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Rebelo D, Correia AT, Nunes B. Acute and chronic effects of environmental realistic concentrations of simvastatin in danio rerio: evidences of oxidative alterations and endocrine disruptive activity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103522. [PMID: 33144098 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their wide use, pharmaceuticals can be discarded, metabolized and excreted into the environment, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Lipid-regulating drugs are among the most prescribed medications around the world, to control human cholesterol levels, in more than 20 million patients. Despite this massive use of lipid-regulating drugs, particularly simvastatin, the role of these drugs is not fully characterized and understood in terms of its potential toxicological effects at the environmental level. This work intended to characterize the toxicity of an acute (120 h post-fertilization) and chronic (60 days) exposure to the antihyperlipidemic drug simvastatin (in concentrations of 92.45, 184.9, 369.8, 739.6 and 1479.2 ng L-1), in the freshwater species zebrafish (Danio rerio). The concentrations hereby mentioned were implemented in both exposures, and were based on levels found in wastewater treatment plant influents (11.7 ± 3.2 μg L-1), effluents (2.65 ± 0.8 μg L-1) and Apies River (1.585 ± 0.3 μg L-1), located in Pretoria, South Africa and, particularly in the maximum levels found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants in Portugal (369.8 ng L-1). The acute effects were analysed focusing on behavioural endpoints (erratic and purposeful swimming), total distance travelled and swimming time), biomarkers of oxidative stress (the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), biotransformation (the activity of glutathione S-transferases) and lipid peroxidation (levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Animals chronically exposed were also histologically analysed for sex determination and gonadal developmental stages identification. In terms of acute exposure, significant alterations were reported in terms of behavioural alterations (hyperactivity), followed by a general reduction in all tested biomarkers. Also, the analysis of chronically exposed fish evidenced no alterations in sex ratio and maturation stages. In addition, the analysis of chronically exposed fish evidenced no alterations in terms of sexual characteristics, suggesting that the chronic exposure of Danio rerio to simvastatin does not alter the sex ratio and maturation stages of individuals. This assumption suggests that simvastatin did not act as an endocrine disruptor. Moreover, the metabolism, neuronal interactions and the antioxidant properties of SIM seem to have modulated the hereby-mentioned results of toxicity. Results from this assay allow inferring that simvastatin can have an ecologically relevant impact in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A T Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4550-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Rebelo D, Correia AT, Nunes B. Acute and chronic effects of environmental realistic concentrations of clofibric acid in Danio rerio: Behaviour, oxidative stress, biotransformation and lipid peroxidation endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103468. [PMID: 32805388 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, pharmaceuticals can be metabolized, excreted and ultimately discarded in the environment, thereby affecting aquatic organisms. Lipid-regulating drugs are among the most prescribed medications around the world, controlling human cholesterol levels, in more than 20 million patients. Despite this growing use of lipid-regulating drugs, particularly those whose active metabolite is clofibric acid, the potential toxicological effects of these pharmaceuticals in the environment is not fully characterized. This work intended to characterize the toxicity of an acute (120 hours post-fertilization) and chronic (60 days post-fertilization) exposures to clofibric acid in concentrations of 10.35, 20.7, 41.4, 82.8, and 165.6 μg L-1 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The concentrations which were implemented in both exposures were based on predicted environmental concentrations for Portuguese surface waters. The acute effects were analysed focusing on behavioural endpoints (small and large distance travelled, swimming time and total distance travelled), biomarkers of oxidative stress (activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn- and Mn SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, Se- and total GPx), biotransformation (activity of glutathione S-transferases, GSTs) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS). Chronically exposed individuals were also histologically analysed for sex determination and gonadal developmental stages. In terms of acute exposure, significant alterations were reported, in terms of behavioural alterations (hypoactivity), followed by an overall increase in all tested biomarkers. Chronically exposed organisms did not show alterations in terms of sex ratio and maturation stages, suggesting that clofibric acid did not act as an endocrine disruptor. Moreover, the metabolism of clofibric acid resulted in increased levels of both forms of SOD activity, especially for animals exposed to higher levels of this drug. An increase of CAT activity was observed in fish exposed to low levels, and a decrease in those exposed to higher amounts of clofibric acid. Both GPx forms had their activities increased. The enzyme of biotransformation GSTs were increased at low levels of clofibric acid but inhibited at higher amounts of this substance. Lipid peroxidation levels were also changed, with an induction