (in the presence of humic acid). Finally, the present approach contributed to the risk assessment of graphene oxide-based nanomaterials and the establishment of nano-regulations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1998-2012. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Castro
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zaira Clemente
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Jonsson
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecosystems, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Vallim
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Stéfani T Martinez
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pappus SA, Mishra M. A Drosophila Model to Decipher the Toxicity of Nanoparticles Taken Through Oral Routes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1048:311-322. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Traversetti L, Del Grosso F, Malafoglia V, Colasanti M, Ceschin S, Larsen S, Scalici M. The Hydra regeneration assay reveals ecological risks in running waters: a new proposal to detect environmental teratogenic threats. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:184-195. [PMID: 27995409 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative ability of Hydra vulgaris was tested as potential biomarker for the development of a new eco-toxicological index. The test is based on the regeneration rate and the aberration frequency of the columna (body and adhesive foot) after separation from head and tentacles by a bistoury. Particularly, 45 columnae were submerged in the rearing solution (that is Hydra medium) to have control, and 285 in potential contaminated waters to have treatments, collected from 19 sites along 10 rivers in central Italy. ANCOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare values from each site to a laboratory control. Subsequently the values on regeneration rate and aberration frequency were inserted in a double entry matrix, where the match of the two entries in the matrix provides the score of the proposed Teratogenic Risk Index (TRI). Each score corresponded to one of the 5 teratogenic risk classes, to which a risk level was associated: from 1 (no risk) to 5 (very high risk). On the whole, 32% of the studied sites were classified as no teratogenic risk while the remaining showed a variable risk level from low to very high. This study proposed for the first time an early warning system to detect the presence of teratogens in running waters, providing a rapid and cost-effective evaluation method. Therefore, TRI may contribute to initiate adequate measures to manage riverine habitats, and to monitor the running water teratogenic status. Specifically, this index may provide the opportunity to identify the disturbance sources and then to drive the decisions, together with competent authorities, on the catchment and landscape management and on the possible use of waters for urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, since they may show significant effects on the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Traversetti
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Floriano Del Grosso
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Valentina Malafoglia
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
- Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL-Foundation, Via San Salvador 204, Rimini, 47922, TP, Italy
| | - Marco Colasanti
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Simona Ceschin
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Stefano Larsen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Scalici
- Department of Sciences, University Rome Tre, V.le G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
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10
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de Jong L, Pech N, de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Moreau X. Multi-scale biomarker evaluation of the toxicity of a commercial azo dye (Disperse Red 1) in an animal model, the freshwater cnidarian Hydra attenuata. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:62-73. [PMID: 27019466 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) and chronic (7 days) tests have been performed to evaluate the effects of the commercial azo dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) using various biomarkers in the freshwater invertebrate Hydra attenuata. Morphological changes have been selected to calculate ecotoxicological thresholds for sublethal and lethal DR1 concentrations. A multinomial logistic model showed that the probability of each morphological stage occurrence was function of concentration, time and interaction between both. Results of oxidative balance parameter measurements (72 h and 7 days) suggest that polyps set up defense mechanisms to limit lipid peroxidation caused by DR1. DR1 exposure at hormetic concentrations induces increase of asexual reproductive rates. This result suggests (1) an impact on the fitness-related phenotypical traits and (2) trade-offs between reproduction and maintenance to allow the population to survive harsher conditions. Changes in serotonin immuno-labeling in polyps showing alterations in feeding behavior suggest that chronic DR1 exposure impaired neuronal processes related to ingesting behavior in H. attenuata. This ecotoxicity study sheds light on the possible serotonin function in Hydra model and reports for the first time that serotonin could play a significant role in feeding behavior. This study used a multi-scale biomarker approach investigating biochemical, morphological, reproductive and behavioral endpoints in Hydra attenuata. This organism is proposed for a pertinent animal model to assess ecotoxicological impact of pollutant mixtures in freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia de Jong
- IMBE-UMR 7263, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Pech
- IMBE-UMR 7263, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Xavier Moreau
- IMBE-UMR 7263, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France.
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11
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Costa SPF, Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS, Rocha FRP, Santos JRP, Monteiro RTR. The aquatic impact of ionic liquids on freshwater organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:288-294. [PMID: 26151376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as liquid electrolytes, are powerful solvents with a wide variety of academic and industrial applications. Bioassays with aquatic organisms constitute an effective tool for the evaluation of ILs' toxicity, as well as for the prediction and identification of possible moieties that act as toxicophores. In this work, the acute toxicity of six ILs and two commonly used organic solvents was evaluated using freshwater organisms: Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Hydra attenuata. The bioassays were performed by exposing the organisms to increasing concentrations of the ILs and observing D. magna immobilization, R. subcapitata growth inhibition, and the morphological or mortality effects in H. attenuata. The results demonstrate that the tested organisms are not equally susceptible to the ILs, e.g., bmpyr [BF4] was the least toxic compound for R. subcapitata, N1,1 [N1,1,1OOH] for D. magna and emim [Tf2N] for H. attenuata. This highlights the importance of applying a battery of assays in toxicological analysis. Additionally, Hydra proved to be the most tolerant species to the tested ILs. According to their hazard rankings, the tested ILs are considered practically harmless or moderately toxic, except (Hex)3(TDec)P [Cl], which was classified as highly toxic. The ILs were revealed to be more harmful to aquatic systems than the tested organic solvents, reaffirming the need to analyze carefully the (eco)toxicological impact of these compounds. The present study provides additional data in the evaluation of the potential hazard and the impact of ILs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fábio R P Rocha
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Caixa Postal 96, Avenida Centenário, 303, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joyce R P Santos
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Caixa Postal 96, Avenida Centenário, 303, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina T R Monteiro
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Caixa Postal 96, Avenida Centenário, 303, SP, Brazil.
