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Fakhri E, SadrHaghighi A, Sarvari R, Torabi M, Azizi Y, Eskandarinezhad M, Sedighnia N, Keyhanvar P, Amirsaadat S. Colloidal chitosan-silver nanoparticles-fluoride nanocomposite as an antibacterial mouthwash against salivary Streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients (a randomized clinical trial). Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:435. [PMID: 39028340 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to synthesize and characterize colloidal chitosan-silver nanoparticles-fluoride nanocomposite (CCAgNPF) and evaluate its efficacy compared to chlorhexidine on salivary Streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS AgNPs stabilized with chitosan were synthesized by chemical reduction of AgNO3. The nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, FTIR, DLS and ICP-OES. The MIC and MBC against S. mutans and IC50 concentration of CCAgNPF were obtained for antibacterial and cytotoxicity evaluations, respectively. For the clinical study, a total of 45 orthodontic patients were divided into three groups of 15 and used the following mouthwashes twice a day for 1 month: CCAgNPF, chlorhexidine 0.2% and the combination of these mouthwashes. The colony count of salivary S. mutans was evaluated before and after using the mouthwashes. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Stabilized AgNPs were spherical with a diameter of 25.3 ± 3.3 nm. The MIC, MBC and IC50 of CCAgNPF were 4.42, 8.85 and 18.89 µg/ml. All mouthwashes reduced the salivary S. mutans of the orthodontic patients, however, no significant difference was found between the efficacy of CCAgNPF and chlorhexidine (P-value > 0.05). The best results were achieved by the combination of CCAgNPF and chlorhexidine mouthwashes (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION The CCAgNPF and its combination with chlorhexidine present potent bactericidal, biocompatible and effective anti-carious mouthwashes for orthodontic patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study proved CCAgNPF as an antibacterial mouthwash with lower cytotoxicity and side effects for patients undergoing orthodontic treatments to maintain oral hygiene and reduce salivary S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Fakhri
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - AmirHooman SadrHaghighi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raana Sarvari
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Torabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasaman Azizi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eskandarinezhad
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Sedighnia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences IR, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soumayeh Amirsaadat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tsai CF, Chung JJ, Ding SJ, Chen CC. In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:345-356. [PMID: 38303880 PMCID: PMC10829635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Bacteria-associated oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are widespread epidemics that cause oral pain and loss of function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Materials and methods Five different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of HOCl were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative (A. actinomycetcmcomitans and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans and S. sanguinis) after treatment for 1 and 10 min. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were used as positive controls. In addition, HOCl was examined for L929 cytotoxicity and RAW 264.7 growth. Results The bacteriostatic ratio of NaOCl was comparable to that of CHX and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of all HOCl solutions. Higher HOCl concentration had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibacterial effect, and the bacteriostatic ratio of 10 min treatment was slightly higher than that of 1 min treatment. CHX and NaOCl seeded into L929 cells resulted in low cell viability with only 30-39%, much significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all HOCl groups (greater than 80%). All HOCl solutions met the recommendations of ISO 10993-5 and showed no cytotoxicity, although there was a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. All antimicrobial agents showed the same trend of response to RAW 264.7 as L929. Conclusion Within the limit of this study, 400 ppm HOCl disinfectant may be a potential antimicrobial candidate for mouthwash, endodontic irrigants, and periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jia Chung
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Battah B, Shbibe L, Ahmad O, Soukkarieh C, Al Okla SM, Chianese T, Rosati L, Vora LK, Zhao L, Marrazzo A, Ferrari M, Li L, Donnelly RF, Zanetti S, Mazzarello V, Donadu MG. Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. Essential Oil Microneedles: A Promising Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:40. [PMID: 38256874 PMCID: PMC10821373 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of essential oil (EO) in treating infected wounds is still challenging. A lot of effort has been made to make such an application more convenient. Recently, microneedles (MNDs) have been considered as a smart dermal delivery system to overcome the poor absorption and distribution, low bioavailability, and skin penetration of some drugs. The aim of our study is to evaluate the wound healing activity of juniper-EO-loaded MNDs (EO MNDs) against wounds with bacterial and fungal infection. The Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) MNDs were prepared using the gel-filled mold technique and loaded with juniper EO. In vivo models were created and wounds on rats were infected with two clinically isolated bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, Candida albicans was used to mimic fungal infection and juniper EO MNDs were tested. The obtained results showed an improvement in wound healing which started from the third day after application of the juniper EO MNDs, and at the sixth day post-infection, the treated wounds were significantly smaller than untreated wounds. A complete healing was shown by the 12th day after infection. Furthermore, our cytotoxicity results showed a cytotoxic effect of juniper EO MNDs on epithelial cells, which explained the faster wound healing in rats. Our study showed that juniper EO MNDs represent a novel strategy in EO delivery with minimal invasion. Juniper EO MNDs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against both the bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and against one fungal strain, Candida albicans. Finally, application of juniper EO MNDs exerted promising activity in the treatment and healing of wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Battah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Antioch Syrian Private University, Maaret Saidnaya 22734, Syria
