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Murugesan A, Kari S, Shrestha A, Assoah B, Saravanan KM, Murugesan M, Thiyagarajan R, Candeias NR, Kandhavelu M. Methanodibenzo[ b, f][1,5]dioxocins as Novel Glutaminase Inhibitor with Anti-Glioblastoma Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041010. [PMID: 36831355 PMCID: PMC9954004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism is an important hallmark of several cancers with demonstrated antitumor activity in glioblastoma cancer cells (GBM). GBM cells regulate glutamine and use it as a major energy source for their proliferation through the glutaminolysis process. Enzymes, such as glutaminase in glutaminolysis, can be targeted by small-molecule inhibitors, thus exhibiting promising anticancer properties. The resistance to glutaminolysis demands the development of new therapeutic molecules to overcome drug resistance. Herein, we have reported a novel library of constrained methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]dioxocin derivatives as glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors and their anti-GBM potential. The library consisting of seven molecules was obtained through self-condensation of 2'-hydroxyacetophenones, out of which three molecules, namely compounds 3, 5, and 6, were identified with higher binding energy values ranging between -10.2 and -9.8 kcal/mol with GLS (PDB ID; 4O7D). Pharmacological validation of these compounds also showed a higher growth inhibition effect in GBM cells than the standard drug temozolomide (TMZ). The most promising compound, 6, obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and was identified to interact with key residues Arg307, Asp326, Lys328, Lys399, and Glu403 of GLS. This compound exhibited the best cytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 63 µM and 83 µM in LN229 and SNB19 cells, respectively. The potential activation of GLS by the best-constrained dibenzo[b,f][1,5]dioxocin in the tested series increased apoptosis via reactive oxygen species production in both GBM cells, and exhibited anti-migratory and anti-proliferative properties over time in both cell lines. Our results highlight the activation mechanism of a dibenzo[b,f][1,5]dioxocin from the structural basis and demonstrate that inhibition of glutaminolysis may facilitate the pharmacological intervention for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anita Shrestha
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Benedicta Assoah
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Konda Mani Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai 600073, India
| | - Monica Murugesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Kari S, Subramanian K, Altomonte IA, Murugesan A, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Programmed cell death detection methods: a systematic review and a categorical comparison. Apoptosis 2022; 27:482-508. [PMID: 35713779 PMCID: PMC9308588 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response, and other biological processes. Among different types of cell death, apoptosis has been studied widely, especially in the field of cancer research to understand and analyse cellular mechanisms, and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest. Hallmarks of different types of cell death have been identified by following the patterns and events through microscopy. Identified biomarkers have also supported drug development to induce cell death in cancerous cells. There are various serological and microscopic techniques with advantages and limitations, that are available and are being utilized to detect and study the mechanism of cell death. The complexity of the mechanism and difficulties in distinguishing among different types of programmed cell death make it challenging to carry out the interventions and delay its progression. In this review, mechanisms of different forms of programmed cell death along with their conventional and unconventional methods of detection of have been critically reviewed systematically and categorized on the basis of morphological hallmarks and biomarkers to understand the principle, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, a very comprehensive comparative analysis has been drawn to highlight the most efficient and effective methods of detection of programmed cell death, helping researchers to make a reliable and prudent selection among the available methods of cell death assay. Conclusively, how programmed cell death detection methods can be improved and can provide information about distinctive stages of cell death detection have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilenia Agata Altomonte
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, USA.,Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India.