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Minguez L, Di Poi C, Farcy E, Ballandonne C, Benchouala A, Bojic C, Cossu-Leguille C, Costil K, Serpentini A, Lebel JM, Halm-Lemeille MP. Comparison of the sensitivity of seven marine and freshwater bioassays as regards antidepressant toxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1744-1754. [PMID: 25185786 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hazards linked to pharmaceutical residues like antidepressants are currently a major concern of ecotoxicology because they may have adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Our study assesses the ecotoxicity of three antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline and clomipramine) using a battery of marine and freshwater species representing different trophic levels, and compares the bioassay sensitivity levels. We selected the following bioassays: the algal growth inhibition test (Skeletonema marinoi and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the microcrustacean immobilization test (Artemia salina and Daphnia magna), development and adult survival tests on Hydra attenuata, embryotoxicity and metamorphosis tests on Crassostrea gigas, and in vitro assays on primary cultures of Haliotis tuberculata hemocytes. The results showed high inter-species variability in EC50-values ranging from 43 to 15,600 µg/L for fluoxetine, from 67 to 4,400 µg/L for sertraline, and from 4.70 µg/L to more than 100,000 µg/L for clomipramine. Algae (S. marinoi and P. subcapitata) and the embryo-larval stages of the oyster C. gigas were the most sensitive taxa. This raises an issue due to their ecological and/or economic importance. The marine crustacean A. salina was the least sensitive species. This difference in sensitivity between bioassays highlights the importance of using a test battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Minguez
- UMR BOREA (Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCBN, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen Cedex, France,
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13
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Wyrwas B, Dymaczewski Z, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Szymański A, Frańska M, Kruszelnicka I, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Cyplik P, Ławniczak Ł, Chrzanowski Ł. Biodegradation of Triton X-100 and its primary metabolites by a bacterial community isolated from activated sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:292-299. [PMID: 23770380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A set of studies was carried using a continuous flow biodegradation unit in order to isolate a microbial community capable of efficient and complete utilization of octylphenol ethoxylates from activated sludge. Increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 (in the range of 1-1000 mg/l) were applied over a time period of 35 days in order to select microorganisms, which exhibit high tolerance towards this surfactant. The fate of the surfactant and its primary degradation products was assessed by HPLC/MS. It was observed that even small doses of the surfactant contributed to the disruption of the activated sludge, due to adsorption of primary Triton X-100 metabolites (octylphenol and short-chained ethoxylates) on the cells, although the long-chain octylphenol ethoxylates were efficiently degraded during the isolation process. The toxicity assessment of octylphenol as well as octylphenol di- and monoethoxylates towards activated sludge allowed for determination of EC50 values (8 and 55 mg/l, respectively). The identification of the residual microorganisms revealed the presence of Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Alcaligenes spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Sphingomonas capsulata. The isolated community exhibited a high resistance towards Triton X-100 and was capable of growth even at 10,000 mg/l, with the highest specific growth rate (0.47 h(-1)) observed at 4000 mg/l. Under aerobic conditions both octylphenol and the short-chained ethoxylates were completely degraded while no toxic effect towards the isolated bacterial community was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Wyrwas
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Li Z, Liu L, Song S, Guo S, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for octylphenol. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.821597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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15
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Xu DY, Yang Z. Cross-linked tyrosinase aggregates for elimination of phenolic compounds from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:391-398. [PMID: 23411085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel, practical and inexpensive immobilization method has been developed for mushroom tyrosinase to be used for enzymatic treatment of phenolic wastewater. Catalyzed by the enzyme immobilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), phenolic compounds such as phenol, p-cresol, p-chlorophenol and bisphenol A can be efficiently eliminated, with a complete conversion obtained within 0.5-3h, superior to other processes catalyzed by the same enzyme which is either free or immobilized with traditional carrier-bound immobilization methods. The effects of reaction time, pH, enzyme dosage and initial concentration of the phenol solution were examined. The sequence of dephenolization rate (p-cresol>p-chlorophenol>phenol) was in accordance with the substrate selectivity of the enzyme. The reusability of the CLEAs has been tested in a batch reactor for each phenol. In a continuous stirred tank reactor, the CLEAs encapsulated into calcium alginate gels were effective for removing phenol for at least 26h. The toxicity of the phenol-containing solution was remarkably diminished after treatment with the tyrosinase CLEAs, as demonstrated by the Hydra sinensis test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-You Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Park HG, Yeo MK. The toxicity of triclosan, bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether to the regeneration of cnidarian, Hydra magnipapillata. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Riva C, Porte C, Binelli A, Provini A. Evaluation of 4-nonylphenol in vivo exposure in Dreissena polymorpha: Bioaccumulation, steroid levels and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:175-81. [PMID: 20388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) represents the most critical metabolite of alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs), non-ionic surfactants widely used in the formulation of domestic and industrial products. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo animal studies 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). The evidence to date indicates that mollusks are able to synthesize sex steroids from the precursor cholesterol and their endocrine pathways are theoretically susceptible to disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine modulating potency of 4-NP in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by looking at endogenous steroid levels in control and exposed individuals. 4-NP bioaccumulation in mussels tissues and alterations in the activity of enzymes related both to oxidative stress (catalase - CAT- and glutathione peroxidase - GPX-) and phase II metabolism (glutathione-S-transferase - GST-) were also assessed. The results highlighted a build-up of 4-NP in exposed mussels and an overall decrease of 17-beta-estradiol and testosterone levels. On the other hand this chemical at the tested concentrations does not interfere with the antioxidant defense mechanisms in D. polymorpha. The mechanisms by which 4-NP alter steroids levels are unknown and require more in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Riva
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 33, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Environmental sensing and response genes in cnidaria: the chemical defensome in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 24:483-502. [PMID: 18956243 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has been recently established as a new model system for the study of the evolution of developmental processes, as cnidaria occupy a key evolutionary position at the base of the bilateria. Cnidaria play important roles in estuarine and reef communities, but are exposed to many environmental stressors. Here, I describe the genetic components of a "chemical defensome" in the genome of N. vectensis and review cnidarian molecular toxicology. Gene families that defend against chemical stressors and the transcription factors that regulate these genes have been termed a chemical defensome and include the cytochromes P450 and other oxidases, various conjugating enyzymes, the ATP-dependent efflux transporters, oxidative detoxification proteins, as well as various transcription factors. These genes account for about 1% (266/27,200) of the predicted genes in the sea anemone genome, similar to the proportion observed in tunicates and humans, but lower than that observed in sea urchins. While there are comparable numbers of stress-response genes, the stress sensor genes appear to be reduced in N. vectensis relative to many model protostomes and deuterostomes. Cnidarian toxicology is understudied, especially given the important ecological roles of many cnidarian species. New genomic resources should stimulate the study of chemical stress sensing and response mechanisms in cnidaria and allow us to further illuminate the evolution of chemical defense gene networks.
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Quinn B, Gagné F, Blaise C. An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals (and their solvents) found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian, Hydra attenuata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 389:306-14. [PMID: 17931692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals previously identified in the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Montreal discharging into the St. Lawrence river, were tested for acute and chronic toxicity using the cnidarian Hydra attenuata. Acute toxicity was based on the established technique looking at morphological changes in the Hydra, while recently developed endpoints of feeding behaviour, attachment and growth (hydranth number) were used to measure chronic effects. The compounds under investigation (ibuprofen, naproxen, gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, oxytetracycline, novobiocin, trimethoprim and caffeine) were tested individually in controlled laboratory exposures with LC(50) and EC(50) results calculated. All compounds tested had relatively high LC(50) values with gemfibrozil, ibuprofen and naproxen having the lowest at 22.36 mg/L and EC(50) values based on morphology of 1.18 to 2.62 mg/L (all concentrations are nominal). The EC(50) values based on feeding were similar to those based on morphology but with increased sensitivity for carbamazepine, bezafibrate and novobiocin. A trend of a reduction in feeding with deterioration in morphology was observed in the Hydra, with the exception of novobiocin, where a lower than expected EC(50) of 13.53 mg/L was found with no negative effect on morphology. Significant reductions in attachment and hydranth number were seen at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/L for gemfibrozil and ibuprofen respectively. A toxicity threshold (TT) of 320 microg/L was calculated for ibuprofen, only a factor of 10(2) or 10 higher than the concentration found in the effluent in the present study (1.19 mug/L) and in other Canadian effluents studied (22 microg/L [Brun GL, Bernier M, Losier R, Doe K, Jackman P, Lee HB, Pharmaceutically active compounds in Atlantic Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters and potential for environmental effects as measured by acute and chronic aquatic toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25(8): 2163-2176.] respectively. Using EU directive 93/67/EEC the pharmaceuticals under investigation can be classified as toxic (gemfibrozil, ibuprofen and naproxen), harmful (carbamazepine, bezafibrate, sulfapyridine, oxytetracycline and novobiocin) and non-toxic (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and caffeine) and their potential toxicity for the aquatic environment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Quinn
- St-Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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