| | - Lama Shbibe
- Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria; (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Osama Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University (SPU), Daraa International Highway, Damascus 36822, Syria;
- Faculty of Medicine, Kalamoon University, Damascus 222, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria; (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Souad Mahmoud Al Okla
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science, Sohar 321, Oman;
| | - Teresa Chianese
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (T.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (T.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.K.V.); (L.Z.); (L.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.K.V.); (L.Z.); (L.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Alessandra Marrazzo
- Hospital Pharmacy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Linlin Li
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.K.V.); (L.Z.); (L.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.K.V.); (L.Z.); (L.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Vittorio Mazzarello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Farmacia Ospedaliera, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Hospital Pharmacy, Giovanni Paolo II Hospital, ASL Gallura, 07026 Olbia, Italy
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Li X, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang W, Li H, Wang H, Zhuang M, Zhang L, Lu L, Tang J. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:910. [PMID: 37999562 PMCID: PMC10675078 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine disinfectants are important chemical agents with a broad spectrum of activity that are effective against most microorganisms. Chlorhexidine, one of the most used guanidine disinfectants, is added to shampoo and mouthwash and applied in medical device sterilization. During the use of chlorhexidine, aerosols with micron particle size may be formed, which may cause inhalation toxicity. To assess the toxicity of inhaled chlorhexidine aerosol, mice underwent the intratracheal instillation of different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) using a MicroSprayer Aerosolizer. The mice were exposed for eight weeks and then sacrificed to obtain lung tissue for subsequent experiments. Histopathology staining revealed damaged lung tissues and increased collagen exudation. At the same time, pulmonary function tests showed that chlorhexidine exposure could cause restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. The results of transcriptome analyses suggest that chlorhexidine may trigger an inflammatory response and promote the activation of pathways related to extracellular matrix deposition. Further, we identified that chlorhexidine exposure might enhance mucus secretion by up-regulating Muc5b and Muc5ac genes, thereby inducing fibrosis-like injury. These findings underscore the need for standardized use of disinfectants and the assessment of their inhalation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xinmin Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - He Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Lin Lu
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
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Lv S, Fan W, Fan B. Enhanced in vitro antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis by using both low-dose cetylpyridinium chloride and silver ions. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:299. [PMID: 37198581 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is frequently isolated from root canals with failed root canal treatments. Due to the strong ability of E. faecalis to resist many often-used antimicrobials, coping with E. faecalis infections remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antibacterial effect of low-dose cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and silver ions (Ag+) against E. faecalis in vitro. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were used to confirm the existence of the synergic antibacterial activity between low-dose CPC and Ag+. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, time-killing curve and dynamic growth curve were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of CPC and Ag+ combinations against planktonic E. faecalis. Four weeks biofilms were treated with drug-contained gels to determine the antimicrobial effect on biofilm-resident E.faecalis, and the integrity of E.faecalis and its biofilms were observed by FE-SEM. CCK-8 assays was used to test the cytotoxicity of CPC and Ag+ combinations on MC3T3-E1 cells. RESULTS The results confirmed the synergistic antibacterial effect of low-dose CPC and Ag+ against both planktonic and 4-week biofilm E. faecalis. After the addition of CPC, the sensitivity of both planktonic and biofilm-resident E. faecalis to Ag+ improved, and the combination showed good biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose CPC enhanced the antibacterial ability of Ag+ against both planktonic and biofilm E.faecalis with good biocompatibility. It may be developed into a novel and potent antibacterial agent against E.faecalis, with low toxicity for root canal disinfection or other related medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Lv