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Le HTT, Murugesan A, Ramesh T, Yli-Harja O, Konda Mani S, Kandhavelu M. Molecular interaction of HIC, an agonist of P2Y1 receptor, and its role in prostate cancer apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:142-150. [PMID: 34425116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous, slow growing asymptomatic cancer that predominantly affects man. A purinergic G-protein coupled receptor, P2Y1R, is targeted for its therapeutic value since it plays a crucial role in many key molecular events of cancer progression and invasion. Our previous study demonstrated that indoline derivative, 1 ((1-(2-Hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl)indoline-4‑carbonitrile; HIC), stimulates prostate cancer cell (PCa) growth inhibition via P2Y1R. However, the mode of interaction of P2Y1R with HIC involved in this process remains unclear. Here, we have reported the molecular interactions of HIC with P2Y1R. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed that revealed the stable specific binding of the protein-ligand complex. In vitro analysis has shown increased apoptosis of PCa-cells, PC3, and DU145, upon specific interaction of P2Y1R-HIC. This was further validated using siRNA analysis that showed a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in PCa-cells transfected with P2Y-siRNA-MRS2365 than P2Y-siRNA-HIC treatment. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) level show their role in P2Y1R-HIC mediated apoptosis. These in silico and in vitro results confirmed that HIC could induce mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through the P2Y1R activation. Thus, HIC being a potential ligand upon interaction with P2Y1R might have therapeutic value for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Le
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt Ltd, Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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Doan P, Nguyen P, Murugesan A, Candeias NR, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Alkylaminophenol and GPR17 Agonist for Glioblastoma Therapy: A Combinational Approach for Enhanced Cell Death Activity. Cells 2021; 10:1975. [PMID: 34440745 PMCID: PMC8393831 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity limits the therapeutic efficacy in treating glioblastoma, an aggressive infiltrative type of brain tumor. GBM cells develops resistance against chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), which leads to the failure in treatment strategies. This enduring challenge of GBM drug resistance could be rational by combinatorial targeted therapy. Here, we evaluated the combinatorial effect of phenolic compound (2-(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl)phenol (THTMP), GPR17 agonist 2-({5-[3-(Morpholine-4-sulfonyl)phenyl]-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl}sulfanyl)-N-[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]acetamide (T0510.3657 or T0) with the frontline drug, TMZ, on the inhibition of GBM cells. Mesenchymal cell lines derived from patients' tumors, MMK1 and JK2 were treated with the combination of THTMP + T0, THTMP + TMZ and T0 + TMZ. Cellular migration, invasion and clonogenicity assays were performed to check the migratory behavior and the ability to form colony of GBM cells. Mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) assay and intracellular calcium, [Ca2+]i, assay was done to comprehend the mechanism of apoptosis. Role of apoptosis-related signaling molecules was analyzed in the induction of programmed cell death. In vivo validation in the xenograft models further validates the preclinical efficacy of the combinatorial drug. GBM cells exert better synergistic effect when exposed to the cytotoxic concentration of THTMP + T0, than other combinations. It also inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony-forming ability and cell cycle progression in S phase, better than the other combinations. Moreover, the combination of THTMP + T0 profoundly increased the [Ca2+]i, reactive oxygen species in a time-dependent manner, thus affecting MMP and leading to apoptosis. The activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway was regulated by the expression of Bcl-2, cleaved caspases-3, cytochrome c, HSP27, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, p53, and XIAP. The combinatorial drug showed promising anti-tumor efficacy in GBM xenograft model by reducing the tumor volume, suggesting it as an alternative drug to TMZ. Our findings indicate the coordinated administration of THTMP + T0 as an efficient therapy for inhibiting GBM cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Phung Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Doan P, Nguyen P, Murugesan A, Subramanian K, Konda Mani S, Kalimuthu V, Abraham BG, Stringer BW, Balamuthu K, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Targeting Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 with T0 Ligand Impairs Glioblastoma Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153773. [PMID: 34359676 PMCID: PMC8345100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or glioblastoma chemotherapy, has one of the poorest improvements across all types of cancers. Despite the different rationales explored in targeted therapy for taming the GBM aggressiveness, its phenotypic plasticity, drug toxicity, and adaptive resistance mechanisms pose many challenges in finding an effective cure. Our manuscript reports the expression and prognostic role of orphan receptor GPR17 in glioma, the molecular mechanism of action of the novel ligand of GPR17, and provides evidence how the T0 agonist promotes glioblastoma cell death through modulation of the MAPK/ERK, PI3K–Akt, STAT, and NF-κB pathways. The highlights are as follows: GPR17 expression is associated with greater survival for both low-grade glioma (LGG) and GBM; GA-T0, a potent GPR17 receptor agonist, causes significant GBM cell death and apoptosis; GPR17 signaling promotes cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in GBM cells; key genes are modulated in the signaling pathways that inhibit GBM cell proliferation; and GA-T0 crosses the blood–brain barrier and reduces tumor volume. Abstract Glioblastoma, an invasive high-grade brain cancer, exhibits numerous treatment challenges. Amongst the current therapies, targeting functional receptors and active signaling pathways were found to be a potential approach for treating GBM. We exploited the role of endogenous expression of GPR17, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), with