of this parameter with increasing amounts of clofibric acid. Changes also occurred in behavioural endpoints and patterns for control organisms and for those exposed to clofibric acid were significantly distinct, for all types (light and darkness) of exposure, and for the two analysed endpoints (small and large distance). Results from this assay allow inferring that clofibric acid can have an ecologically relevant impact in living organisms exposed to this substance, with putative effects on the metabolism of individuals, affecting their behaviour and ultimately their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A T Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos SN, 4550-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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da Silva Brito GF, Oliveira R, Grisolia CK, Guirra LS, Weber IT, de Almeida FV. Evaluation of advanced oxidative processes in biodiesel wastewater treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pandey LK, Lavoie I, Morin S, Depuydt S, Lyu J, Lee H, Jung J, Yeom DH, Han T, Park J. Towards a multi-bioassay-based index for toxicity assessment of fluvial waters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:112. [PMID: 30693376 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite their proven reliability for revealing 'acceptable' degrees of toxicity in waste- and reclaimed waters, bioassays are rarely used to assess the toxicity of hazardous contaminants present in natural waters. In this study, we used organisms from different trophic levels to assess the toxicity of water samples collected from four different South Korean rivers. The main objective was to develop a multi-descriptor index of toxicity for undiluted river water. The responses of six test organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Heterocypris incongruens, Moina macrocopa, Danio rerio and Lemna minor) after laboratory exposure to water samples were considered for this index, as well as the frequency of teratologies in diatom assemblages. Each individual test was attributed a toxicity class and score (three levels; no toxicity = 0, low toxicity = 1, confirmed toxicity = 2) based on the organism's response after exposure and a total score was calculated. The proposed index also considers the number of test organisms that received the highest toxicity score (value = 2). An overall toxicity category was then attributed to the water sample based on those two metrics: A = no toxicity, B = slight toxicity, C = moderate toxicity; D = toxicity and E = high toxicity. The susceptibility of the test organisms varied greatly and the sensitivity of their response also differed among bioassays. The combined responses of organisms from different trophic levels and with different life strategies provided multi-level diagnostic information about the intensity and the nature of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Pandey
- Institute of Green Environmental Research Center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, 243006, India
| | - Isabelle Lavoie
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec City, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Soizic Morin
- Irstea, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119, Songdomunwha-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Lyu
- Department of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Yeom
- Ecotoxicology Team, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Taejun Han
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119, Songdomunwha-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119, Songdomunwha-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea.
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Chao SJ, Huang CP, Chen PC, Huang C. Teratogenic responses of zebrafish embryos to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the presence of nano-SiO 2 particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:449-457. [PMID: 28342993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of nano-SiO2 particles (nSiO2) on the teratogenic responses of zebrafish embryos to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BDE-209 in the absence and presence of nSiO2 for 96 h post fertilization (hpf). Results showed that formation of nSiO2-BDE-209 associates promoted both extracellular and intracellular uptake of BDE-209 by zebrafish embryos, thereby increasing the bioconcentration of BDE-209 on the chorion surface and the embryos. Results also showed embryos delay hatching temporarily when co-exposure to BDE-209 and nSiO2 at 60 hpf. Furthermore, there was heartbeat decline (28.3 beats/10s) and increase in irregular heartbeat (45.8%) in zebrafish larvae at 96 hpf, compared to the sole exposure to BDE-209 (32.7 beats/10s and 0%). Malformation in terms of spinal curvature (SC), pericardial edema (PE) and yolk sac edema (YSE) were observed on zebrafish larvae at 33.9, 23.4, and 18%, respectively. Overall, abnormal development of zebrafish was apparent when co-exposure to BDE-209 and nSiO2. All relevant evidence considered, nSiO2 could facilitate the transport of BDE-209 towards zebrafish embryos and negatively impact the development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ju Chao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chin Pao Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Pei-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chihpin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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Ceylan Z, Şişman T, Yazıcı Z, Altıkat AÖ. Embryotoxicity of nitrophenols to the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1414-1422. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714562444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nitrophenols (NPs) are water-soluble compounds. These compounds pose a significant health threat since they are priority environmental pollutants. In this study, 2-Nitrophenol (2NP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were examined for embryo and early life stage toxicity in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Acute toxicity and teratogenicity of 2NP and DNP were tested for 4 days using zebrafish embryos. The typical lesions observed were no somite formation, incomplete eye and head development, tail curvature, weak pigmentation (≤48 hours postfertilization (hpf)), kyphosis, scoliosis, yolk sac deformity, and nonpigmentation (72 hpf). Also, embryo and larval mortality increased and hatching success decreased. The severity of abnormalities and mortalities were concentration- and compound-dependent. Of the compounds tested, 2,4-DNP was found to be highly toxic to the fish embryos following exposure. The median lethal concentrations and median effective concentrations for 2NP are 18.7 mg/L and 7.9 mg/L, respectively; the corresponding values for DNP are 9.65 mg/L and 3.05 mg/L for 48 h. The chorda deformity was the most sensitive endpoint measured. It is suggested that the embryotoxicity may be mediated by an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling mechanism. This article is the first to describe the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of two NPs to the early life stages of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ceylan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Turgay Şişman
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zehra Yazıcı
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aysun Özen Altıkat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Chen W, Cai Q, Zhao Y, Zheng G, Liang Y. Toxicity evaluation of pig slurry using luminescent bacteria and zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:6856-70. [PMID: 24995598 PMCID: PMC4113850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110706856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biogas slurry has become a serious pollution problem and anaerobic digestion is widely applied to pig manure treatment for environmental protection and energy recovery. To evaluate environmental risk of the emission of biogas slurry, luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), larvae and embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to detect the acute and development toxicity of digested and post-treated slurry. Then the ability of treatment process was evaluated. The results showed that digested slurry displayed strong toxicity to both zebrafish and luminescent bacteria, while the EC50 for luminescent bacteria and the LC50 for larvae were only 6.81% (v/v) and 1.95% (v/v) respectively, and embryonic development was inhibited at just 1% (v/v). Slurry still maintained a high level of toxicity although it had been treated by membrane bioreactor (MBR), while the LC50 of larvae was 75.23% (v/v) and there was a little effect on the development of embryos and V. fischeri; the results also revealed that the zebrafish larvae are more sensitive than embryos and luminescent bacteria to pig slurry. Finally, we also found the toxicity removal rate was higher than 90% after the treatment of MBR according to toxicity tests. In conclusion, further treatment should be used in pig slurry disposal or reused of final effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 1 GeHu Road, Wu Jin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu,China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, No. 705, Yatai Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 1 GeHu Road, Wu Jin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu,China.
| | - Guojuan Zheng
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, No. 705, Yatai Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuting Liang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 71, Beijing East Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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Wu L, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Zhang H. Toxicity of urban highway runoff in Shanghai to Zebrafish (Danio rerio ) embryos and luminous bacteria (Vibrio qinghaiensis.Q67). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2663-76. [PMID: 24122161 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from urban highway runoff has been identified as one of the major causes of the deterioration of receiving water quality. The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicity of urban storm water samples in Shanghai using the zebrafish (Danio rerio ) embryo test and the bacterial luminescence (Vibrio qinghaiensis ) assay. The toxicity of highway runoff from seventeen storm events was investigated in both grab and composite samples. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to the runoff samples and development parameters including lethality, spontaneous movements in 20 s, heart beat rate, hatching rate, and abnormality of zebrafish embryos were observed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. Inhibition rates of luminescence intensity were also recorded. The results showed that in the zebrafish embryo toxicity tests, both grab and composite samples increased the lethality, reduced the percentage with spontaneous movements and heart beats, inhibited the hatching of embryos, and induced morphological abnormalities. In the Vibrio qinghaiensis toxicity test, all the grab samples inhibited the luminescence, while some of the composite samples promoted it, which indicated that different types of toxicants might have been affecting the species. The multivariate statistics analysis indicated that heavy metal (zinc, manganese, and copper) and PAHs might mainly contribute to the toxicity of runoff samples.