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Amini F, Farhadi S, Shahbeik S, Mahvash Mohammadi M, Rakhshan V. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine mouthwash on vitality of oral mucosal cells reflected by cell nuclear indexes: A preliminary 3-phase before-after clinical trial. Int Orthod 2023; 21:100722. [PMID: 36669458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effects of mouthwashes on the vitality of oral mucosal cells have not been determined in orthodontic patients. We aimed to assess, for the first time, the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral mucosal cell vitality. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients meeting the eligibility criteria were consecutively included until the desired sample size was reached. Oral buccal mucosal cell samples were taken immediately before orthodontic treatment. For each patient, 20 metal brackets and 4 bands were installed on the teeth. Cell samples were recollected after one month of treatment. Then, the patients used an ethanol-free 0.12% CHX mouthwash two times a week for one month. Sampling was repeated at the end of the second month. Papanicolaou staining was used for micronucleus screening of the indexes: micronucleus (MIC), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), and broken eggs (BE). The repair index (RI) was calculated as RI=KR+KL/BE+MIC. Comparisons of nuclear changes over 3 intervals were done using the Friedman and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05, β<0.05). RESULTS This prospective before-after clinical trial was performed on 408 observations of 34 patients (14 males, 20 females, mean age: 16.68±3.75 years) at 3 intervals (×4 parameters each). The means of MIC, KR, KL, BE, and RI were respectively 1.312±1.219, 0.241±0.564, 0.426±0.657, 0.115±0.224, and 0.476±0.360 before treatment. They were 1.348±1.171, 0.215±0.236, 0.406±0.369, 0.124±0.187, and 0.511±0.310 at the first interval and 1.909±1.263, 0.368±0.174, 0.615±0.269, 0.253±0.150, and 0.529±0.195 at the second interval. Friedman showed significant time-dependent changes for all variables (P<0.0005) except RI. Dunn-Bonferroni showed that except MIC (P=0.017), KR/KL/BE changed insignificantly after orthodontic treatment (P≥0.974). MIC/KR/KL/BE increased significantly after the addition of CHX (P<0.0005). CONCLUSION CHX mouthwash, together with orthodontic treatment, has a strong deteriorating effect on nuclear indexes associated with the vitality of buccal mucosal cells. Nuclear changes caused by orthodontic treatment alone might be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Amini
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Farhadi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Shahbeik
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Faculty, Shahed University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Mahvash Mohammadi
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Department of Dental Anatomy, Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Hemmingsen LM, Panchai P, Julin K, Basnet P, Nystad M, Johannessen M, Škalko-Basnet N. Chitosan-based delivery system enhances antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023083. [PMID: 36246245 PMCID: PMC9557914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected chronic skin wounds and other skin infections are increasingly putting pressure on the health care providers and patients. The pressure is especially concerning due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-producing bacteria that further impair treatment success. Therefore, innovative strategies for wound healing and bacterial eradication are urgently needed; utilization of materials with inherent biological properties could offer a potential solution. Chitosan is one of the most frequently used polymers in delivery systems. This bioactive polymer is often regarded as an attractive constituent in delivery systems due to its inherent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and wound healing properties. However, lipid-based vesicles and liposomes are generally considered more suitable as delivery systems for skin due to their ability to interact with the skin structure and provide prolonged release, protect the antimicrobial compound, and allow high local concentrations at the infected site. To take advantage of the beneficial attributes of the lipid-based vesicles and chitosan, these components can be combined into chitosan-containing liposomes or chitosomes and chitosan-coated liposomes. These systems have previously been investigated for use in wound therapy; however, their potential in infected wounds is not fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether both the chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes tailored for infected wounds could improve the antimicrobial activity of the membrane-active antimicrobial chlorhexidine, while assuring both the anti-inflammatory activity and cell compatibility. Chlorhexidine was incorporated into three different vesicles, namely plain (chitosan-free), chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes that were optimized for skin wounds. Their release profile, antimicrobial activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and cell compatibility were assessed in vitro. The vesicles comprising chitosan demonstrated slower release rate of chlorhexidine and high cell compatibility. Additionally, the inflammatory responses in murine macrophages treated with these vesicles were reduced by about 60% compared to non-treated cells. Finally, liposomes containing both chitosan and chlorhexidine demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Both chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes comprising chlorhexidine could serve as excellent platforms for the delivery of membrane-active antimicrobials to infected wounds as confirmed by improved antimicrobial performance of chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Myrseth Hemmingsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pimmat Panchai
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Purusotam Basnet