agonist GA-T0 in the survival and treatment of GBM. RNA sequencing was performed to understand the association of GPR17 expression with LGG and GBM. RT-PCR and immunoblotting were performed to confirm the endogenous expression of GPR17 mRNA and its encoded protein. Biological functions of GPR17 in the GBM cells was assessed by in vitro analysis. HPLC and histopathology in wild mice and an acute-toxicity analysis in a patient-derived xenograft model were performed to understand the clinical implication of GA-T0 targeting GPR17. We observed the upregulation of GPR17 in association with improved survival of LGG and GBM, confirming it as a predictive biomarker. GA-T0-stimulated GPR17 leads to the inhibition of cyclic AMP and calcium flux. GPR17 signaling activation enhances cytotoxicity against GBM cells and, in patient tissue-derived mesenchymal subtype GBM cells, induces apoptosis and prevents proliferation by stoppage of the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Modulation of the key genes involved in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and in several signaling pathways, including MAPK/ERK, PI3K–Akt, STAT, and NF-κB, prevents tumor regression. In vivo activation of GPR17 by GA-T0 reduces the tumor volume, uncovering the potential of GA-T0–GPR17 as a targeted therapy for GBM treatment. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that GA-T0 targeting the GPR17 receptor presents a novel therapy for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Phung Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Vignesh Kalimuthu
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (V.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Bobin George Abraham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Brett W. Stringer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Rd., Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Kadalmani Balamuthu
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (V.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (P.D.); (P.N.); (A.M.); (K.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-504721724
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Palanivel S, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Alkylamino Phenol Derivative Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting EGFR Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:809-819. [PMID: 32053080 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200213101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The present study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer property of an alkylamino phenol derivative -2-((3,4-Dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl)phenol) (THTMP) against human breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of the THTMP was assessed to know its specificity towards breast cancer cells without affecting the normal cells. METHODS The THTMP was synthesized and the cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay, Caspases enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation and FITC/Annexin V, AO/EtBr staining, RT-PCR and QSAR. In addition, ADME analysis was executed to understand the mode of action of THTMP. RESULTS THTMP showed potential cytotoxic activity against the growth of MCF7 and SK-BR3 cells with the IC50 values of 87.92μM and 172.51μM, respectively. Interestingly, THTMP found to activate caspase 3 and caspase 9 enzymes in cancer cells, which are the key enzymes implicated in apoptosis. THTMP induced apoptosis in which 33% of the cells entered the late apoptotic stage after 24h of treatment. The results also revealed that the apoptotic response could be influenced by the association of THTMP with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mediated inhibition of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/S6K1 signaling pathway. In addition, docking was performed to study the binding mode of the THTMP, which shows better interaction with EGFR. The structural elucidation of THTMP by Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship model (QSAR) and ADMET screening suggested, THTMP as an effective anticancer compound. CONCLUSION This work strengthens the potential of a promising drug-like compound, THTMP, for the discovery of anticancer drug against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Palanivel
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland,Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland,Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Palanivel S, Murugesan A, Subramanian K, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of indole derivative, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl (4'-methylphenyl) methyl) indoline in breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173195. [PMID: 32446710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoline derivatives functions as an inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the anticancer potential against various cancers. We aim to investigate anti-breast cancer effects and mechanism of action of novel indoline derivatives. Molecular docking of seven indoline derivates with EGFR revealed, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl (4'-methylphenyl) methyl) indoline (HNPMI) as the top lead compound. RT-PCR analysis showed the downregulation of PI3K/S6K1 genes in breast cancer cells through the activation of EGFR with HNPMI. This compound found to have higher cytotoxicity than Cyclophosphamide, with the IC50 of 64.10 μM in MCF-7 and 119.99 μM in SkBr3 cells. HNPMI significantly reduced the cell proliferation of MCF-7 and SkBr3 cells, without affecting non-cancerous cells, H9C2. Induction of apoptosis was analyzed by Caspase-3 and -9, DNA fragmentation, AO/EtBr staining and flow cytometry assays. A fold change of 0.218- and 0.098- for caspase-3 and 0.478- and 0.269- for caspase-9 in MCF7 and SkBr3 cells was observed, respectively. Caspase mediated apoptosis caused DNA fragmentation in breast cancer cells upon HNPMI treatment. The structural elucidation of HNPMI by QSAR model and ADME-Tox suggests, a bi-molecular interaction of HNPMI-EGFR which is related to antiproliferative and apoptotic activity. The data concludes that, HNPMI-induced the apoptosis via EGFR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Thus, HNPMI might serve as a scaffold for developing a potential anti-breast cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Palanivel
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland; Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere, Finland.