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García-Cambero JP, Catalá M, Valcárcel Y. River waters induced neurotoxicity in an embryo-larval zebrafish model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:84-91. [PMID: 22906717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Some investigations have revealed an increased release of psychoactive drugs into the aquatic environments near big cities. However, despite the alert generated by the presence of such neurotoxic compounds, there is a lack of studies evaluating the impact on living organisms. One solution consists in the development of bioassays able to address specific risks, such as neurotoxicity, but on the other hand suitable to assess complex matrices like river samples. The objective of this work was to assess surface water toxicity by means of a zebrafish embryo-larval combined toxicity assay, which is based on a variety of toxicological endpoints, especially those related to neurodevelopment. For such a purpose, we selected the Tagus River in which a previous monitoring study revealed the presence of psychoactive drugs. Results showed that most of the toxicological endpoints evaluated remained unaltered in the exposed embryos, except for the tail length that was larger in the exposed larvae, and the locomotor activity in the 6-day larvae, which was decreased in four groups of exposure (n=5 sampling points). In the absence of systemic toxicity, changes in larval locomotion are indicative of neurotoxicity. This result suggests that the Tagus River can convey neurotoxic compounds at levels that may represent an early and specific threat over the aquatic species of vertebrates, what can have dramatic consequences under the ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pablo García-Cambero
- Toxicology Area, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Notch EG, Miniutti DM, Berry JP, Mayer GD. Cyanobacterial LPS potentiates cadmium toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:498-505. [PMID: 20549609 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prevalent in the freshwater environment, reaching critical mass in harmful algal blooms. These organisms produce a variety of toxins including endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which have been previously shown to decrease glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. GST plays a vital role in detoxification response during oxidative stress and provides a first line of defense after toxic heavy metal insult, before increased metallothionein expression. Although some attention has focused on cyanobacterial LPS, little research has focused on effects of concurrent exposures with other toxicants. Because cyanobacterial LPS can alter detoxification enzymes including GST, we hypothesized that cyanobacterial LPS could potentiate metal toxicity. This study investigated the effects of LPS from two cyanobacterial species, Lyngbya spp. and Microcystis aeruginosa, on cadmium toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Forty-eight-hour CdCl(2) LC(50) values showed that coexposure of cadmium and Lyngbya LPS or Microcystis LPS resulted in significantly increased cadmium toxicity in comparison with cadmium alone. However, increased cadmium toxicity was not due to decreased GST activity as initially hypothesized. In concurrent Microcystis LPS-cadmium exposures, GST activity was significantly increased in comparison with control embryos at all time points and cadmium concentrations sampled. Concurrent Lyngbya LPS-cadmium exposures also resulted in increased GST activity at most exposure concentrations. These results indicate that regardless of mechanism, cyanobacterial LPS can potentiate the toxic effects of heavy metals. This represents a significant risk for aquatic organisms exposed to combinations of LPS and metals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Notch
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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Şişman T. Early life stage and genetic toxicity of stannous chloride on zebrafish embryos and adults: toxic effects of tin on zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:240-249. [PMID: 20014007 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to stannous chloride (SnCl(2)), known as tin chloride, present in packaged food, soft drinks, biocides, dentifrices, etc. Health effects in children exposed to tin and tin compounds have not been investigated yet. Therefore, we evaluated the possible teratogenic effects and genotoxic of SnCl(2) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults and their embryos. In the embryo-larval study, SnCl(2) showed embryo toxicity and developmental delay after exposure to the various concentrations of 10-250 μM for 120 h. Teratogenic effects including morphological malformations of the embryos and larvae were observed. The embryos exposed to 100 μM displayed tail deformation at 28 hpf and the larvae exposed to 50 μM showed reduced body growth, smaller head and eyes, bent trunk, mild pericardial edema, and smaller caudal fin at 96 hpf. The results of the teratological study show that SnCl(2) induced a significant decrease in the number of living embryos and larvae. Regarding the chromosome analysis, SnCl(2) induced a dose-dependent increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency in peripheral erythrocytes of adult zebrafish. In blood cells, the 25 μM dose of SnCl(2) caused a nonsignificant increase in the total chromosomal aberrations, but the high doses significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations compared with the control groups. Overall, the results clearly indicate that SnCl(2) is teratogenic and genotoxic to zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Şişman
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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Abstract
The present study examined effects of the pesticide dichlorvos (O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-O,O dimethylphosphate [DDVP]) on embryonic development of zebrafish. In a first set of experiments, early life stages of zebrafish were exposed to five concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L—1) of DDVP for 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). The 24-hpf LC50 value of DDVP in the semistatic test was 39.75 mg/L-1. Developmental abnormalities have been observed in embryos and larvae, such as no blood flow, cardiac edema, delayed hatching, and vertebra malformations. Most of the onserved effects were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. To investigate the behavior of the larvae, zebrafish exposed to 10 and 25 mg/L-1 DDVP were observed on days 6 and 9 after fertilization. 25 mg L-1 DDVP dose caused significant slowing of swimming activity on day 6 and 9 after fertilization. According to present study results, DDVP exposure during early development caused (i) clear behavioral impairments detectable during the posthatching period and (ii) mortality and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. Dichlorvos is present in the environment with other similar organophosphate compounds. Additive responses to organophosphate compounds may induce lethal or sub-lethal effects in early life stages of fish chronically exposed to this class of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Şişman
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
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