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Nystad
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- IVF Clinic, Women’s Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Nataša Škalko-Basnet,
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Steckiewicz KP, Cieciórski P, Barcińska E, Jaśkiewicz M, Narajczyk M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Megiel E, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Silver Nanoparticles as Chlorhexidine and Metronidazole Drug Delivery Platforms: Their Potential Use in Treating Periodontitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:495-517. [PMID: 35140461 PMCID: PMC8820264 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s339046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Materials and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol P Steckiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Ewelina Barcińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak Tel +48 58 349 1516Fax +48 58 349 1517 Email
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Evaluation of the Effects of Topical Application of Chlorhexidine, Ozone, and Metronidazole on Palatal Wound Healing: A Histopathological Study. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:1929-1933. [PMID: 34855636 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chlorhexidine, metronidazole, and ozone application on the healing of palatal wounds in diabetic rats. A defect in the form of a 4 mm-diameter wound was created on the palatal mucosa of 84 adult female Wistar albino rats, which were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, chlorhexidine, metronidazole, and ozone groups. The animals were euthanized after 3, 6, and 10 days, and wound closure was histologically assessed. On day 3, polymorphonuclear leukocytes were significantly higher in the control group than in the chlorhexidine and ozone groups (P < 0.05). Fibrosis was higher in the ozone group than in the control and chlorhexidine groups (P < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor was higher in the metronidazole and ozone groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). On day 6, the quantity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was higher in the control, metronidazole, and chlorhexidine groups than in the ozone group (P < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor was higher in the ozone group than in the control, chlorhexidine, and metronidazole groups (P < 0.05). On day 10, Vascular endothelial growth factor was higher in the control, chlorhexidine, and metronidazole groups than in the ozone group (P < 0.05). The authors concluded that the use of chlorhexidine, ozone, and metronidazole pastes resulted in enhanced wound healing, as determined histologically. The authors suggest that ozone supplementation can be an alternative therapy to chlorhexidine in impaired wound healing in diabetes mellitus.
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Zulhendri F, Felitti R, Fearnley J, Ravalia M. The use of propolis in dentistry, oral health, and medicine: A review. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:23-34. [PMID: 33465498 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propolis is a resinous product that is collected from plants by bees to cover holes and crevices in their hives. Propolis has potent antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anticancer properties. Propolis has been used therapeutically by humans for centuries, including the treatment of dental caries and mouth infections. HIGHLIGHT This review article attempts to analyze the potential use of propolis in general dentistry and oral health management. CONCLUSION Propolis is potentially useful in dentistry and oral health management based on available in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies, as well as human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Felitti
- Oral Rehabilitation and Prosthodontics, Private Practice, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - James Fearnley
- Apiceutical Research Centre, NorthYorkshire, United Kingdom.
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Repurposing Napabucasin as an Antimicrobial Agent against Oral Streptococcal Biofilms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8379526. [PMID: 33274224 PMCID: PMC7700029 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8379526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Disruption of microbial biofilms is an effective way to control dental caries. Drug resistance and side effects of the existing antimicrobials necessitate the development of novel antibacterial agents. The current study was aimed at investigating the antibacterial activities of the repurposed natural compound napabucasin against oral streptococci. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibition concentration, and minimum biofilm reduction concentration of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sanguinis were examined by a microdilution method. Cytotoxicity of napabucasin against human oral keratinocytes, human gingival epithelia, and macrophage RAW264.7 was evaluated by CCK8 assays. The dead/live bacterium and exopolysaccharide in the napabucasin-treated multispecies biofilms were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microbial composition within the napabucasin-treated biofilms was further visualized by fluorescent in situ hybridization and qPCR. And the cariogenicity of napabucasin-treated biofilms was evaluated by transverse microradiography. Results Napabucasin exhibited good antimicrobial activity against oral streptococcal planktonic cultures and biofilms but with lessened cytotoxicity as compared to chlorhexidine. Napabucasin reduced the cariogenic S. mutans and increased the proportion of the commensal S. gordonii in the multispecies biofilms. More importantly, napabucasin significantly reduced the demineralization capability of biofilms on tooth enamels. Conclusion Napabucasin shows lessened cytotoxicity and comparable antimicrobial effects to chlorhexidine. Repurposing napabucasin may represent a promising adjuvant for the management of dental caries.