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Palanivel S, Murugesan A, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Anticancer activity of THMPP: Downregulation of PI3K/ S6K1 in breast cancer cell line. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:495-503. [PMID: 32273810 PMCID: PMC7132829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer that majorly affects female. The present study is focused on exploring the potential anticancer activity of 2-((1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl) (4 methoxyphenyl) methyl) phenol (THMPP), against human breast cancer. The mechanism of action, activation of specific signaling pathways, structural activity relationship and drug-likeness properties of THMPP remains elusive. Cell proliferation and viability assay, caspase enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation and FITC/Annexin V, AO/EtBr staining, RT-PCR, QSAR and ADME analysis were executed to understand the mode of action of the drug. The effect of THMPP on multiple breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SkBr3), and non-tumorigenic cell line (H9C2) was assessed by MTT assay. THMPP at IC50 concentration of 83.23 μM and 113.94 μM, induced cell death in MCF-7 and SkBr3 cells, respectively. Increased level of caspase-3 and -9, fragmentation of DNA, translocation of phosphatidylserine membrane and morphological changes in the cells confirmed the effect of THMPP in inducing the apoptosis. Gene expression analysis has shown that THMPP was able to downregulate the expression of PI3K/S6K1 genes, possibly via EGFR signaling pathway in both the cell lines, MCF-7 and SkBr3. Further, molecular docking also confirms the potential binding of THMPP with EGFR. QSAR and ADME analysis proved THMPP as an effective anti-breast cancer drug, exhibiting important pharmacological properties. Overall, the results suggest that THMPP induced cell death might be regulated by EGFR signaling pathway which augments THMPP being developed as a potential candidate for treating breast cancer.
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Key Words
- ADME
- ADME-Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
- AO/EtBr, Acridine orange/ethidium bromide
- Apoptosis
- Docking
- EGFR
- EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- ER, Estrogen Receptor
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Gene expression
- IC50, The half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PR, Progesterone Receptor
- QSAR
- QSAR, Quantitative structure activity relationship
- RTPCR, Reverse Transcriptase PCR
- SkBr3, Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center
- THMPP, 2-((1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl) (4 methoxyphenyl) methyl) phenol
- Tetrahydroquinoline
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Palanivel
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Computaional Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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Viswanathan A, Musa A, Murugesan A, Vale JR, Afonso CAM, Konda Mani S, Yli-Harja O, Candeias NR, Kandhavelu M. Battling Glioblastoma: A Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor with Multi-Dimensional Anti-Tumor Effect (Running Title: Cancer Cells Death Signalling Activation). Cells 2019; 8:cells8121624. [PMID: 31842391 PMCID: PMC6953096 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB), a grade IV glioma, with high heterogeneity and chemoresistance, obligates a multidimensional antagonist to debilitate its competence. Considering the previous reports on thioesters as antitumor compounds, this paper investigates on use of this densely functionalized sulphur rich molecule as a potent anti-GB agent. Bio-evaluation of 12 novel compounds, containing α-thioether ketone and orthothioester functionalities, identified that five analogs exhibited better cytotoxic profile compared to standard drug cisplatin. Detailed toxicity studies of top compound were evaluated in two cell lines, using cell viability test, apoptotic activity, oxidative stress and caspase activation and RNA-sequencing analysis, to obtain a comprehensive molecular profile of drug activity. The most effective molecule presented half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 27 μM and 23 μM against U87 and LN229 GB cells, respectively. Same compound effectively weakened various angiogenic pathways, mainly MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways, downregulating VEGF. Transcriptome analysis identified significant promotion of apoptotic genes, and genes involved in cell cycle arrest, with concurrent inhibition of various tyrosine kinase cascades and stress response genes. Docking and immunoblotting studies suggest EGFR as a strong target of the orthothioester identified. Therefore, orthothioesters can potentially serve as a multi-dimensional chemotherapeutic possessing strong cytotoxic, anti-angiogenic and chemo-sensitization activity, challenging glioblastoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Viswanathan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (A.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Aliyu Musa
- Predictive Medicine and Data Analytics Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, India
| | - João R. Vale
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (M.K.); Tel.: +358-468857306 (N.R.C.); +358-417488772 (M.K.)