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Láng O, Nagy KS, Láng J, Perczel-Kovách K, Herczegh A, Lohinai Z, Varga G, Kőhidai L. Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants regarding the viability of periodontal ligament stem cells. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2981-2992. [PMID: 33044682 PMCID: PMC8060220 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have an underlined significance as their high proliferative capacity and multipotent differentiation provide an important therapeutic potential. The integrity of these cells is frequently disturbed by the routinely used irrigative compounds applied as periodontal or endodontic disinfectants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorhexidine (CHX)). Our objectives were (i) to monitor the cytotoxic effect of a novel dental irrigative compound, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), compared to two traditional agents (H2O2, CHX) on PDLSCs and (ii) to test whether the aging factor of PDLSC cultures determines cellular responsiveness to the chemicals tested. Methods Impedimetry (concentration-response study), WST-1 assays (WST = water soluble tetrazolium salt), and morphology analysis were performed to measure changes in cell viability induced by the 3 disinfectants; immunocytochemistry of stem cell markers (STRO-1, CD90, and CD105) measured the induced mesenchymal characteristics. Results Cell viability experiments demonstrated that the application of ClO2 does not lead to a significant decrease in viability of PLDSCs in concentrations used to kill microbes. On the contrary, traditional irrigants, H2O2, and CHX are highly toxic on PDLSCs. Aging of PLDSC cultures (passages 3 vs. 7) has characteristic effects on their responsiveness to these agents as the increased expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers turns to decreased. Conclusions and clinical relevance While the active ingredients of mouthwash (H2O2, CHX) applied in endodontic or periodontitis management have a serious toxic effect on PDLSCs, the novel hyperpure ClO2 is less toxic providing an environment favoring dental structure regenerations during disinfectant interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina S Nagy
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Perczel-Kovách
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department in Community Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Herczegh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lohinai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kőhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Daood U, Parolia A, Matinlinna J, Yiu C, Ahmed HMA, Fawzy A. Properties of a modified quaternary ammonium silane formulation as a potential root canal irrigant in endodontics. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e386-e402. [PMID: 33010944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate a new modified quaternary ammonium silane irrigant solution for its antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanical properties of dentine substrate. METHODS Root canal preparation was performed using stainless steel K-files™ and F4 size protaper with irrigation protocols of 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX; 3.5% QIS; 2% QIS and sterile saline. Biofilms were prepared using E. faecalis adjusted and allowed to grow for 3 days, treated with irrigants, and allowed to grow for 7 days. AFM was performed and surface free energy calculated. MC3T3 cells were infected with endo irrigant treated E. faecalis biofilms. Raman spectroscopy of biofilms were performed after bacterial re-growth on root dentine and exposed to different irrigation protocols and collagen fibers analysed collagen fibers using TEM. Antimicrobial potency against E. faecalis biofilms and cytoxicity against 3T3 NIH cells were also. Resin penetration and MitoTracker green were also evaluated for sealer penetration and mitochondrial viability. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, principal component analysis and post-hoc Fisher's least-significant difference. RESULTS Elastic moduli were maintained amongst control (5.5 ± 0.9) and 3.5% QIS (4.4 ± 1.1) specimens with surface free energy higher in QIS specimens. MC3T3 cells showed reduced viability in 6%NaOCl+2%CHX specimens compared to QIS specimens. DNA/purine were expressed in increased intensities in control and 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX specimens with bands around 480-490 cm-1 reduced in QIS specimens. 3.5% QIS specimens showed intact collagen fibrillar network and predominantly dead bacterial cells in confocal microscopy. 3.5% QIS irrigant formed a thin crust-type surface layer with cytoplasmic extensions of 3T3NIH spread over root dentine. Experiments confirmed MitoTracker accumulation in 3.5% treated cells. SIGNIFICANCE Novel QIS root canal irrigant achieved optimum antimicrobial protection inside the root canals facilitating a toxic effect against the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Root dentine substrates exhibited optimum mechanical properties and there was viability of fibroblastic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Daood
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jukka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Addressing the challenges in antisepsis: focus on povidone iodine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mercan U, Gonen ZB, Salkin H, Yalcin Ulker GM, Meral DG. Comparison of the effect of postoperative care agents on human gingival fibroblasts: a preliminary study. Eur Oral Res 2019; 53:67-73. [PMID: 31309196 PMCID: PMC6614693 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20197456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare effects of postoperative care agents;
chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride and hyaluronic acid on human gingival
fibroblasts’ viability, proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Materials and methods: After cell culturing; chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride and hyaluronic acid
solutions were applied on cells and nothing was applied for control group. The cells
were monitored to investigate cytotoxicity; the percentage of apoptotic, living and
dead cells at the time of 24, 48, and 72 hours (h). A scratch wound assay was performed
to detect cell migration and cells were monitored at baseline, at 24 and 48h. Results: At 24h, chlorhexidine showed statistically lower percentage of total apoptotic
cells’ than octenidine dihydrochloride (p=0.049), hyaluronic acid (p=0.049) and
control (p=0.049). At 48h, hyaluronic acid showed statistically lower percentage
than chlorhexidine (p=0.049), and control (p=0.049). All agents were found to
have statistically and significantly more cytotoxic than control. However, there
was no difference between experimental groups for proliferation rate. Octenidine
dihydrochloride showed statistically negative effects on cell migration than
chlorhexidine and hyaluronic acid at 24h. Chlorhexidine and hyaluronic acid
maintained migration ability of cells than octenidine dihydrochloride at 48h. Conclusion: All agents have similar effects on cell behavior such as viability, apoptosis and cell
proliferation. However, octenidine dihydrochloride showed statistically negative
effects on migration ability than chlorhexidine and hyaluronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Mercan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry School, Okan University, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Z Burcin Gonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey
| | - Hasan Salkin
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey
| | - Gul Merve Yalcin Ulker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry School, Okan University, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Deniz Gokce Meral
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry School, Okan University, Istanbul Turkey
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Osmanov A, Wise A, Denning DW. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of miramistin against drug-resistant fungi. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1047-1052. [PMID: 31169488 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miramistin is a topical antiseptic with broad antimicrobial activity that was developed in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. AIM To investigate the antifungal activity of miramistin against clinically relevant drug-resistant fungi. METHODOLOGY The in vitro activity of miramistin was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Mammalian cell toxicity was tested using a McCoy cell line and topical and systemic tolerability, and in vivo efficacy was tested using Galleria mellonella models. RESULTS The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range against fungi was 1.56-25 mg l-1 (GM 3.13 mg l-1 ). In the G. mellonella model, miramistin provided potent survival benefits for Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Miramistin was tolerated by McCoy cell lines at concentrations up to 1000 mg l-1 and was systemically safe in G. mellonella at 2000 mg kg-1. Topical administration at 32 000 mg l-1 was well tolerated with no adverse effects. CONCLUSION These findings support further investigation of miramistin and suggest its possible use for treatment of superficial fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osmanov
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Wise
- Evotec UK Ltd, Block 23 Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - David W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Fan W, Li Y, Liu D, Sun Q, Duan M, Fan B. PLGA submicron particles containing chlorhexidine, calcium and phosphorus inhibit Enterococcus faecalis infection and improve the microhardness of dentin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:17. [PMID: 30671677 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe, is reported to take responsibility for a large portion of refractory root canal infections and root canal re-infections of human teeth. Chlorhexidine is a strong bactericide against E. faecalis but cannot infiltrate into dentinal tubules. On the other hand, a common negative effect of root canal medicaments is the decrease of dentin microhardness. In this study, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) submicron particles were applied as delivery carriers to load and release the chlorhexidine as well as calcium and phosphorus. The release profiles, antibacterial ability against E. faecalis, infiltration ability into dentinal tubules, biocompatibility and effects on dentin microhardness of these particles were investigated. Results revealed that encapsulated chemicals could be released in a sustained manner from the particles. The particles also exhibited excellent biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells and significant antimicrobial property against E. faecalis. On dentin slices, the particles could be driven into dentinal tubules by ultrasonic activiation and inhibit E. faecalis colonization. Besides, dentin slices medicated with the particles displayed an increase in microhardness. In conclusion, PLGA submicron particles carrying chlorhexidine, calcium and phosphorus could be developed into a new intra-canal disinfectant for dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Duan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Chien KJ, Yang ML, Tsai PK, Su CH, Chen CH, Horng CT, Yeh CH, Chen WY, Lin ML, Chen CJ, Chian CY, Kuan YH. Safrole induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis in macrophages via reactive oxygen species generation and Akt phosphorylation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:94-100. [PMID: 30312850 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Safrole is a natural compound categorized as a group 2B carcinogen extracted from betel quid chewing, which is a common practice of psychoactive habits integrated into social and cultural ceremonies among serveral million people, especially in Southern or Southeastern Asia. Safrole is one of the major risk compunds for development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma via DNA adduction. In innate immunity, macrophages are the predominant cells for non-specific first line defense against pathogens in oral tissue. Up to now, there is no evidence to implicate the potential toxicological effect of safrole on macrophages. In this study, we found safrole induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in RAW264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis were caused by safrole in a concentration-dependent manner. While the activation of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was reduced, the phosphorylation of Akt was induced by safrole in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicated that the induction of cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis in macrophages by safrole was through generation of ROS and inhibition of antioxidative enzymes possibly via Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Jen Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kun Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Hair Styling and Design, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Horng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fooying University Hospital, Pingtung Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yen University, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Effect of matrix metalloproteinase 8 inhibitor and chlorhexidine on the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and cytokine level of MDPC-23. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e301-e308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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UĞUR AYDIN ZELİHA, AKPINAR KEREMENGİN, HEPOKUR CEYLAN, ALTUNBAŞ DEMET. Human Osteoblast Hücre Hattı Üzerinde Qmix, Etilen Diamintetraasetik Asit ve Klorhheksidin’in Sitotoksisitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.438506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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The downside of antimicrobial agents for wound healing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:39-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of denture base acrylic resin impregnated with cleaning agents after long-term immersion. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:8-13. [PMID: 29807097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The coadjutant method for denture cleansing most used by denture wearers is immersion in chemical agents, which are toxic when in direct contact with cells. However, clinically, the contact between these chemical agents and prosthetic tissues does not occur directly, but rather with what remained impregnated into acrylic bases, even after rinsing the disinfected dentures. This study evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of a denture acrylic resin after successive cycles of daily overnight immersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite (1%NaClO) and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (2%CHX), simulating the periods of 9 months or 1.5 year. Microbiological and cytotoxic assays were performed, respectively, by broth microdilution method (Candida albicans or Staphylococcus aureus) and MTT assay. Chemical residues of 2%CHX impregnated into the denture acrylic resin had an antimicrobial effect on both immersion periods, which was not observed with those of 1%NaClO. However, residues of 2%CHX were severely cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts compared to those of 1%NaClO and acrylic resin (not submitted to the denture cleansers), which were slightly cytotoxic. Even at low concentrations recommended for overnight soaking of removable dentures, the chemical residues of CHX may result in some degree of toxicity to the denture-bearing mucosa after long-term daily immersion.