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (M.K.); Tel.: +358-468857306 (N.R.C.); +358-417488772 (M.K.)
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Doan P, Anufrieva O, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. In vitro characterization of alkylaminophenols-induced cell death. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:229-234. [PMID: 29275157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkylaminophenols are synthetic derivatives well known for their anticancer activity. In the previous studies, we described the activity of the series of Alkylaminophenols derivatives and their ability to induce cell death for many cancer cell lines. However, temporal heterogeneity in cell death induced by lead compounds, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl (4'-methylphenyl) methyl) indoline (Compound I) and 2-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl) (4-methoxyphenyl) methyl) phenol (Compound II), has never been tested on osteosarcoma cells (U2OS). Here, we address the level of cell-to-cell heterogeneity by examine whether differences in the type of compounds could influence its effects on cell death of U2OS. Here, we applied imaging, computational methods and biochemical methods to study heterogeneity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and caspase. Our results demonstrate that the Hill coefficient of dose-response curve of Compound II is greater than compound I in treated U2OS cells. Both Compounds trigger not only apoptotic cell death but also necro-apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The percentage of these sub-populations varies depending on compounds in which greater variance is induced by compound II than Compound I. We also identified the accumulation of compounds-induced reactive oxygen species during the treatment. This resulted in caspase 3/7 activation in turn induced apoptosis. In summary, the screening of Compound I and II molecules for heterogeneity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and caspase has identified compound II as promising anti-osteosarcoma cancer agent. Compound II could be a promising lead compound for future antitumor agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olga Anufrieva
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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11
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Doan P, Nguyen T, Yli-Harja O, Candeias NR, Kandhavelu M. Effect of alkylaminophenols on growth inhibition and apoptosis of bone cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:208-216. [PMID: 28728976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the anticancer properties of a series of 11 chemically synthesized alkylaminophenols against human osteosarcoma U2OS tumor cell line. Several assays including cytotoxicity, inhibitor kinetic study, cell migration, Annexin-V/PI double staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase 3/7 assays were conducted on this cell line. Cytotoxic 2-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl)phenol was determined to have an IC50 value of 36.6μM against U2OS cells and it also inhibits the cell growth in time-dependent manner. The potent activity of lead compound against the growth of multiple cell lines, U2OS, MG-65 and HEK-293T, confirms the osteosarcoma cell specific inhibition. Further studies indicated that such compound is an inhibitor of metastatic property of tumor cells and inducing apoptosis agent. The ability of increasing ROS and inducing caspases 3 and 7 further confirm the contribution of programmed cell death in U2OS and HEK-293T cells. Additionally, four compounds based on the 2-(indolin-1-yl(aryl)methyl)-4-nitrophenol core were also identified to be cytotoxic with IC50 values in the 66-88μM range. This work further demonstrates the anticancer properties of phenol derivatives, adding one more entry to the collection of promising chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Nuno R Candeias
- Lab. of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Computational Systems Biology Research Group, BioMediTech and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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12
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Synthesis and biological screening for cytotoxic activity of N-substituted indolines and morpholines. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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