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Antifungal Activity of Commercial Essential Oils and Biocides against Candida Albicans. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010015. [PMID: 29370147 PMCID: PMC5874741 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of oral candidosis, most frequently caused by Candida albicans, is limited due to the relatively low number of antifungal drugs and the emergence of antifungal tolerance. In this study, the antifungal activity of a range of commercial essential oils, two terpenes, chlorhexidine and triclosan was evaluated against C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm form. In addition, cytotoxicity of the most promising compounds was assessed using murine fibroblasts and expressed as half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Antifungal activity was determined using a broth microdilution assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established against planktonic cells cultured in a range of concentrations of the test agents. The minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was determined by measuring re-growth of cells after pre-formed biofilm was treated for 24 h with the test agents. All tested commercial essential oils demonstrated anticandidal activity (MICs from 0.06% (v/v) to 0.4% (v/v)) against planktonic cultures, with a noticeable increase in resistance exhibited by biofilms (MBECs > 1.5% (v/v)). The IC50s of the commercial essential oils were lower than the MICs, while a one hour application of chlorhexidine was not cytotoxic at concentrations lower than the MIC. In conclusion, the tested commercial essential oils exhibit potential as therapeutic agents against C. albicans, although host cell cytotoxicity is a consideration when developing these new treatments.
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Varadan P, Ganesh A, Konindala R, Nagendrababu V, Ashok R, Deivanayagam K. Comparison of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Alexidine and Chlorhexidine Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in Vitro Study. Cureus 2017; 9:e1805. [PMID: 29308333 PMCID: PMC5749941 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Root canal irrigants play an important role in reducing intracanal microorganisms, which in turn helps in achieving a successful outcome for the root canal treatment. Objective To compare the antibacterial efficacy of alexidine and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods A total of 50 extracted single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into five groups after being infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The groups were based on irrigants used: Group I - 0.4% alexidine; Group II - 1% alexidine; Group III - 1.5% percent alexidine; Group IV - 2% alexidine; Group V - 2% chlorhexidine. Following irrigation, colony-forming units were determined from the dentinal shavings collected at 400 µm depth. Results Use of 2% alexidine reduced the bacteria effectively when compared to 0.4%, 1%, and 1.5% alexidine. A statistically significant difference was not observed between 2% alexidine and 2% chlorhexidine. Discussion Alexidine, due to its higher virulence factors for bacteria and better bacterial penetrability at 400 µm depth of dentin showed better eradication of Enterococcus faecalis in comparison to chlorhexidine. Conclusion The use of 2% alexidine against Enterococcus faecalis at 400 µm depth of dentin has efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine. Hence, alexidine can be used as an alternative irrigant for chlorhexidine during endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Varadan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Arathi Ganesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Rudra Konindala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rupa Ashok
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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Wang CC, Yang ML, Yang CP, Liang CH, Lee CY, Lin HW, Kuan YH. Cadmium nitrate-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity via caspases in Neuro-2A neurons. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1313276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Cheng Wang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan,
| | - Ming-Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Ching-Hui Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Hui-Wei Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
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Borges GÁ, Elias ST, da Silva SMM, Magalhães PO, Macedo SB, Ribeiro APD, Guerra ENS. In vitro evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial potential of ozone therapy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:364-370. [PMID: 28169044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ozone therapy is extensively applied when wound repair and antimicrobial effect are necessary, little is known about cellular mechanisms regarding this process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ozone cytotoxicity in fibroblasts (L929) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines, its effects on cell migration and its antimicrobial activity. Cells were treated with ozonated phosphate-buffered saline (8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 μg/mL ozone), chlorhexidine 0.2% or buffered-solution, and cell viability was determined through MTT assay. The effect of ozone on cell migration was evaluated through scratch wound healing and transwell migration assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus were determined. Ozone showed no cytotoxicity for the cell lines, while chlorhexidine markedly reduced cell viability. Although no significant difference between control and ozone-treated cells was observed in the scratch assay, a considerable increase in fibroblasts migration was noticed on cells treated with 8 μg/mL ozonated solution. Ozone alone did not inhibit growth of microorganisms; however, its association with chlorhexidine resulted in antimicrobial activity. This study confirms the wound healing and antimicrobial potential of ozone therapy and presents the need for studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which it exerts such biological effects.
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Santiago KB, Conti BJ, Cardoso EDO, Golim MDA, Sforcin JM. Immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effects of a propolis-containing mouthwash on human monocytes. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw081. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Dujowich M, Case JB, Ellison G, Wellehan JF. Evaluation of Low-Dose Ultraviolet Light C for Reduction of Select ESKAPE Pathogens in a Canine Skin and Muscle Model. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:363-70. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Dujowich
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J. Brad Case
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gary Ellison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - James F.X. Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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Huang FM, Chang YC, Lee SS, Yeh CH, Lee KG, Huang YC, Chen CJ, Chen WY, Pan PH, Kuan YH. BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophages are attenuated by wogonin via reduction of intrinsic caspase pathway activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:176-184. [PMID: 26756871 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate (BisGMA) is a frequently used monomer in dental restorative resins. However, BisGMA could leach from dental restorative resins after polymerization leading to inflammation in the peripheral environment. Wogonin, a natural flavone derivative, has several benefits, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Pretreatment of macrophage RAW264.7 cells with wogonin inhibited cytotoxicity which is induced by BisGMA in a concentration-dependent manner. BisGMA induced apoptotic responses, such as redistribution of phosphatidylserine from the internal to the external membrane and DNA fragmentation, were decreased by wogonin in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, BisGMA-induced genotoxicity, which detected by cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus and single-cell gel electrophoresis assays, were inhibited by wogonin in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, wogonin suppressed BisGMA-induced activation of intrinsic caspase pathways, such as caspases-3 and -8. Parallel trends were observed in inhibition of caspase-3 and -8 activities, apoptosis, and genotoxicity. These results indicate wogonin suppressed the BisGMA-induced apoptosis and genotoxicity mainly via intrinsic caspase pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Gee Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- School of Health, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Soriano-Souza CA, Rossi AL, Mavropoulos E, Hausen MA, Tanaka MN, Calasans-Maia MD, Granjeiro JM, Rocha-Leão MHM, Rossi AM. Chlorhexidine-loaded hydroxyapatite microspheres as an antimicrobial delivery system and its effect on in vivo osteo-conductive properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:166. [PMID: 25791461 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been investigated as a delivery system for antimicrobial and antibacterial agents to simultaneously stimulate bone regeneration and prevent infection. Despite evidence supporting the bactericidal efficiency of these HA carriers, few studies have focused on the effect of this association on bone regeneration. In this work, we evaluated the physico-chemical properties of hydroxyapatite microspheres loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) at two different concentrations, 0.9 and 9.1 μgCHX/cm2 HA, and characterized their effects on in vitro osteoblast viability and bone regeneration. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy were used to characterize the association of CHX and HA nanoparticles. The high CHX loading dose induced formation of organic CHX plate-like aggregates on the HA surface, whereas a Langmuir film was formed at the low CHX surface concentration. Quantitative evaluation of murine osteoblast viability parameters, including adhesion, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of cells exposed to HA/CHX extracts, revealed a cytotoxic effect for both loading concentrations. Histomorphological analysis upon implantation into the dorsal connective tissues and calvaria of rats for 7 and 42 days showed that the high CHX concentration induced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, resulting in retarded bone growth. Despite a strong decrease in in vitro cell viability, the low CHX loading dose did not impair the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of HA during bone repair. These results indicate that high antimicrobial doses may activate a strong local inflammatory response and disrupt the long-term osteoconductive properties of CHX-HA delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Soriano-Souza
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Lab 203, Urca, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
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